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Int. J. Biosci. 2016 Int. J. Biosci. 2016 International Journal of Biosciences | IJB | ISSN: 2220-6655 (Print), 2222-5234 (Online) http://www.innspub.net Vol. 9, No. 1, p. 291-302, 2016 RESEARCH PAPER OPEN ACCESS Response of Groundnut to Plant Density and Phosphorous Application in the Sudan Savanna Zone of Nigeria Hakeem A. Ajeigbe1*, Alpha Y. Kamara2, Ayuba Kunihya1, Abubakar H. Inuwa1, Aliyu Adinoyi1 1International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Kano Station, Nigeria 2International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria Key words: Fertilizer, Groundnut, Plant density, Sudan Savanna, Varieties. http://dx.doi.org/10.12692/ijb/9.1.291-302 Article published on July 30, 2016 Abstract Despite the recent release of several improved varieties of groundnut in Nigeria the productivities have not increase significantly due to lack of commensurate recommendation in agronomic practices. Two groundnut varieties were evaluated for their response to different plant density and phosphorus application in two locations in the Sudan Savanna zone of Nigeria in 2012 and 2013. The groundnut were planted at density of 44444, 66667, and 133333 hills ha-1 with average of two plants per hill. Phosphorus was applied at rate of 0 or 20 kg P ha-1. P fertilizer application increased pod and haulm yields by 26% and 16% respectively in Minjibir. It increased pod and haulm yields by 62% and 27% respectively in Wudil. Pod and haulm yields, harvest index, revenue, profit and cost benefit ratio increased with increasing plant density. Samnut-24 produced pod yields that were significantly higher than Samnut-22 across treatments. Pod yields at density of 133,333 hills ha-1 was 31% higher than at 66667 and 40% than at 44,444 hills ha-1. Application of fertilizer increased profit by 22% and 49% in Minjibir and Wudil respectively. Planting at density of 133,333 hill ha-1 increased profit by 19% and 27% over 66,667 and 444444 hill ha-1 respectively in Minjibir, while it increase profit by 9% in Wudil. Cultivation of Samnut-24 at high density with phosphorus application will make groundnut production a more profitable venture in Sudan Savanna zone of Nigeria. * Corresponding Author: Hakeem A. Ajeigbe [email protected] 291 Ajeigbe et al. Int. J. Biosci. 2016 Introduction semiarid and sub-humid Savannas, is often limited by Groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.) is a leguminous biophysical constraints, including poor soil fertility crop of economic importance around the world, with (Manu et al., 1991; Giller et al., 2011;). Groundnut is a about 94% of the world production coming from the leguminous plant and it can fix its own nitrogen from rain-fed crop grown largely by resource-poor farmers the atmosphere, however, it needs other macro and (Dwivedi et al., 2002). Nigeria is the largest micronutrient in the soil. Phosphorus deficiency is the groundnut producing country in West Africa most frequent nutrient stress for growth and accounting for 40% production of the region. In development of grain legumes including groundnut Northern Nigeria, Groundnut contributes 23% of (Kwari 2005; Kamara et al., 2008; Kamara et al., household cash revenue (Ndjeunga et al., 2010) and 2011). Phosphorus is essential for many processes was grown on 2.4 million hectares in 2012 producing that occur in the growing plants such as biological 3.07 million tons with an average pod yield of 1.268 nitrogen fixation, photosynthesis, respiration, energy tons/ha (FAOSTAT, 2015). storage and cell division. Sharma and Yadov (1997) reported that phosphorus plays a beneficial role in The average yields of groundnut in Nigeria and most legume growth and promotes extensive root parts of West Africa are lower (903 kg ha-1) than development and thereby ensuring good yield. those in South Africa (2000 kg ha-1), Asia (1798 kg Kamara et al. (2011b), reported response of soybean ha-1), or the rest of the world (1447 kg ha-1) to P fertilizer in the savannas of northern Nigeria, (FAOSTAT, 2015). The main constraints limiting while Kamara et al. (2011a) reported linear increase groundnut production in the Nigerian savannas are in pod yields of groundnut with increase in P rates diseases (early and late leaf spot and rosette), from 0 to 40 kgP/ha. Addition of phosphorus drought, low soil fertility and poor agronomic fertilizer enhances root development which improves practices (Ndjeunga and Ajeigbe, 2012). Naab et al. the supply of other nutrients and water to the growing (2005) noted that the lower yields in West Africa are parts of the plants, resulting in an increased largely due to leaf spot disease as well as low soil photosynthetic area and therefore, more dry matter fertility and water limitation (drought). Drought is an accumulation (Maity et al., 2003; Atayese, 2007). important constraint in the dry savannas and it can come early, mid or late season drought. While early Farmers in Nigeria and many other West Africa maturing varieties may escape early or end of season countries plant grain crops in rows spaced 75 cm drought, varieties with drought resistant or tolerance because most tractor and animal drawn ridgers are required to produce economic yields when mid- available are fixed at width of 75 cm leaving the season drought occurs. farmers with no option in reducing row spacing. This long established practice has been in line with the Recently released varieties (Samnut 24, Samnut 25, recommended groundnut spacing (75 cm x 20cm) and Samnut 26) in Nigeria (NACGRAB 2014,) are corresponding to plant density of 66,667/ha using resistant/tolerant to most of the important diseases about 50 to 60 kg of seed (Ousmane and Ajeigbe, and are early maturing to escape drought. These 2009). This density though higher than the initial varieties are being promoted in the dry savannas of recommendation of 44,000/ha (NAERLS, 1977), it Nigeria through several initiatives (Monyo and may not be optimal for maximising groundnut yield. Gowda, 2014). However poor agronomic practices, In India for example, between row spacing varies especially the practice of wide spacing and limited or from 20 - 100 cm and within row spacing from 7.5 cm lack of fertilizer application particularly phosphorus to 15 cm (Nigam et al., 2006) ensuring hill density of limits on-farm yield (Ajeigbe and Singh, 2006) and 100 to over 200,000 hill/ha. Kamara et al. (2014) profitability of groundnut production. Crop reported soybean yield increased by 62-100% when production in sub-Saharan Africa, especially in the density increased from 266,666 to 666,700 ha-1 in the 292 Ajeigbe et al. Int. J. Biosci. 2016 Guinea savanna of Nigeria. They noted that days of 43 and 38 in 2012 and 2013 respectively. appropriate plant density enhances productivity through efficient use of soil moisture and nutrient as Cultural practices well as adequate photosynthetic light capture. Nigam The fields were harrowed and ridged at 75cm between et al. (2006) suggested that optimum plant stand ridges using tractor drawn implements before plot remains the key to higher yields in groundnut. Most layout and sowing. Groundnut seeds were sown at the of the newly released groundnut varieties are erect rate of 2 seeds per hole at depth of 3-5 cm. Weeds types of early duration with much smaller foliage were controlled manually using hand hoe at 3, 6 and compared to the older varieties which are spreading 9 weeks after sowing (WAS). medium to late maturing. While the plant characteristics of most of the modern varieties have Experimental design and treatments changed, the recommended seeding rate of 50-60 kg The experimental design was a split-split-plot with 4 seed ha-1 and planting densities have remained replications. The groundnut varieties; SAMNUT 22 (a unchanged. Combining adapted early maturing medium maturing Virginia type variety released in groundnut varieties with phosphorous application 2001) and SAMNUT 24 (an early maturing Spanish and optimal plant density may increase groundnut type variety released in 2011) were the main plots. productivity and make groundnut cultivation a more The fertilizer application; 20 kg P ha-1 applied at profitable enterprise for smallholder farmers. On this sowing and a control with no fertilizer were the sub- basis, field trials were established in two locations in plots. the Sudan Savanna ecology of Nigeria to evaluate the response of two contrasting groundnut varieties to P The 20 kgP ha-1 was applied as SSP by drawing a application and increased plant density. furrow on the ridge. The required SSP was spread evenly in the furrow and covered with soil. One blank Materials and methods row was left in between the sub-plots. The sub-sub- Experimental site plots were the density treatments of 44,444, 66,667 The experiments were carried out in 2012 and 2013 and 133,333 hills ha-1 obtained using a spacing of 75 x cropping seasons at Wasai (latitude 8.67oE and 30, 75 x 20 and 75 x 10cm respectively. The sub-sub- longitude 12.15oN), Minjibir local government plots sizes were 12 m2 (4 rows 4 m long). authority (LGA) and Wudil (latitude 8.78oE and longitude 11.82oN), Wudil LGA of Kano State. Soil Data collection samples were taken from the two locations, air dry in The two middle rows per plot were used for data the shade and analysed in the soil analytical collection. Data were collected on % soil cover at 3 laboratory of ICRISAT Niamey. The results of soil and 6 weeks after sowing (WAS) which was the analysis for both locations are presented in Table 1. proportion of the plated area covered by the The soils were slight acidic with very low organic groundnut at 3 and 6 weeks respectively after sowing.
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