DOCSLIB.ORG

Il?~ ~ Editorial Offices

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Il?~ ~ Editorial Offices ~ ~ ENCYCLOP.JEDIA BRITANNICA ,y 425 NORTH MICHIGAN AVENUE • CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 60611 ~ ,Il?~ ~ Editorial Offices Dear Britannica Contributor: Some time ago you contributed the enclosed copy to Ency- clopaedia Britannica. We have been proud to be able to continue to publish it in the set. Because the material is no longer brand new, however, we have thought it only fair to ask you as the author whether or not its condition is still satisfactory. Are you still content to be identified as the contributor? If not, would you be willing to indicate to us changes you consider necessary? Please note that we are not asking you to undertake any major rewriting or revision at this time. If you believe that drastic changes are required, we would be glad to know that. If, on the other hand, only minor change or updating is necessary, you may if you wish make corrections on one of the two copies enclosed with this letter. (The second copy is for your own use.) We also enclose a copy of your description as it now appears in Britannica. We find that it is no longer safe to assume that a contributor's description will remain accurate for more than a brief time. If yours is out of date, or if the address to which this letter was mailed is no longer current, would you please indicate changes on the enclosed sheet? Britannica values highly the contributions of the thousands of writers represented in its volumes. We hope that you will welcome, as many of our authors have already said that they would welcome, this opportunity to review the condition of what is still being published as your statement. The Editors THEBES bers of the Oriental Institute of Chicago, who have also made a tered Thera (i.e., c. 1360, if the Spartans went to Thera as well complete facsimile record of the reliefs and inscriptions in the as to Melos c. 1100); for a superb collection of Babylonian seals, great temple. The high gate in the eastern side of the perimeter mainly of 14th-century date, which was found in the burnt layer wall of the temple area is battlemented like a fortress. Within of the final destruction, is likely to have formed part of the crown the precinct are other, smaller temples: one dates from the reign jewels of the Cadmean royal house. of Thutmose III and Hatshepsut, but was altered and added to History.-After the migrations of the Early Iron Age the peo- in various reigns and during the Ptolemaic and Roman periods; ple of Boeotia were of mixed stock, some speaking an Aeolic and another is the small mortuary temple of a Saite queen. There are others a northwest Greek dialect, and at Thebes a Dorian clan, a sacred lake and a well, and extensive remains, as in the Rarnes- the Aegeidae, was very influential. Thebes was governed for cen- seum, of houses and vaulted magazines built of mudbrick. turies by an oligarchy of aristocratic clans that held large estates The Palace of Amenhotep IlL-South of the temple of (klaroi), and laws were passed c. 725 to maintain the number of Medinet Habu lie the ruins of what must have been one of the estates. In the 6th century a league of Boeotian cities was formed finest buildings in western Thebes: the palace of King Amenhotep (see BOEOTIA), including Thebes. But Thebes pursued an indi- III and Queen Tiy at Malkata. It is in fact four palaces, one of vidual policy in supporting Pisistratus, who became tyrant of which was occupied by the "great royal wife," for whom her hus- Athens c. 546, and in attacking Plataea, which allied itself with band constructed a huge lake on which she could sail in her barge. Athens in 519. From this sprang a lasting enmity between Thebes The lake, now called Birket Habu, can still be traced by a line of and Athens, because Plataea lay just west of the main route from mounds to the southeast of Malkata. Little is left of the brick Thebes to the Isthmus of Corinth through the Megarid, and the palace itself; it was excavated by G. Daressy and others, lastly alliance of Plataea and Athens threatened to cut this line of com- by archaeologists sent out by the Metropolitan Museum of Art, munication. New York, who were able to restore a few of the splendid wall When hostilities broke out in 519, the Boeotian League sup- paintings. ported Thebes and was defeated by Athens. In 506 Boeotia, Chal- See AMON; EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE; EGYPT: History; see cis, and Sparta combined against Athens, but Boeotia again suf- also references under "Thebes" in the Index. fered defeat and Thebes turned to Aegina for help. When the BIBLIOGRAPHY.-A.M. Blackman, Luxor and Its Temples (1923) j Persians invaded Greece, 400 Thebans went to help defend Ther- G. Legrain, Les Temples de Karnak (1929); Karl Baedeker, Egypt and the Sudan, 8th ed. (1929); B. Porter and R. L. B. Moss, Topo- mopylae. When they were surrounded, they surrendered, and graphical Bibliography of Ancient Egypt, vol. i, Theban Tombs (1927), hatred for Athens encouraged Thebes to join the Persians. The vol. i, 2nd ed., part 1: Private Tombs (1960), vol. ii, Theban Temples Theban cavalry and infantry fought well on the Persian side at the (1929) ; H. E. Winlock, The Rise and Fall of the Middle Kingdom in Battle of Plataea; the city then stood a siege of 20 days before Thebes (1947) and Excavations at Deir el Bahri (1942) j E. Naville, The Temple of Deir el-Bahari, 7 vol. (1894-1906) and The XIth surrendering the leaders of its close oligarchy to the Greeks (479). Dynasty Temple at Deir el-Bahari, 3 vol. (1907-13) j H. H. Nelson A period of decline followed when Thebes was more or less under et al., M edinet H abu, Publications of the Oriental Institute of the the control of Sparta or Athens and its government fluctuated be- University of Chicago, 12 vol. (1930-57) j A. Wolf, Das schiine Fest tween oligarchy and democracy. Then in 446 the Boeotian League von Opet (1931) j (? Steindorff and W. Wolf, Die thebanische Graber- won its independence. In 431 Thebes attacked Plataea and started welt (1936); G. Lefebvre, Hisioire des grands pretres d'Amon de Karnak (1929) ; E. Otto, To pographie des thebanischen Gaues (1952) ; the Peloponnesian War (q.v.), during which the Thebans won a G. Steindorff and K. Seele, When Egypt Ruled the East (1942). dominant position in the Boeotian League. A number of small (M. S. DR.) states sought refuge behind the city's strong fortifications; they THEBES (Greek THEBAI; modern Greek THIVAI), a city of were treated at first as equals and then as subjects. Thebes soon Boeotia, central Greece. Pop. (1961) 15,779. Thebes is situated controlled 4 of the league's 11 wards,' and the federal council on a low ridge dividing the two plains of Boeotia. The town has met there. Moreover, Theban troops won a decisive victory at abundant springs of water, the most famous in antiquity being Delium (q.v.) in 424. When Athens surrendered (404), Thebes called Dirce, and the fertile plain in the vicinity is well irrigated. proposed its destruction, but Sparta preserved Athens as a-rival to The road and railway system of east central Greece passes through Boeotia. Thebes therefore adopted a policy of opposition to Thebes, and nature makes it the chief market town of a rich agri- Sparta, assisting the Athenian democrats and instigating the Corin- cultural area; it is the seat of the Greek Orthodox bishop of thian War (395-386). This policy failed, for Sparta disbanded Thebes and Levadhia. the Boeotian League in 386 and placed a garrison in Thebes in 382. PrehistorY.-The ancient citadel, called the Cadmea, was first For 60 years, since 446, the constitution of Thebes had been a inhabited in the Early Bronze Age and then taken over by a Middle moderate oligarchy in which the franchise was limited to the prop- Bronze Age people who probably spoke Greek and may have been ertied class. In 379 Thebes rose against Sparta and became a called Aones (perhaps a form of Iaones; i.e., Ionians). During democracy. As the Thebans liberated the Boeotian cities from the 15th century B.C. a palace of Minoan plan was built on the Sparta, they reconstituted the league on a democratic basis, with Cadmea and adorned with frescoes showing Theban women in an assembly of Boeotians meeting at Thebes. By reducing their Minoan dress; the so-called Palace Style of pottery was in use neighbours to dependent status, they soon controlled three of the at this time, some vases being imported. from Crete, and contacts new league's seven wards; their leaders Melon, Pelopidas, and between Thebes and Knossos increased in 1450-1400 (see CRETE). Epaminondas were influential in the Boeotian assembly; and their Thebes became even wealthier in the period after 1400, when the corps d'elite, the Sacred Band, defeated the Spartans at Tegyra rulers used golden vessels and built a great circuit wall; indeed, (375) and Leuctra (371). In 371-362 Thebes was the leading Boeotia rivaled Argolis as a centre of Mycenaean power until the military power in Greece. Epaminondas (q.v.) tried to make it palace and wall were destroyed about 30 years before the Trojan the capital of a unified Boeotia, and Boeotia head of a group of War, i.e., c. 1230. Greek legend attributed the citadel to Cad- federal states, but the people abused their position by destroying mus, the wall to Amphion (qq.v.), and the sack of "seven-gated Orchomenos and placing garrisons in allied cities.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Democracy and Empire in Greek Antiquity
    This course will explore the history, culture, and art of post- classical Greek antiquity, focusing on the period between two of the most studied and renowned figures of the ancient world: Alexander the Great and Cleopatra VII. We will learn and analyze how the ancient world changed with Alexander and his successors, emphasizing the political, social, and cultural transformations; changes in the religious landscape; and formation of the state. We will also discuss the legacy of the Hellenistic world as an integral part of our intellectual heritage. Developments in Athenian Democracy DRACONIAN Laws (DRACO)7th c BCE strict laws enforcing aristocratic rule- there was only one penalty prescribed, death, for every crime from murder down to loitering (see Plut. Sol. 17.1). - the new Constitution gave political rights to those Athenians “who bore arms,” those Athenians wealthy enough to afford the bronze armor and weapons of a hoplite. CRISIS- 1) Tensions among aristocrats- 2) Poor citizens, in years of poor harvests, had to mortgage portions of their land to wealthier citizens in exchange for food and seed to plant. They became more vulnerable to subsequent hardships (see Aristot. Ath. Pol. 2.1-2). SOLON- 6th c. SOLONIAN LAWS they did not establish a democracy as radical as what would follow He took steps to alleviate the crisis of debt that the poor suffered He abolished the practice of giving loans with a citizen’s freedom as collateral He gave every Athenian the right to appeal to a jury, thus taking ultimate authority for interpreting the law out of the hands of the Nine Archons (remnant of aristocracy) and putting it in the hands of a more democratic body, since any citizen could serve on a jury.
    [Show full text]
  • Alexander the Great and His Time (World Digital Library Edition)
    BARNES & NOBLE mWorld Digital Library Alexander the Great Thomas N. Beck Agnes Savi BIOGRAPHY alexander the great alexander the great And His Time Agnes Savill Introduction by Thomas N. Beck Barnes & Noble World Digital Library New York This edition published by Barnes & Noble World Digital Library by arrangement with Barnes & Noble, Inc. Introduction Copyright © 2002 by Barnes & Noble World Digital Library All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. Published in the United States by Barnes & Noble World Digital Library, New York. Barnes & Noble World Digital Library and colophon are trademarks of Barnes & Noble.com. Barnes & Noble.com, 76 Ninth Avenue, New York, NY 10011. Cover Design by Red Canoe, Deer Lodge, TN ISBN 0-594-08113-0 introduction Alexander the Great. The very name conjures up images of the invincible conqueror in battle, arrows arcing across the sky, chariots thundering over the desert, swords clanging against shields, and the hand- some hero standing tall amidst the fray, slaying ene- mies by the score, and inspiring his men to triumph. Yet how much of this romantic notion is true, how much is myth, and what does it really matter to us anyway? Agnes Forbes Blackadder Savill, in her study of Alexander’s life (which was essentially one long cam- paign from Greece to India and part of the way back), argues that almost all of it is true despite its having passed into myth since the great man’s death. She also argues that it matters quite a bit to us — now more than ever, in fact. Considering the evil that one man could do, Savill wanted to show its polar oppo- site, to demonstrate that one man could change the world for the better; indeed, that one man in particu- lar had.
    [Show full text]
  • The Dancing Floor of Ares Local Conflict and Regional Violence in Central Greece
    The Dancing Floor of Ares Local Conflict and Regional Violence in Central Greece Edited by Fabienne Marchand and Hans Beck ANCIENT HISTORY BULLETIN Supplemental Volume 1 (2020) ISSN 0835-3638 Edited by: Edward Anson, Catalina Balmaceda, Monica D’Agostini, Andrea Gatzke, Alex McAuley, Sabine Müller, Nadini Pandey, John Vanderspoel, Connor Whatley, Pat Wheatley Senior Editor: Timothy Howe Assistant Editor: Charlotte Dunn Contents 1 Hans Beck and Fabienne Marchand, Preface 2 Chandra Giroux, Mythologizing Conflict: Memory and the Minyae 21 Laetitia Phialon, The End of a World: Local Conflict and Regional Violence in Mycenaean Boeotia? 46 Hans Beck, From Regional Rivalry to Federalism: Revisiting the Battle of Koroneia (447 BCE) 63 Salvatore Tufano, The Liberation of Thebes (379 BC) as a Theban Revolution. Three Case Studies in Theban Prosopography 86 Alex McAuley, Kai polemou kai eirenes: Military Magistrates at War and at Peace in Hellenistic Boiotia 109 Roy van Wijk, The centrality of Boiotia to Athenian defensive strategy 138 Elena Franchi, Genealogies and Violence. Central Greece in the Making 168 Fabienne Marchand, The Making of a Fetter of Greece: Chalcis in the Hellenistic Period 189 Marcel Piérart, La guerre ou la paix? Deux notes sur les relations entre les Confédérations achaienne et béotienne (224-180 a.C.) Preface The present collection of papers stems from two one-day workshops, the first at McGill University on November 9, 2017, followed by another at the Université de Fribourg on May 24, 2018. Both meetings were part of a wider international collaboration between two projects, the Parochial Polis directed by Hans Beck in Montreal and now at Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, and Fabienne Marchand’s Swiss National Science Foundation Old and New Powers: Boiotian International Relations from Philip II to Augustus.
    [Show full text]
  • Agesilaus in Diodorus , Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies, 27:3 (1986:Autumn) P.263
    WESTLAKE, H. D., Agesilaus in Diodorus , Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies, 27:3 (1986:Autumn) p.263 Agesilaus in Diodorus H D. Westlake o ANYONE WISHING to study the career of Agesilaus and to T assess his achievements and qualities the presentation of him in the fourteenth and fifteenth books of Diodorus has only a minimal value. Other surviving accounts, notably those of Xenophon in his Hellenica and Agesilaus and of Plutarch in his Agesilaus, are far more detailed and, when allowance has been made for the prejudice of Xenophon in favour of his hero, far more satisfactory. The account in Diodorus has been almost ignored by modern scholarship, not without justification, and it is presumably for this reason that no scholar has, so far as I am aware, drawn attention to its flagrant inconsistencies. To a lesser extent the treatment of Spartan policy during the career of Agesilaus is also inconsistent. This inconsistency, though hardly conducive to confidence in the historical accuracy of the narrative, is of interest and value in throwing light upon the de­ velopment of the literary tradition from which it is derived. There has long been widespread agreement among scholars that Diodorus is dependent for almost all his material on Greece and the East from his eleventh to his fifteenth book upon the history of Ephorus.1 Accordingly, by examining the presentation of Agesilaus by Diodorus some contribution may be made towards elucidating the historical method of Ephorus and his use of sources. On this subject, despite the popularity of his work in antiquity, remarkably little is known.
    [Show full text]
  • Brainy Quote ~ Alexander the Great 002
    Brainy Quote ~ Alexander the Great 002 “There is nothing impossible to him who will try.” ~ Alexander the Great 002 ~ Ok "Tidak ada yang mustahil bagi siapapun yang mau mencoba." ~ Alexander the Great 002 ~ Ok Anda memiliki rencana dalam hidup? Apa yang akan Anda lakukan dengan rencana yang sudah dicanangkan? Adakah ada keraguan di dalam diri Anda potensi kegagalan yang mungkin dialami? Atau Anda yakin akan keberhasilan? Sesungguhnya, selalu ada dua potensi ketika berniat untuk melakukan sesuatu, terutama hal yang baru, yaitu potensi akan berhasil atau gagal. Namun, percayalah! Potensi berhasil jauh lebih tinggi ketika mau mencoba dibandingkan rencana yang baik, namun tidak pernah berani untuk memulai. Bagi yang percaya, tidak ada yang mustahil ketika ia mencoba sesuatu yang belum pernah ia lakukan sebelumnya. Hal ini selaras dengan quote yang pernah disampaikan Alexander the Great, raja Makedonia dari 336 – 323 BC, yang terkenal sebagai Kaisar Yunani, hidup dalam rentang waktu 356-324 (32 tahun), ‘There is nothing impossible to him who will try.’ Secara bebas diterjemahkan, ‘Tidak ada yang mustahil bagi siapapun yang mau mencoba.’ Kemauan untuk mencoba, adalah syarat untuk memperoleh hasil. Kemustahilan hanya untuk orang yang ragu dan tidak pernah mau mencoba. Risiko akan selalu menghampiri orang yang berani melakukan. Namun, potensi risiko berhasil jauh lebih tinggi daripada risiko gagal. Oleh sebab itu, mulailah mencoba! Jangan ragu! Rencanakan dengan baik, maka potensi gagal cenderung berkurang. Belajar dari kegagalan memang baik. Namun, belajar dari kegagalan orang lain jauh lebih ‘murah’ dan hemat ‘biaya’, baik dari segi waktu maupun kesempatan. Lakukanlah segera! Hindari menunda atau terlalu banyak pertimbangan. Jangan seperti orang ‘berijasah’ yang ‘terlalu’ memiliki banyak pengetahuan.
    [Show full text]
  • Xenophon's Hellenica
    chapter three Xenophon’s Hellenica enophon’s Hellenica is notorious for omissions of fact and inequali- Xties of treatment.1 These flaws could be explained by the theory that Xenophon wrote different sections at different times, without fully unify- ing it as a whole. Nevertheless, the Hellenica is coherent as it stands, and Xenophon is certainly consistent in his views on moral virtue through- out; I therefore treat it as a unified whole.2 In the past, the facile explana- 1. Unless otherwise specified, all references to Xenophon in this chapter are from the Hellenica. 2. It is a longstanding debate whether or not Xenophon wrote his Hellenica as a continu- ous whole, in view of the distinctive differences between 1–2.3.10 in particular and the rest of the work. The definitive expression of the “analysts’” viewpoint, that Xenophon composed the different sections of the Hellenica at different times, is that of Malcolm MacLaren (“On the Composition of Xenophon’s Hellenica,” AJP 55 [1934]: 121–39, 249–62). The strong- est arguments for the opposite camp, the “unitarians,” who believe that Xenophon composed the Hellenica as a unified whole, are made by W. P. Henry (Greek Historical Writing: A Historiographical Essay Based on Xenophon’s Hellenica [Chicago: Argonaut, 1967]). Because Xenophon must have written much of the Hellenica long before the time of the Battle of Mantinea (the last event contained in this work), there are necessarily slight variations in language and expression. These need not, however, obscure the essential unity of the work in purpose and methods; see also W.
    [Show full text]
  • Joseph Roisman
    -j I a Joseph Roisman ALEXANDER S VETERANS AND THE EARLY WARS OF THE SUCCESSORS JN 71019 The Fordyce W. Mitchel Memorial Lecture Se ries, sponsored by the Department of History at the University of Missouri-Columbia, began in October 2000. Fordyce Mitchel was Professor of Greek History at the University of Missouri Columbia until his death in 1986. In addition to his work on fourth-century Greek history and epigraphy, including his much-cited Lykourgan Athens: 338-322, Semple Lectures 2 (Cincinnati, 1970), Mitchel helped to elevate the ancient his tory program in the Department of History and to build the extensive library resources in that field. The lecture series was made possible by a generous endowment from his widow, Mrs. Marguerite Mitchel. It provides for a biennial series of lectures on original aspects of Greek history and society, given by a scholar of high international standing. The lectures are then revised and arc currently published by the University of Texas Press. PREVIOUS MITCHEL PUBLICATIONS: Carol G. Thomas, Finding People in Early Greece (University of Missouri Press, 2005) Mogens Herman Hansen, The Shotgun Method: The Demography of the Ancient Greek City-State Culture (University of Missouri Press, 2006) Mark Golden, Greek Sport and Social Status (University of Texas Press, 2008) ALEXANDER S VETERANS AND THE EARLY WARS OF THE SUCCESSORS by Joseph Roisman JLCU1 0 5203 dve UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS PRESS, AUSTIN Copyright 2012 by the University of Texas Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America First edition, 2012 Requests for permission to reproduce material from this work should be sent to: Permissions University of Texas Press P.O.
    [Show full text]
  • Spartan Hegemony I, Key Words
    Week 12: The Struggle for Hegemony in Fourth-Century Greece Lecture 21, The Spartan Hegemony I, Key Words Thebes Lysander Agis Pausanias Decarchies Harmosts Tribute Asiatic Greeks Samos Law Epitadeus Hypomeiones Cinadon Neodamodeis Perioikoi The Thirty Critias Gorgias Socrates Orator Twenty Theramenes Ten Council of 500 Sycophants Gerousia Homoioi Hoplite Census Thrasybulus Anytus Phyle Lysias Metics 3000 Reign of Terror Niceratus Leon of Salamis 1500 700 Callibius Eleusis Thras Battle of Munychia 1 Amnesty Ten at Piraeus Eleven Nepos Pausanias The Academy Son of Lycus Hermes by Praxiteles 2 Lecture 22, The Spartan Hegemony II, Key Words The Ten Thousand Tissaphernes Thibron Conon Evagoras of Cyprus Pharnabazus Artaxerxes Conon Agesilaus Agamemnon Aulis Boeotian Insult Rhodes Cnidos Corinthian War Corinth Thebes War on Elis Timocrates of Rhodes Tithraustes Argos Phocis Locris Thras Euboea Chalcidice Acarnania Ismenias Heraclea Nemea Isthmus Coronea Iphicrates Peltasts Spartan mora Lemnos Imbros Scyros Delos Chios Argive-Corinthian union Antalchidas Hellespont Clazomenae 3 Cyprus Boeotian League Mantinea Phlius Chalcidian Confederacy Olynthus Apollonia Acanthus Phoebidas Leontiades Cadmea Thesmophoria Pelopidas Epaminondas Sphodrias Second Athenian League Bicameral Synedrion Syntaxis Phoros Cleruchies Byzantium Mytilene Methymna Rhodes Autonomy 4 Chronological Table for the Spartan Hegemony 404-371 405 immediately following his victory at Aegospotami, Lysander, to ensure the destruction of Athens’ empire, takes control of Sestos on the
    [Show full text]
  • A Brief History of Ancient Greece: Politics, Society, and Culture
    A Brief History of Ancient Greece: Politics, Society, and Culture Sarah B. Pomeroy, et al. OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS A BRIEF HISTORY OF ANCIENT GREECE This page intentionally left blank TITLE PAGE A BRIEF HISTORY OF ANCIENT GREECE Politics, Society, and Culture Sarah B. Pomeroy Stanley M. Burstein Hunter College and California State University, the City University of New York Los Angeles Graduate Center Walter Donlan Jennifer Tolbert Roberts University of City College and California, Irvine the City University of New York Graduate Center New York • Oxford OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 2004 Oxford University Press Oxford New York Auckland Bangkok Buenos Aires Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kolkata Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi São Paulo Singapore Taipei Tokyo Toronto Copyright © 2004 by Sarah B. Pomeroy, Stanley M. Burstein, Walter Donlan, and Jennifer Tolbert Roberts Published by Oxford University Press, Inc. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 www.oup.com Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A brief history of ancient Greece : politics, society, and culture / by Sarah B. Pomeroy . [et al.]. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-19-515680-3 — ISBN 0-19-515681-1 (pbk.) 1. Greece—History—To 146 B.C. I. Pomeroy, Sarah B. DF214.B74 2004 938’.09—dc22 2003060873 Printing (last digit): 987654321 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper For Our Children and Grandchildren This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS List of Maps xi Acknowledgments xii Preface xiii Time Line xv Introduction 1 I Early Greece and the Bronze Age 12 Greece in the Stone Ages 12 Greece in the Early and Middle Bronze Ages (c.
    [Show full text]
  • Rambles and Studies in Greece by J
    The Project Gutenberg EBook of Rambles and Studies in Greece by J. P. Mahaffy This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at http://www.gutenberg.org/license Title: Rambles and Studies in Greece Author: J. P. Mahaffy Release Date: February 16, 2011 [Ebook 35298] Language: English ***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK RAMBLES AND STUDIES IN GREECE*** RAMBLES IN GREECE The Acropolis, Athens RAMBLES AND STUDIES IN GREECE BY J. P. MAHAFFY KNIGHT OF THE ORDER OF THE SAVIOUR; AUTHOR OF “SOCIAL LIFE IN GREECE;”“A HISTORY OF GREEK LITERATURE;” “GREEK LIFE AND THOUGHT FROM THE DEATH OF ALEXANDER;” “THE GREEK WORLD UNDER ROMAN SWAY,” ETC. vi Rambles and Studies in Greece ILLUSTRATED PHILADELPHIA HENRY T. COATES & CO. 1900 HUNC LIBRUM Edmundo Wyatt Edgell OB INSIGNEM INTER CASTRA ITINERA OTIA NEGOTIA LITTERARUM AMOREM OLIM DEDICATUM NUNC CARISSIMI AMICI MEMORIAE CONSECRAT AUCTOR [vii] PREFACE. Few men there are who having once visited Greece do not contrive to visit it again. And yet when the returned traveller meets the ordinary friend who asks him where he has been, the next remark is generally, “Dear me! have you not been there before? How is it you are so fond of going to Greece?” There are even people who imagine a trip to America far more interesting, and who at all events look upon a trip to Spain as the same kind of thing—southern climate, bad food, dirty inns, and general discomfort, odious to bear, though pleasant to describe afterward in a comfortable English home.
    [Show full text]
  • 1/Alexander: a Universal Monarchy
    ALEXANDER: A UNIVERSAL MONARCHY 1/ALEXANDER: A UNIVERSAL MONARCHY ■ The young king: his education ■ Campaigns in the Balkans ■ Thebes revolts and is destroyed ■ Preparation for war against the Achaemenid Empire Alexander, the third of that name in the Macedonian dynasty of the Argeads, was hardly 20 years old when, in the summer of 336, the murder of his father Philip was the unexpected cause of his accession to supreme power. In recent times the father–son relationship had grown tense, Philip having abandoned his queen Olympias, mother of Alexander, for the sake of a new marriage with a young Macedonian woman, Cleopatra, who gave him a daughter. But soon after the king’s death, the resolute character of the young prince, benefiting from the advice and support of Antipater, one of his father’s foremost friends, secured his unchallenged succession. Introduced by Antipater to the assembly of the Mac- edonian people, he was soon acclaimed and acknowledged as king. At the same time, a series of state-ordered murders brought about the disappearance of (ac- tual or suspected) claimants and adversaries: a first cousin of Alexander’s, whom Philip had ousted from power in order to take his place; the child born to Philip by Cleopatra; Cleopatra herself; her uncle Attalus. Such merciless rivalries, such settlements of accounts by bloodshed, were to be a permanent feature during the entire history of Hellenistic monarchies. The Greeks soon invested the new sovereign of Macedon with the same authority as that granted to Philip after his victory over the city-states in 338.
    [Show full text]
  • The Greek Myths 1955, Revised 1960
    Robert Graves – The Greek Myths 1955, revised 1960 Robert Graves was born in 1895 at Wimbledon, son of Alfred Perceval Graves, the Irish writer, and Amalia von Ranke. He went from school to the First World War, where he became a captain in the Royal Welch Fusiliers. His principal calling is poetry, and his Selected Poems have been published in the Penguin Poets. Apart from a year as Professor of English Literature at Cairo University in 1926 he has since earned his living by writing, mostly historical novels which include: I, Claudius; Claudius the God; Sergeant Lamb of the Ninth; Count Belisarius; Wife to Mr Milton (all published as Penguins); Proceed, Sergeant Lamb; The Golden Fleece; They Hanged My Saintly Billy; and The Isles of Unwisdom. He wrote his autobiography, Goodbye to All That (a Penguin Modem Classic), in 1929. His two most discussed non-fiction books are The White Goddess, which presents a new view of the poetic impulse, and The Nazarene Gospel Restored (with Joshua Podro), a re-examination of primitive Christianity. He has translated Apuleius, Lucan, and Svetonius for the Penguin Classics. He was elected Professor of Poetry at Oxford in 1962. Contents Foreword Introduction I. The Pelasgian Creation Myth 2. The Homeric And Orphic Creation Myths 3. The Olympian Creation Myth 4. Two Philosophical Creation Myths 5. The Five Ages Of Man 6. The Castration Of Uranus 7. The Dethronement Of Cronus 8. The Birth Of Athene 9. Zeus And Metis 10. The Fates 11. The Birth Of Aphrodite 12. Hera And Her Children 13. Zeus And Hera 14.
    [Show full text]