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Evaluation of Livelihood Status Among Smallholder Cowpea Farmers in Kano State, Nigeria

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Evaluation of Livelihood Status Among Smallholder Cowpea Farmers in Kano State, Nigeria Journal of Agricultural Economics, Environment and Social Sciences 6(1):118 – 130 June, 2020 Copy Right © 2015. Printed in Nigeria. All rights of reproduction in any form is reserved. Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria Available on line: http://www.jaeess.com.ng ISSN: 2476 – 8423 Evaluation of Livelihood Status among Smallholder Cowpea Farmers in Kano State, Nigeria *A. S. Ahmed1 and A. L. Mustapha2 1Audu Bako College of Agriculture, Danbatta, Kano State, Nigeria. 2Centre for Dryland Agriculture, Bayero University Kano. ABSTRACT The study examined livelihood status of smallholder cowpea farmers in Kano State, Nigeria using economic, food, health, education and empowerment indicators. Multistage sampling technique was used for the study. Primary data were collected from a sample of three hundred and eighty seven (387) smallholder cowpea farmers using structured questionnaire. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics such as frequency and percentage tables and Livelihood Security Index Model. Findings of the study indicated that locational disparity exists in terms of livelihood status among the locations under study. Specifically, Tsanyawa LGA was found to be poor in terms of economic, health and educational conditions for livelihood status improvement. Generally, more than half (50.9%) of the cowpea farmers were found within a medium (less than 0.32) livelihood status category, a situation that is attributable to poor access and control of economic resources; inadequate health care and educational services among the smallholder cowpea farmers as indicated by the result in the study area. To reduce locational disparity in terms of standard living conditions of the targeted farmers’ rural development, policy makers need to prioritize improvement of economic, health and education conditions of the cowpea farmers in the study area. Keywords: Cowpea, Evaluation, Farmers, Livelihood Status, Smallholder. INTRODUCTION Cowpea is the most economically important indigenous African legume crop (Langyntuo et al., 2003) of vital importance to the livelihood of several millions of people in West and Central Africa. Rural families that make up the larger part of the population of these regions derive food, animal feed, alongside cash income (Gómez, 2004). Cowpea is mainly grown by millions of resource-poor farmers in northern Nigeria on a production capacity of 0.10 to 4.99 hectares (Federal Office of Statistics, 1999). The crop has a great potential to contribute to food security and poverty reduction in Nigeria for improvement of living condition among farming households (Abdullai, Etwire, Wiredu, Baributsa and Lowenberg-DeBoer, 2014). Furthermore, social and economic impact of cowpea on intra-household welfare was linked to increasing food security, fodder for animal feed and income availability to for household goods, petty trading of bean cakes and expansion of petty trading for livelihood status improvement (Tipilda et al., 2005). In many poor countries, agriculture accounts for at least 40 percent of GDP and 80 percent of employment. At the same time, about 70 percent of the world's poor live in rural areas and *Corresponding Author email: [email protected]; Tel: +234 Ahmed & Mustapha JAEESS 6(1) June, 2020 most depend on agriculture for their livelihoods (World Bank, 2008). Over 214 million people in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) suffer from poverty (FAO, IFAD and WFP, 2014). Poverty incidence in Nigeria rose from 27.2% in 1980 to 42.7% in 1992 and 69% in 2010 (NBS, 2012). Therefore, there is an urgent need to face the growing problems of inadequate and unsustainable access to nutrition, health care, safe water, sanitation and access to resources that help the poor farming households to afford an acceptable standard of living. There is thus, the need for rigorous investigation of the nature and extent of livelihood status of smallholder cowpea farmers in the study area. Livelihood status, according to Frankenberger (1998) is the extent of ‘adequate and sustainable access to income and resources to meet basic needs (including adequate access to food, potable water, health facilities, educational opportunities, housing, time for community participation and social integration)’. Livelihoods can be derived from a range of on-farm and off-farm activities, which together provide a variety of procurement strategies for food and cash. Thus, each household can have several possible sources of entitlement, which constitute its livelihood. These entitlements are based on the household’s endowments and its position in the legal, political and social fabric of society. The risk of livelihood failure determines the level of vulnerability of a household to income, food, health and nutritional insecurity. Subsistence producers and small farm wage laborers in the rural areas of low-income countries constitute over two thirds of the global poor and food insecure populations (IFAD, 2010). Indices for economic and social status are composite indicators of the economic and social well-being at the community, state, national and international levels. These social indicators are used to monitor the social system and help in the identification of problem areas that need policy planning and require intervention to alter the course of social change (Frankenberger et al., 1998). In social indicators survey Land (1999) identified three main uses of social indicators: (i) monitoring, (ii) social reporting, and (iii) public enlightenment and social forecasting. There are several indices developed for measuring economic and social status of people for example, United Nations Development Program (UNDP) developed several other indices like Gender-related Development Index (GDI), which indicates the average achievement of each country in life expectancy and educational attainments of men and women; Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) which evaluate relative empowerment of women and Human Poverty Index (HPI) (UNDP, 1998). A comprehensive survey of different indicators of economic and social well-being has been provided by Sharpe (1999). The Quality of Life Index (QOL) developed by Diener (1995) is based on universal set of values. Apart from these, several international and cross-national indices have been developed based on time series data and data related to particular community, province and administrative boundaries. However, the best known composite index of social and economic wellbeing is Human Development Index (HDI), developed by UNDP (1989). The development of livelihood security index is one of the most important social indicators for assessing the quality of life, coupled with meeting the basic needs of human beings. The basic aim of this index for this study was to make cross-locational comparison. Taking the cognizance of the contributions of past studies, this study add to the existing body of knowledge by providing empirical information on the livelihood status of smallholder cowpea farmers in Kano state using five livelihood status indicators sated as follows economic status, health status, educational status, food status and empowerment status. It is believed that knowledge and understanding of households’ livelihood status will provide government and other relevant agencies the critical information for designing and implementing the appropriate policy and 119 Ahmed & Mustapha JAEESS 6(1) June, 2020 interventions to alter the course of social and economic changes to result in improved welfare status of farming households. It is also relevant to researchers for identifying other areas for further study. METHODOLOGY Study Area The study was conducted in some selected Local Government Areas of Kano State. The state lies between 9030” and 10033” to 12037” North and longitudes 7034” to 9025” East. The state occupies a total land area of about 45,711.19 Km square with a total of 44 Local Government Areas (LGAs) with a projected population figure of 12,985,526.74 in the year 2019 (National Population Census, 2006). The area lies in the Sudan and Northern Guinea Savannah agro- ecological zone, which is characterized by long dry season starting from October to April and raining season that lasts from April to September. The annual rainfall varies from 600 mm to 1200 mm in the Guinea Savannah part of the State and 300 mm to 600mm in the Sudan Savannah. Agriculture is the dominant source of livelihood to the local people in which major crops grown are Cowpea followed by Soybean, Groundnut, Millet, Sorghum and Maize. Livestock reared are Cattle, Sheep, Goat, Poultry and Fish. These are supplemented by Rural Non-farm activities such as Blacksmith, Carpentry, Dyeing, Weaving, Thread making, Car and Tricycle driving, Vulcanizing, bricks laying, public and private service activities. Sampling Technique Primary data was used for the study. The primary data was obtained from cowpea farmers using a structured questionnaire. The researcher and trained enumerators administered the questionnaires. The data collected include poverty status of the farmers, influence of socio- economic characteristics of cowpea farmers and livelihood status indicators of cowpea farmers in some selected LGA of Kano State. Multistage sampling technique was used for the study. Stage one involved the purposive selection of six (6) Local Governments Areas (LGAs) out of the forty four LGAs in the state base on the intensity of smallholder cowpea production. The selected LGAs are Albasu, Wudil, Tsanyawa, Minjibir, Tofa,
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