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The Inspiration of Lamarck's Belief in Evolution Author(S): Richard W The Inspiration of Lamarck's Belief in Evolution Author(s): Richard W. Burkhardt, Jr. Source: Journal of the History of Biology, Vol. 5, No. 2 (Autumn, 1972), pp. 413-438 Published by: Springer Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4330583 . Accessed: 22/08/2013 00:04 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Springer is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Journal of the History of Biology. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 150.135.115.127 on Thu, 22 Aug 2013 00:04:03 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions The Inspiration of Lamarck'sBelief in Evolution* RICHARD W. BURKHARDT, JR. Department of History University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Jean-Baptiste Lamarck had already reached his midfifties when he first came to believe in evolution. Though the change in his thought was an important one, it is not clear that this change should be regarded as an example of extraordinary intellectual flexibility for a scientist of that age. Prominent in Lamarck's coming to believe in evolution was his refusal to relinquish certain major concepts which he had cherished for a long time and which were coming under increasing attack at the end of the eighteenth century. In this paper I intend to identify the major elements of continuity and change in Lamarck's thinking at the turn of the century and to offer an explanation of just how his belief in evolution was initially inspired. Three particular distinctions which are especially useful in analyzing the development of Lamarck's evolutionary thought should help make clear what the present paper is (and is not) about. The first is the distinction between the broad founda- tions on which Lamarck's biological and evolutionary thought was based and the immediate reasons in the very last years of the eighteenth century for his coming to believe in evolu- tion. The second is the distinction between the set of specific problems that caused him to come to believe in evolution and the broader set of problems, not immediately connected with the first set, that his view of evolution came to encompass. The third is the distinction between his belief that evolution takes place and the particular mechanisms he offered to ex- plain how evolution takes place. These distinctions, which have been made far too rarely in studies of Lamarck's thought, should help in understanding the problem that is the focus of this paper, namely, just what it was that inspired Lamarck's belief in evolution. *An abbreviated version of this paper was read at the meeting of the History of Science Society in New York on December 29, 1971. Journal of the History of Biology, vol. 5, no. 2 (Fall 1972), pp. 413-438. 413 This content downloaded from 150.135.115.127 on Thu, 22 Aug 2013 00:04:03 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions RICHARD W. BURXHARDT, JR. In the discours d'ouverture that he delivered to his students at the Mus6um d*histoire naturelle in 1800, the discours in which he first began setting forth his evolutionary views, La- marck provided a framework within which we may assess the nature of the restructuringthat took place in his thought when he changed from a belief in the immutability of organic forms to a belief that all the different forms of life have been derived gradually from the very simplest ones. He identified three broad topics which he said ought to be considered if one were to study natural history in a profitable manner. These were The major distinctions that nature herself seems to have established amidst the immense series of her productions; the path or order she seems to have followed in forming [these productions];and the singular relations she has caused to exist between the ease or difficulty of their multiplication and their particularnature.' To rephrasethese topics slightly, Lamarckhad in mind: (1) The basic differences between the inorganic and organic realms, and within the organic realm, between the plants and the animals. (2) The natural relations among nature's productions as evidenced by the degradation of complexity of organization displayed in both the plant and the animal scales (as of 1800, Lamarckhad a phylogeneticexplanation of these scales). (3) The balance or economy of nature. With one critical exception, Lamarck did not change his views significantly on any of the above topics when he came to believe in evolution. The exception, related to the first topic, was his coming to believe that life could be produced from non-life. As for the natural arrangement of nature's produc- tions, Lamarck in the 1790's was finding more evidence to support a view that he had held for a long time: that within each of nature's kingdoms a natural classification of beings would conform to a scheme that was essentially linear. With respect to the concept of the balance of nature, Lamarck sim- ply continued to hold a view of the well-orderedinterrelations of things that was commonly held in the late eighteenth cen- tury. His acceptance of this view was perfectly in accord with his general thinking about nature's operations. The appearance of the concept of the balance of nature in his discours of 1800 1. J. B. Lamarck, "Discours d'ouverture, prononc6 le 21 flor6al an 8," in Syst#ine des animaux sans vertrbes (Paris, 1801), pp. 1-2. All the translations in this paper are the author's own. 414 This content downloaded from 150.135.115.127 on Thu, 22 Aug 2013 00:04:03 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Lamarck'sBelief in Evolution thus represented no major conceptual change on his part. The concept did, however, have a prominence in the discours of 1800 that it had not had in any of his previous writings. Sig- nificantly, 1800 was the first time that Lamarckmentioned the balance of nature in conjunction with the issue of species extinction.2 I believe two changes in particular were critical for the general change that took place in Lamarck's thinking at the turn of the century. One was his coming to believe that life could be produced from non-life. This was fundamental for the broad view of evolution he developed. Though others before him had believed in spontaneous generation without believing in evolution, it appears that Lamarck'snew belief in spontane- ous generation-or direct generation, as he preferred to call it -was crucial for the development of his evolutionary views. The other was his coming to believe in the mutability of species. I would argue that the idea of spontaneous generation and the idea of species mutability were logically independent of one another as Lamarck initially developed them, but that they were inspired at roughly the same time, perhaps even by the same general issue-that of extinction. Other writers have already commented on Lamarck's thoughts on the issue of extinction, but I think that it is possible to be much more precise concerning just how this issue was instrumental in the inspirationof his new evolutionaryviews. It is not surprising that there have been a variety of ex- planations of how Lamarck came to believe in evolution.3 He 2. Ideas concering the balance of nature did appear in Lamarck's opening discours of 1798 and 1799 in his discussion of nature's checks on insect populations, but the issue of whether species nmight not always be conserved was not considered. This discussion was in fact taken directly from G. A. Oliver, "MWmoiresur l'utilit6 de 1'6tude des insectes, relativement A l'agriculture et aux arts," Journal d'histoire naturelle 1 (1792), 33-56. Lamarck, "Discours pr6liminaire pour le cours de l'an six. lu le 14 flor6al an 7 [3 May, 1799]," Mus6um national d'histoire naturelle (Paris), MS 2628 (2). This important manuscript was discovered recently among the Mus6im papers by Yves Laissus, Conservateur of the Museum library. Henceforth this will be cited as "Discours de I'an VII." 3. Interpretations of how Lamarck came to believe in evolution have been offered by Marcel Landrieu in Lamarch: le fondateur du trans- formisme (Paris: 1909); Henri Daudin, Cuvier et Lamarck: les Classes zoologiques et L'idde de s6rie animale (1 790-1830), 2 vols. (Paris: 1926); Louis Roule, Lamarck et l'interpr6tation de la nature (Paris: 1927); Emile Guy6not, Les Sciences de la vie aux XVII' et XVIIP' sikcles (Paris: 1941); Charles C. Gillispie, "The Formation of Lamarck's Evolutionary Theory," Archives internationales d'histoire des sciences, 9 (1956); 323-338, and "Lamarck and Darwin in the History of Science," in Bentley Glass et al., 415 This content downloaded from 150.135.115.127 on Thu, 22 Aug 2013 00:04:03 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions RICHARD W. BURKHARDT, JR. himself left us only a sketchy, highly rationalized account of the development of his general views. He was also appallingly negligent in indicating the contemporarythinkers whose ideas stimulated creative responses on his part. As a result, most studies of Lamarck have failed to identify what might be called his intellectual habitat-the intellectual micro-climate within the broader climate of scientific ideas of the period.
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