Tse'nikani Scenic Byway Corridor Management Plan DRAFT
August 2013
Introduction Purpose Tse’nikani Scenic Byway was established The purpose of a byway corridor as an Arizona Byway in 2005 and given the management plan is not to create more name Tse’nikani ‘Flat Mesa Rock’ Scenic regulations or taxes. Rather, a corridor Byway. management plan documents the goals, strategies, and responsibilities for preserving and enhancing the byway’s most Byway Description valuable qualities. Promoting tourism can Tse’nikani Scenic Byway, U.S. Highway be one target, but so are issues of safety or (US) 191 is located in northeast Arizona preserving historic or cultural structures. in Apache County and entirely within the 160 The Corridor Management Plan can: Navajo Nation. The portion of US 191 that 1 160 Tse’nikani is a designated Arizona Scenic Byway is Scenic Road ◊ document community interest from Milepost (MP) 467.0, south of Many ◊ document existing conditions and Farms, to MP 510.4, at the junction with history US 160, near Mexican Water. The highway ◊ guide enhancement and safety
is the primary route to access Canyon de improvement projects ARIZONA
Chelly National Monument, about 13 miles mexico new south of the south end of the byway. ◊ promote partnerships for conservation Chinle and enhancement activities US 191 is a two-lane asphalt paved road for ◊ suggest resources for project development almost its entire length with no median and programs and few left-turn lanes. The roadway is ◊ promote coordination between residents, managed by the Arizona Department communities, and agencies of Transportation (ADOT) through the 264 Ganado ◊ support application for National Scenic Navajo Nation. Four chapters adjoin the Byway designation road: Many Farms, Round Rock, Rock Point, and Mexican Water. Chapters are 191 ADOT sponsored the preparation of the the smallest political unit of the Navajo draft Tse’nikani Corridor Management Nation government system. Each of the 40 Plan. four chapters has a small community based on or near the byway. 77 191 40
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DRAFT August 2013 Scenic Byways and the Corridor of local residents should be set up as part elsewhere. Additionally, the byway must of the plan. This committee will see that be considered a “destination unto itself” Management Process action items in the plan are carried out. - travelers will make the experience of Scenic byways may be many things - they driving along the byway a primary reason don’t have to be pristine, naturally beautiful for a trip. roads that stretch for miles. A byway may Obtaining National Scenic Byway have historic or cultural significance or be The national application process occurs a major recreation destination or a short, Designation every two years in the spring. Applications urban section with a rich history. What The National Scenic Byway program was are sent to the National Scenic Byway scenic byways share is being a special established in 1991 and reauthorized in committee for review. Those byways resource that a community wants to 1998. Since 1991, 125 byways in 44 states selected are announced in the fall. The preserve. Arizona has 27 scenic byways - 19 have been designated as a Scenic Byway or best of the best scenic roads are selected 2 roads, 4 parkways, and 4 historic roads. All-American Road. Arizona’s first national to be All-American Roads, which is a rare scenic byway was the Kaibab Plateau- designation. Local, state, tribal, and federal agencies or the North Rim Parkway. In 2005, Arizona private sector can request scenic designation received four more nationally designated The benefits of national designation can for their special road. However, to apply for roads – three byways (Historic Route 66, include: national designation, a byway must have Coronado Trail, and Sky Island) and one ◊ increased tourism dollars All-American Road (Red Rock). state or tribal designation. A byway must ◊ federal and state funding for projects in also have a corridor management plan. The the Corridor Management Plan corridor management plan is a written To obtain National ◊ protection for threatened resources document. It should be a plan for balancing Scenic Byway development, tourism, conservation, and designation a route ◊ increased highway maintenance budget economic development. The plan will not must, 1) be a state ◊ resources to help assist in managing the solve every problem or issue identified, but or tribal designated corridor it will suggest methods for solving some of byway, 2) have one or them. more of six intrinsic qualities (as defined Some communities go through the corridor by the National Scenic Byways Program management planning process and decide The corridor management planning and described later in this document), 3) that they don’t want to go for national process is a grass roots effort that comes show that there is community support designation. It may be that they are not from the community. There should be a for designation, and 4) have a corridor interested in promoting more tourism or public participation process that reaches management plan. To be considered for there is not enough local support to continue as many interested citizens as possible. All-American designation, a byway must the corridor planning process. This is also Long-time residents are a valuable source have multiple intrinsic qualities that are a viable outcome of preparing a corridor of information for the planning process. A nationally significant. They must also have management plan and the community still stakeholder or steering committee made up one-of-a-kind features that do not exist has a guiding plan for what they would like to have happen along the corridor. Tse'nikani Scenic Road Corridor Management Plan Existing Traffic and Safety between MP 471.6 and 472.2. The highway changes direction to the north towards Conditions Tse’nikani Scenic Byway is a highway in US 160 at MP 477.8 near Round Rock. Apache County, Arizona that runs from This junction is a T-intersection with stop MP 467.0, south of Many Farms, to its signs on the north bound Tse’nikani Scenic Facilities and Services junction with US 160 highway. It is a Byway traffic. The speed is reduced to 45 Tse’nikani Scenic Byway has limited visitor winding, primarily north-south road with mph and stop ahead warning signs are attractions and services. There are no hotels changing grades, with one west to east placed with transverse ground-in rumble or restaurants along the route. Restrooms, section from MP 469.0 to 478.0. strips to warn drivers as they approach gasoline, and snacks can be found at the stop controlled intersection. US 191 convenience stores in Rock Point and resumes the posted speed limit of 65 mph Many Farms. The closest visitor facilities Road Classification after MP 478.1. Tse’nikani Scenic Byway serves as a are in Kayenta, about 40 miles to the west 3 on US 160; these are listed below. rural major collector per the Federal There are pedestrian advance crossing Highway Administration (FHWA) and school advance warning signs along March 2005 Approved Federal Functional the byway in Rock Point. There are turn Lodging Classification. The highway passes through lanes in some sections of Tse’nikani Scenic Lodging in Kayenta includes: Round Rock, Rock Point, and provides Byway in Rock Point, between MP 494.0 access to Emmanuel Mission, Red Valley, ◊ Best Western Wetherill Inn, Kayenta; and MP 495.0. Sweetwater, and Cove. 54 rooms. ◊ Holiday Inn, Kayenta; 160 rooms. Tse’nikani Scenic Byway is a two-lane, ◊ Hampton Inn, Kayenta; 73 rooms. asphalt roadway from MP 467.0 to MP 510.4. The paved roadway is approximately 24 feet wide with roadway edge line Restaurants and center line pavement striping. The There are several small restaurants and pavement has crack sealing and small fast-food outlets in Kayenta. sections at multiple locations along the study segment have been resurfaced.
Public Restrooms The roadway functions as free flow for There are no state highway rest areas along traffic with 65 mph posted speed limit The view from the pass near Milepost 472.0 Tse’nikani Scenic Byway. Travelers must and no traffic control from MP 467.0 go to Kayenta to find facilities. to MP 471.6 and from MP 472.2 to MP 477.8. The speed reduces to 55 mph as the highway traverses over winding curves
DRAFT August 2013 Traffic Data The Florida DOT Quality Level of Service (LOS) data is obtained for the study period from Handbook defines LOS criteria based on June 2004 to February 2007. A summary In 2007, ADOT reported the average annual ADT on highways. Table 1 summarizes the of crash statistics along the byway for the daily traffic (AADT) along Tse’nikani LOS criteria from the 2002 FDOT Quality study period is as follows: Scenic Byway was 1,400 between MP LOS Handbook. Based on this LOS criterion, 461.7 to MP 477.9 and 1,000 between MP ◊ A total of 22 crashes were recorded Tse’nikani Scenic Byway experiences a LOS during the study period. 477.9 and MP 510.3. The projected average A for year 2007 and is LOS A approaching ◊ There were four (18 percent) fatal daily traffic (ADT) for the year 2030 is LOS B for year 2030 forecasted traffic crashes, six (27 percent) injury crashes, 4,100 per the ADOT Arizona Statewide volumes. Travel Demand Model (September 2008, and 12 (55 percent) property damage draft). According to Highway Performance only crashes. Managements Systems 2005, the highway Crash Data Table 2 summarizes the factors contributing presently has a daily truck percentage of Crash data for Tse’nikani Scenic Byway to the fatal crashes. 4 four percent single-unit trucks and five between MP 467.0 to MP 510.4 was obtained ◊ There were 15 single vehicle crashes, percent multiple-unit trucks. from ADOT Traffic Records Section; the three angle crashes, two head on crashes, and two crashes were reported due to sideswipe in opposite direction. ◊ There were seven crashes due to speeding Table 1: Level of Service for Rural Areas with Population Less Than or Equal to 5,000 too fast for conditions, three crashes due to driver inattention, four crashes due Lanes Divided/ Undivided A B C D E to improper driving, two crashes due to 2 Undivided 2,600 5,300 8,600 13,800 22,300 driving in opposing lane, two crashes due 4 Divided 17,500 28,600 40,800 52,400 58,300 to running stop sign, and four crashes 6 Divided 26,200 42,800 61,200 78,600 87,400 were due to other/unknown driver Source: Quality Level of Service Handbook, FDOT, 2002 behavior/violations.
Table 2: Contributing Factors for Fatal Crashes Severity Light Condition Manner of Collision First Harmful Event Driver Physical Condition Violations/Behavior Fatal Darkness Single Vehicle Collision w/unknown Unknown Unknown Fatal Daylight Single Vehicle Overturning Had been drinking Speed too fast for conditions Fatal Daylight Single Vehicle Overturning Had been drinking Unknown Fatal Darkness Single vehicle Overturning Had been drinking Speed too fast for conditions Source: Quality Level of Service Handbook, FDOT, 2002
Tse'nikani Scenic Road Corridor Management Plan ◊ There were eight crashes due to According to the ADOT Arizona Rural Transit Table 3: Local and Regional General and Special Needs overturning, seven crashes from collision Needs Study, only 18 percent of ridership Transit Services with other motor vehicle, three crashes needs are being met in rural Arizona Name of Transit Type Area of Service from collision with fixed object (like leaving the majority of ridership needs Service fence, guard rail, and other fixed objects), unmet, particularly on tribal lands. ADOT and four crashes resulting from other has developed a strategy for implementing Navajo Transit Fixed Route Navajo Nation factors. The first hazard encountered by improved rural transit service to meet Paratransit (and region) the initial vehicle in the crash is termed growing demand in non-urbanized areas Hopi-Senom Fixed Route Hopi Transit Paratransit Community as the first harmful event. by identifying areas with the most need for transit expansion (Northern Framework Source: Northern Framework Study, 2008 The roadway mainly drains as sheet Study, 2008). flow to the adjacent land. Chinle Wash, Lukachukai Wash, and Agua Sal Creek Rural transit in Northern Arizona is widely Existing Programs and Projects for 5 intersect Tse’nikani Scenic Byway. There dispersed because Arizona, particularly in are small concrete structures with barriers the north, has a high percentage of federal Transportation and Traffic Safety where the creeks cross under the road. and Native American land holdings with Currently, there are many programs in land use restrictions. Other problems facing place to address transportation and traffic There are multiple locations for cars to pull the development of rural transportation safety for Tse’nikani Scenic Byway. These over along US 191 (MP 474.5, MP 479.6, in Northern Arizona include funding, existing programs can offer an opportunity MP 481.6, MP 481.9, MP 482.4, MP 483.9, logistics/coordination, political support, to ensure a balance between transportation and MP 510.4). and information. The majority of fixed- issues and traffic safety along the roadway route transit services are available from and preservation of the Scenic Byway’s larger cities such as Flagstaff, Prescott, and intrinsic qualities. Local and Regional Transit Systems Sedona. These services provide connections According to Transit and Intercity Bus to the other large cities or regional nodes of Analysis provided by Arizona Department activity. The most common type of transit ADOT Projects of Transportation, the intercity operator in the region is demand-response and/or within the Tse’nikani Scenic Byway area paratransit (Northern Framework Study, Current is the Navajo Transit System. Tse’nikani 2008). Table 3 shows the transit services There are currently no active ADOT projects Scenic Byway would serve as a feeder route available in the Tse’nikani Scenic Byway along the corridor. by year 2025, connecting chapters to the area. Regional Transportation Hubs, per Navajo Future Long Range Transportation Plan, 2003. ◊ Construct a three-lane urban section Feeder routes offer multiple transit stop along with right-turn lanes for a length service.
DRAFT August 2013 of 1 mile starting from MP 494.0, as Vision 21 Task Force of resources and information about biking identified by the Holbrook District. and walking in Arizona, including places Vision 21 Task Force was established by to bike and walk, how to integrate biking ◊ Add paved shoulders to meet the Governor Jane Dee Hull in 2000 to address AASHTO standards and to accommodate and walking into commutes, important such issues as statewide long-range laws and policies, safety issues, maps, and bicycles. This includes the installation planning and programming decisions, land of edge line rumble strips (US 191 organizations. The Arizona Statewide use planning, and financial management. Bicycle and Pedestrian Plan provides a Multimodal Corridor Profile Study, The Vision 21 Task Force Final Report September 2000). long-term plan for a statewide system is located on the ADOT Web site: of interconnected bicycle facilities that ◊ Entire corridor on US 191 from I-40 to http://www.azdot.gov/ADOT_and/ provides a guide for ADOT transportation Junction US 160 – install delineators along Vision21/Reports/Final.asp. decisions relating to bicycle and pedestrian shoulder (US 191 Multimodal Corridor travel, planning, and facility development. Profile Study, September 2000). 6 ADOT Adopt-A-Highway Program Additional information is located at: ◊ Entire corridor on US 191 from I-40 to http://www.azbikeped.org. Junction US 160 – install center line ADOT encourages volunteer groups rumble strips on two-lane sections (US and organizations to participate in their 191 Multimodal Corridor Profile Study, Adopt-a-Highway program. Groups ADA Accessibility September 2000). who adopt a designated portion of the Many of the current amenities are not highway remove garbage and other debris accessible per the Americans with within ADOT’s right-of-way on a seasonal Disabilities Act (ADA). The goal of any ADOT Program & Project Management Section basis. The Tse’nikani Scenic Byway has future facilities will be to make them Active Project Status Report several volunteer groups participating accessible per the ADA Accessibility in the Adopt-a-Highway program. The Guidelines. ADOT’s Program and Project Management segments being actively maintained are in Section puts together an Active Project one- or two-mile increments, and can be Status Report that reflects all of the identified by the sponsoring organization’s active projects for the entire state name posted on the “Adopt-A-Highway” Utilities and Signs highway system. There are two upcoming signs, generally located at full milepost projects (2014) for the Tse’nikani Scenic locations. More information is located at: Utilities Byway included in this report, which http://www.azdot.gov/highways/ Utilities, including electricity, water, is located on the ADOT Web site: adoptahwy/index.asp. natural gas, wastewater treatment, and http://www.azdot.gov/Highways/PPMS/ photovoltaic (solar power) are provided ps1/apsrwhole.pdf. The projects are a by the Navajo Tribal Utility Authority pavement project at Milepost 482 and a ADOT Bicycle and Pedestrian Program (NTUA), a non-profit enterprise fence replacement at Milepost 477.9. ADOT has developed a Bicycle and established by the Navajo Nation Council. Pedestrian Program to provide a wide variety Since 1959, NTUA has supplied services to
Tse'nikani Scenic Road Corridor Management Plan residents throughout the Navajo Nation. The corridor averages 5,500 feet above sea (Oryzopsis hymenoides), galleta grass Telephone service is provided by Frontier level and is accessible almost year-round. (Hilaria jamesii), prairie junegrass (Koeleria Communications. cristata), plains lovegrass (Eragrostis intermedia), vine mesquite grass (Panicum Environmental obtusum), wolftail (Lycurus phleoides), Signs and alkali sacaton (Sporobolus airoides). Signs along Tse’nikani Scenic Byway are Biology limited. There are roadway signs such as This area is often referred to as a cold desert. milepost signs, traffic directional signs, Tse’nikani Scenic Byway passes through and Arizona Scenic Byway signs at the two biotic communities as defined by David beginning, end, and midway. There are a E. Brown in few scattered billboards along the byway Biotic Communities: Southwestern . They that advertise the chapter houses that are United States and Northwestern Mexico are Plains and Great Basin Grassland and 7 adjacent to the road. Great Basin Desertscrub, shown in the Biotic Communities figure on Page 8. Topography and Features Flora Tse’nikani Scenic Byway is located in Plains and Great Basin Grassland (MP 467.0 to MP 471.0 and MP 487.0 northeastern Arizona in the heart of Plains and Great Basin Grassland the Navajo Nation, the largest Indian to MP 510.0) reservation in the United States covering This grassland community is predominantly some 27,635 square miles (NAU, 2005). flat and open country. The elevation ranges Great Basin Desertscrub (MP 471.0 to MP 487.0) The area is part of the Colorado Plateau, between 5,000 and 7,000 feet. This is an a physiographic “province” or region area known for strong winds and high Great Basin Desertscrub usually occurs geologically and topographically distinct solar radiation. Historically, this area was between the elevations of 4,000 and from other parts of the West. The Colorado grasslands composed of mixed or short- 6,000 feet. It is generally dominated by cold- Plateau is a huge basin ringed by highlands grass communities. Grazing and fire adapted sagebrush and saltbush. Species and filled with plateaus. Unlike the Basin suppression has altered this landscape, but diversity is low. The landscape tends to be and Range Region to the west or the it is still mostly dominated by perennial dominated by one species, almost to the Rocky Mountains to the east, this area has grasses. The principal species are blue exclusion of any other. The dominant plants remained relatively stable. The land mass grama (Bouteloua gracilis) and other are sagebrush (Artemisia sp.), saltbush of the Colorado Plateau is likely more than gramas (Bouteloua sp.). (Atriplex sp.), winterfat (Ceratoides 500 million years old (Barnes, 1978). lanata), rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus Other important species are buffalo grass sp.), blackbrush (Coleogyne sp.), hopsage (Buchloe dactyloides), Indian rice grass (Grayia sp.), and horsebrush (Tetradymia
DRAFT August 2013 UTAH Red Mesa ARIZONA Mexican Water US-160
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Biotic Communities Tse'nikani Scenic Road Corridor Management Plan Snakes and Lizards: Bullsnake, corn snake, western are highly adapted to their surroundings; coachwhip, western plains milksnake, therefore, it takes patience, keen powers and prairie rattlesnake. Plains spadefoot, of observation, and a little luck to catch a great plains toad, earless lizard, southern glimpse of these creatures. prairie lizard, great plains skink, prairie- lined racerunner, western box turtle, plains The Navajo Nation maintains a list of hognose snake, prairie ringneck snake, great Endangered Species occurring within the plains ground snake, and plains blackhead entire Navajo Nation. Included on this list snake. and possibly living in the Tse’nikani Scenic Byway corridor are the ferruginous hawk, Great Basin Desertscrub (MP 471.0 to MP 487.0) the peregrine falcon, and the American pronghorn. Great Basin Desertscrub Small Mammals: Townsend’s ground squirrel, dark kangaroo mouse, sagebrush vole, pallid 9 The ferruginous hawk is the largest hawk sp.). There are a few cacti including cholla kangaroo mouse, chisel-toothed kangaroo in North America with a wingspan of (Opuntia sp.), prickly pear (Opuntia sp.), rat, coyote, and black-tailed jackrabbit. and hedgehog (Echinocereus sp.). up to 54 inches. The hawk gets it name, ferruginous, from its red coloration, Birds: Sage thrasher, sage sparrow, and sage like rusty iron (ferrous) (United States grouse. Fauna Geological Survey, 2004). The hawk can be The list of wildlife that might be seen in the Snakes and Lizards: Sagebrush lizard, great basin seen in the corridor hunting rodents such area is extensive. The following species are spadefoot toad, leopard lizard, collared as rabbits and mice. the predominant species. lizard, northern side-blotched lizard, The peregrine falcon often nests in the high northern desert horned lizard, great basin sandstone buttes of the area. The peregrine Plains and Great Basin Grassland (MP 467.0 to MP 471.0 and MP 487.0 and northern whiptails, great basin and is the fastest bird on record, reaching to MP 510.0) northern plateau fence lizards, great basin horizontal cruising speeds of up to 68 mph. Small Mammals: Prairie dog, ground squirrel, gopher snake, western garter snake, and When swooping for prey, the peregrine swift fox, plains pocket gopher, and plains the great basin and Hopi rattlesnakes. flies at much greater speeds, varying from harvest mouse. Although there are no federally listed 99 to 273 mph (Smithsonian, No Date). Birds: Prairie chicken, upland sandpiper, threatened and endangered species in the In addition to the world’s fastest bird, the mountainplover, lark bunting, grasshopper Tse’nikani Scenic Byway corridor, there Tse’nikani Scenic Byway corridor is also sparrow, long-billed curlew, meadowlark, are a number of Navajo Nation Endangered home to the second fastest land animal in prairie falcon, and burrowing owl. Species and some more commonly the world and the fastest in the Western occurring animals. This is a big landscape Hemisphere, the Pronghorn (Desert USA, and the animals that make their home here 2005). Pronghorn inhabit the sagebrush
DRAFT August 2013 can run from 30 to 40 mph for over 7 miles The regional aquifers have poor water at a time, and can leap 20 feet in one jump. quality, suitable only for municipal and Animals have been clocked at speeds of industrial use. Three regional electrical 60 mph for short bursts. generating stations and a pulp mill are the main users of the regional aquifer A variety of more common wildlife make water. These aquifers have large quantities their home along the corridor, including the of groundwater in storage. However, usual rodents, rabbits, mule deer, coyote, excessive withdrawals of this groundwater snakes, and insects associated with this may cause stream dry up in the perennial desert region. reaches of the system. This is due to a close connection between the groundwater and Hydrology the Little Colorado River. 10 Ferruginous Hawk Tse’nikani Scenic Byway lies within the Surface hydrology in the area is part of Plateau Planning Area, as defined by the the larger Colorado River watershed and Arizona Department of Water Resources. supplies the Little Colorado River Plateau The Plateau Planning Area is bounded by the Basin. The majority of the surface streams Mogollon Rim on the south, Grand Wash that supply the Little Colorado River Plateau Cliffs in the western Grand Canyon, Utah Basin are ephemeral or intermittent. There on the north, Nevada on the northwest, and are nine streams that exhibit perennial flow New Mexico on the east. that feed the watershed.
Within the Plateau Planning Area, there Water Features are seven groundwater basins, including the Little Colorado River Plateau Basin, Chinle Wash, Lukachukai Wash, Agua Sal which cover 27,300 square miles and Creek, and Black Mountain Wash intersect encompass the scenic byway corridor. The the byway corridor. Peregrine Falcon main surface drainage for the basin is the Little Colorado River watershed. There are Off the byway at Many Farms Chapter is Many Farms Lake, at 25,000 acre-feet one of communities of the Great Basin (as well as several local and three regional aquifers the largest lakes within the Navajo Nation. grasslands in other parts of the state) feeding associated with the basin, which saturate on these small shrubs. The pronghorn have mainly sandstones and limestones. The developed keen eyesight and tremendous local aquifers are important for providing Climate speed to evade predators in this typically domestic water. wide-open habitat. The agile pronghorn Temperatures range from average lows in the 30s during winter to averages in the 70s
Tse'nikani Scenic Road Corridor Management Plan during summer. July is the warmest month History with an average maximum near 93 degrees, while January is the coldest month with an average minimum temperature of Paleoindian Period 20 degrees. The Paleoindian period dates to the end of the Pleistocene and early Holocene Annual average precipitation is about (ca. 9500 to 7000 B.C.) and marks the 9.5 inches. Precipitation is fairly evenly earliest human occupation in northeast distributed throughout the year with Arizona. Subsistence during this period August being the wettest month. appears to have been focused primarily on hunting of megafauna, such as the now- extinct herbivores, the mammoth, and the National Natural Landmarks Grazing livestock are commonly seen along the roadside. bison (Bison antiquus). The proportion of 11 National Natural Landmarks (NNL) are the subsistence from plant foods is unknown best examples of biological and geological Commercial land uses are primarily due to the fact that this early time period is features in the country and representative convenience stores, located at Many Farms known primarily from kill sites and isolated of the nation’s natural history. NNLs are and Rock Point. occurrences. The Paleoindian people likely designated by the Secretary of the Interior lived in small bands and traveled over large and administered by the National Park distances to exploit different resource Service (NPS). To date, less than 600 NNLs areas. have been designated in the United States Byway Story and less than ten in Arizona (NPS, 2004). The study area falls within the boundaries There are no NNL’s along Tse’nikani Scenic of the Navajo reservation. This region has Archaic Period Byway corridor. a long, continuous progression of human Although the Archaic period, from ca. 7000 occupation and use that dates back over to 1200 B.C., is the longest defined period 10,000 years. Although regionally specific of prehistory in the Southwest, it is the Land Use cultural chronologies vary widely across least understood. The Archaic period is the area, particularly for the later phases characterized by a climate change in the Land use is directed by land use groups for of development, general trends of human postglacial era and a subsistence shift to each chapter. adaptations can be summarized into five a more generalized economy of processing main periods of cultural development. The plant foods and hunting small game. A The majority of the Tse’nikani corridor following summary is largely paraphrased key marker of this subsistence shift is can be characterized as vacant desert with from cultural resource reports completed the presence of shallow basin metates/ occasional scattered residences and grazing in the area (Brodbeck 2003; Morrison 2002; slab metates and one-handed manos for land. Sandoval 2002; Spalding 1992). seed processing found throughout the
DRAFT August 2013 Southwest at 6500 to 6000 B.C. (Huckell substantial houses, storage facilities to people also begin to construct above ground 1996; Morrison 2002). The period is maximize agricultural potential, and an structures (Gumerman 1984). typically divided into three phases: the increased use of grinding tools. Early Archaic (ca. 7000 to 5000 B.C.), the Settlements were more organized, often Middle Archaic (ca. 5000 to 2500 B.C.), and consisting of a series of rooms facing a kiva, the Late Archaic (ca. 2500 to 1200 B.C.). Formative Period or ceremonial room. Population generally The Formative period (ca. A.D. 500-1300) increased but settlements remained is characterized by a strong reliance on dispersed. Black-on-white and neck- Early Agricultural Period agriculture, permanent or semi-permanent banded gray pottery were introduced and The term Early Agricultural was proposed habitations, and pottery production. a trend toward more standardized pottery by Huckell (1995) to differentiate it from the production has been noted (Cordell 1984). Archaic period, during which there were The term formative is used in the same sense 12 no cultigens. During the Early Agricultural as it is used in Mesoamerica, to designate In the Pueblo II period (A.D. 900-1150), period, cultigens were present but ceramics this temporal era as the time during populations increased dramatically (Euler were not yet used. On the Colorado Plateau, which agriculture and pottery became 1988; Gumerman 1984) and settlements the last pre-ceramic culture was defined as important and larger settled communities generally consisted of homesteads of Basketmaker II in the early part of the 20th became more numerous. The Formative individual unit pueblos, typically with century, based on excavations in caves and period is traditionally divided into five surface masonry and subterranean rock shelters (Kidder and Guernsey 1919). developmental periods: Basketmaker III ceremonial structures. Ceramic types and Pueblo I, II, III, and IV. continue to become more regionally The boundary between the Archaic period diversified as decorative elaborations are and the Early Agricultural period is fluid The Basketmaker III period (A.D. 500- enhanced. Toward the end of the period a because the chief defining principle, the 750) is characterized by trends of trend of aggregation into larger villages had presence and spread of cultigens, was increased sedentism and greater reliance begun. a gradual, spotty process. The Early on agriculture. Pithouses increase in size Agricultural period (ca. 1200 B.C. to ca. and sometimes are aggregated into villages The Pueblo III period (A.D. 1150 to 1275) A.D. 500) represents an economic shift from occupied year round. Other developments is marked by a dramatic reorganization broad-spectrum gathering and hunting include the introduction of bow and of social and cultural forms and the to increased reliance on the cultivation of arrow and ceramic technologies and the initiation of abandonment of some areas. cultigens such as corn and squash (Huckell domestication of turkeys (Gumerman Fewer pueblos were constructed during 1996). Accompanying this economic 1984). Ceramics consist of plain gray wares, this period but there were larger plaza- shift were social transformations such as sometimes decorated with simple black oriented communities. Settlement patterns decreased mobility, population growth, and designs. Slab-lined pits are also common. shifted to a more sparsely settled landscape greater population density, which in turn punctuated by larger settlements. resulted in the construction of relatively In the Pueblo I period (A.D. 750-900), the use of pithouse architecture continues but
Tse'nikani Scenic Road Corridor Management Plan Finally, the Pueblo IV (A.D. 1275-1400) lifeways of Native American groups than the forced exile in the 1860s referred period represents the final stage of the throughout the Southwest. The region to as the “Long Walk” to Bosque Redondo. Formative Period’s developmental sequence. was ruled by Mexico from 1821 and 1846. During the Civil War, Colonel Kit Carson This time span represents the culmination The American period extends from 1846 pursued and rounded up 8,000 Navajos and of wide scale population movements, to present. The Navajo reservation was forced them to walk more than 300 miles the abandonment of many areas, and the established in 1868. Although the original to Bosque Redondo, a desolate tract on transition to large, aggregated settlements. 1868 boundaries were a small part of the Pecos River in eastern New Mexico. By the end of the 15th Century, settlements the pre-reservation homeland, the land Many died along the way, and many more were concentrated on the Hopi Mesas and base expanded over the years through died during the four years they were held Zuni Pueblo areas. presidential executive orders and acts there. When the Government relented, the of Congress to its present size (Linford Navajo returned to this area. 2000). Historic Period During this period, Chief Manuelito 13 For purposes of this study, the Historic Period The history of the Tse’nikani Scenic Byway established himself as a courageous defender represents the final major developmental is that of the American West. The Navajo’s of his people. Manuelito was the last of the era for the region, which occurred from the presence in this region extends back Navajo leaders to surrender to reservation end of the Formative Period to the present. hundreds of years. Today their history, life. Manuelito was an influential leader During this time, dramatic changes in social intertwined with the early Spanish and and spokesperson for the Navajo. He signed and cultural development occurred as new Mexican incursions into the area, as well numerous treaties on behalf of his people. groups entered and settled the area. By as the frontier period, provide many rich the end of the Formative period, Puebloan stories for visitors to explore. From 1868 to the 1930s, Navajos raised settlement had restricted with the Hopi livestock and crops (Kelley and Francis occupation centered on the Hopi Mesas. This history lives on with the Navajo 1994). Their lifestyle during this period Athabaskan groups began migrating into people, for while many residents work was greatly influenced by the influx the area and competing with Puebloan and live “modern lives,” the traditions of merchants across the reservation. groups. This progression culminated with passed down for generations are very much These merchants set up trading posts, the establishment of permanent Navajo alive. Along Tse’nikani Scenic Byway, the many located along wagon roads or settlements in northeastern Arizona and traveler will still see local residents herding near crossroads. They supplied essential Apache settlements farther to the south. sheep, and the trading posts and vendor commodities oftentimes extending credit stands continue to offer the local arts and for necessary goods such as sugar, flour, The period between A.D. 1541 and 1821 crafts that have been handed down for coffee, and blankets in exchange for is marked by the Spanish incursion into generations. items such as wool, sheep, hides, pinons, the region, which entailed processes of and textiles. Although early American exploration followed by colonization that The region has never been strife free for exploration and settlement of the region had devastating impacts to the traditional the Navajo or other inhabitants, but in the began as early as the 1700s, immigration historic past there has been no darker period into the area accelerated dramatically with
DRAFT August 2013 the establishment of the Atkinson Topeka Chinle Boarding School and Many Farms & Santa Fe Railroad’s transcontinental line High School, which are consolidated in one across the 35th Parallel in 1881 (Eddington compound. The Many Farms community and Makov 1995). began emerging in 1937 around Many Farms Lake, a manmade lake created for irrigation The Navajo Tribal Council, which the (Rogers 2004). federal government set up in 1923 to sign oil leases, reorganized and grew in 1937. A shift from stock raising and farming Round Rock to employment under federal and tribal Tsé nikani (Flat Mesa Rock or Flat Plated governments and in oil, gas, coal, uranium, Rock) covers 4.8 square miles. Round Rock and electrical power industries occurred. A typical hogan is also known as Bis Doolizh Deezahi (blue 14 Many Navajos live and work in reservation pointed mesa). Tsé nikani is to the west of government centers and elsewhere (Kelley Desert farming in the form of small family the community; Bis Doolizh Deezahi is to and Francis 1994). garden plots is evident throughout the the south. Most of Round Rock’s residents area. Small earthen dams and windmills live in the rural areas surrounding the There are many opportunities along the are present. In addition to farming, the land community buildings. One of the oldest Corridor to discover the more recent past. is also used for grazing. Livestock (cattle, operating Navajo trading posts is located Following the repatriation of the Navajo to horses, sheep) are abundant throughout in Round Rock; it was established in 1887. their land, there was still great interest in the area. Round Rock also has a small lake (Rogers the area by “white men.” In the early part 2004). of the twentieth century, settlers set up trading posts to provide goods to the local Chapters people. Rock Point There are 110 chapters in the Navajo Nation. Chapters serve as the local government Tsé nitsaa Deez’áhí (Large Rock Protruding) Present Day agency for the Navajo Nation. Tse’nikani encompasses 3.2 square miles. Rock Point Scenic Byway passes through four of these Community School and Red Mesa School Today, the study area consists of mostly chapters: Many Farms, Round Rock, Rock District are the major employers. There are undeveloped high desert. Sporadic housing, Point, and Mexican Water. Following is a nine springs and artesian wells in the area, both modern varieties and traditional short description of each chapter. and 13 working windmills. The community’s hogans, shade houses or ramadas, and first name, Beesh ii ani (standing metal) various corrals are visible from the highway. was based on an existing windmill (Rogers A few isolated houses are equipped with Many Farms 2004). solar panels. Dá’ák’e Halani (Many Farms) encompasses 3.9 square miles. The major employers are
Tse'nikani Scenic Road Corridor Management Plan Mexican Water were publicized via newspaper and radio Meeting 2 advertisements, fliers, and mailings. Naakaii tó (Mexican’s Watering Point), The second meeting was held at the Many with 808 members in 2000, is one of the Farms Chapter Service Center on January smaller chapters. It encompasses 3.7 square Meeting 1 21, 2009. At this meeting, attended by miles. The legend of the name is that three five people, an open discussion about the The first meeting was held on August 20, Mexicans, on their way elsewhere, stopped purpose of the corridor management plan 2008 at the Round Rock Chapter Service here long enough to dig wells. The Mexican ensued. The Vision Statement, written Center. The objective of the first meeting Water Store/Cafe and the Navajo Nation with input from the first meeting, was was to introduce the project to the public are the main employers (Rogers 2004). reviewed, as well as the goals and action and stakeholders, solicit information about items that had been identified thus far. the corridor, and gain support for the The meeting attendees helped to further development of the plan. determine additional action items that Public 15 At this meeting, attended by four people, could be added to the plan. Participation participants discussed their wishes and At the beginning of the project, the worries for the Scenic Byway. A review of consultant worked with ADOT to identify this list demonstrates the commitment of Questionnaires key stakeholders for the Tse’nikani Scenic the group to making visitors’ experience In addition to the public meetings, an Byway. The result of this work was a more enjoyable; provide safe, convenient informational handout with attached preliminary stakeholder list that has been pull-outs and rest stops with interpretative questionnaire was developed. This was maintained and developed throughout the signs; increase amenities that reflect the done in order to capture more input from course of the project. local culture, such as bed and breakfast the community with regard to how they hogans; and increase recreational and would like to see the corridor in the future. cultural opportunities. The handouts were distributed to the Meetings Many Farms, Round Rock, Rock Point, Numerous attractions and amenities and Mexican Water Chapter houses after Two public meetings were held. These were identified that make the Tse’nikani the second scheduled meeting. In addition meetings were used to determine what Scenic Byway a unique destination. At the to gathering more community feedback, local residents desired for the future of the conclusion of the meeting, participants were the handout was used to raise awareness of Scenic Byway and how to best preserve asked to indicate whether they would be the project. those intrinsic features that make the interested in continuing their involvement corridor so unique. The meetings were held by joining the Tse’nikani Scenic Byway in different locations for the convenience of Steering Committee. the participants and to provide outreach to a larger segment of the community. Meetings
DRAFT August 2013 The questionnaire allowed for comment Intrinsic Plan sets out to document and help regarding the vision statement and action define strategies for the preservation and items for each of the goals. It also included Qualities enhancement of the intrinsic qualities. This a section where Navajo stories or history is done not only with the visitor in mind, could be recalled in relation to one or more Inventory but the people who call this region home of the features found along the corridor. Today, the captivating and rich culture of and have been such good stewards of this No questionnaires were returned to the the Navajo people continues to make this national treasure for so long. chapters. a destination for travelers the world over. And as common as it is to hear the Navajo language spoken today by local people, a Intrinsic Qualities visitor to the area is as likely to hear German Radio The Scenic Byways Program recognizes and or Japanese, evidence of the far reaching A radio spot was played on KTNN radio promotes six intrinsic quality values. Each 16 appeal of the region. over a four day period in March 2009— of these values influences our experience, two days in English, two days in Navajo. but together they create a synergistic While the Navajo have so respectfully The intent of the radio spot was to provide experience that is greater than the sum of preserved this environment, they have also information on the byways program and the parts. A comprehensive inventory and made it available to the visitor, and there alert community members to the types assessment of a corridor’s intrinsic qualities is a vast array of activities here for those of projects that are occurring in the includes the following six categories: visitors. Navajo Nation, including this corridor Natural Features - features of the visual management plan. It is because of the number of people that environment in a relatively undisturbed visit the corridor, the strong desire of state; the local residents to preserve the scenic Steering Committee beauty of the area, coupled with a desire Cultural - experiences of traditions, for sensitive economic development that A Steering Committee was not formally beliefs, folklore, and art; established during the Plan process. A list of the Corridor Management Plan is being participants that expressed interest in the developed. By recognizing the intrinsic Historic - legacies of the past distinctly Steering Committee and/or the Corridor qualities of the corridor, actions can be associated with physical elements of the Management Plan is on file with the ADOT taken to address issues raised by the local landscape which educate and inspire Scenic Byways coordinator. A suggested community and develop a proactive plan to appreciation for the history; agenda for the first meeting of the Steering ensure that these resources will be available Committee is included in this report. for the enjoyment of residents and visitors Scenic - a dramatic and memorable today and for many years to come. landscape of strikingly distinct character; In order to preserve and enhance these resources, the Corridor Management
Tse'nikani Scenic Road Corridor Management Plan Recreation - outdoor recreation activities are in a relatively undisturbed state. These Historic elements may include buildings, directly dependent upon the landscape’s features predate the arrival of human settlement patterns, and other examples of natural and cultural elements; and, populations and may include geological human activity. They provide detail about formations, fossils, landform, water bodies, design, setting, material, and workmanship Archaeological - physical, visual evidence vegetation, and wildlife. There may be of past settlements. of prehistoric life or activity that can be evidence of human activity, but the natural inventoried and interpreted. features reveal minimal disturbances. Tse’nikani Scenic Byway has several historic features that could be shared with visitors These qualities define the byway’s character, Tse’nikani Scenic Byway has many natural and the local community including an old interest, and appeal to area residents and features, predominantly distinctive rock stone house near Rock Point. visitors. Many of the qualities found along formations and distant mesas. the corridor are identified in Figure 1. Scenic 17 Intrinsic qualities are considered regionally Cultural Scenic quality is the visual experience significant when the characteristics Cultural quality is evidence and expression ensuing from the view of natural are representative of a geographic area of a distinct group of people. These features and manmade elements within the encompassing two or more states. In order can include crafts, music, dance, rituals, environment. All elements of the landscape to be designated as a National Scenic Byway, festivals, speech, food, special events, - land formations, water, vegetation, and at least one quality must be regionally vernacular architecture, etc. The qualities manmade development - contribute to this significant. Two nationally significant found in the corridor could represent one quality offering a memorable experience to qualities are required for designation as an or more significant communities and/or those along the scenic byway. All-American Road. ethnic traditions. The scenic qualities of the Tse’nikani The basis for the Tse’nikani Scenic Byway’s Tse’nikani Scenic Byway has several Scenic Byway are addressed in the natural designation rests primarily in its natural, cultural opportunities to share with visitors features section of this report, as they are scenic, cultural, and recreational intrinsic including crafts, rodeos, and the stories synonymous in this region. qualities. The historic and archaeological surrounding the many rock formations. qualities, although not as significant or visible, add to the richness and diversity of Recreation the corridor. Historic Recreation quality involves those recreation Historic quality encompasses legacies of activities directly associated and dependent the past that are distinctly associated with with the natural and cultural elements of Natural physical elements of the landscape, whether the corridor’s landscape. These activities According to the National Scenic Byway natural or manmade, that educate the are often both passive or active forms of Program, natural quality applies to those viewer through their historic significance. recreation and may be seasonal. features in the visual environment that
DRAFT August 2013 Tse’nikani Scenic Byway Corridor provides Round Rock Lake birding areas on the Reservation. Well over access to recreational pursuits. The high- Round Rock Lake, near the junction of 200 species have been seen on or around desert environment with its scenic vistas, US 191 Navajo Route 12, has been noted for the lake (Johnson 1998). moderate climate, and open country afford birding, especially for wintering birds. One ample opportunities for a host of activities year several swans were observed at the Rodeo at Round Rock Junction including hiking, fishing, and camping. lake (Johnson 1998). Partaking in some of these activities by Wheeler’s Arena in Round Rock is the site non-Community members would require of several rodeos during the year. the guidance of a Community member. Round Rock Trading Post Round Rock Trading Post is located on Central Navajo Fair Lukachukai Wash at the junction of US 191 The annual Central Navajo Fair takes place Archaeological and NR12, about 6 miles east of the Round in August in Chinle, 15 miles south of Many 18 Archaeological quality includes those Rock butte. This post was cited as the first Farms. The festivities include several days characteristics of the corridor that are in the region by Van Valkenburgh. A small of horse races and rodeo competitions, physical evidence of historic or prehistoric community, including a chapter house and carnival, parade, arts and crafts market, human life or activity that are visible a school, grew up around the trading post traditional Navajo food, pow wow, Miss and capable of being inventoried. Archa (Linford 2000). Central Navajo pageant, concerts, and 4-H eological evidence seen through ruins, exhibits. artifacts, and other structural remains can Many Farms Lake be a great way to educate the corridor user and capture their interest. Many Farms Lake is located in the alluvial flats of Chinle Valley, at the juncture Vision of US 191 and NR 59. The lake is an There are archaeological features i ephemeral sink on the east margin of the throughout the Navajo Nation but these are Preserve and enhance the intrinsic qualities, telling most often kept undisclosed to the general village of Many Farms and is fed by Sheep public for reasons of privacy and security. Dish Wash. It is one of the largest lakes travelers and residents the stories of the corridor and There was one site, near Rock Point, that within the Navajo Nation, containing over providing opportunities for economic benefit. was mentioned as a possible location that 25,000 acre-feet of water and related canals could be shared with tourists. have water carrying capacity of 2,000 acre- feet per season.
At the lake, there are many recreational Inventory opportunities. There is boating, fishing, and Following are descriptions of some of the hiking, as well as campgrounds provided features, many of which are mapped in the near the lake. It is also one of the best Intrinsic Qualities figure on Page 21.
Tse'nikani Scenic Road Corridor Management Plan Table 4: Intrinsic Qualities
Round Rock
Features Natural cultural historic scenic recreation archaeological 19 Round Rock Lake x x x Round Rock x x x Gigantic Buttes x x x Whale Rock/Dancing Rock x x x Gossip Rock/Two Talking Rocks x x x Round Rock Trading Post x Old School House/ Round Rock x Old Stone House between Rough x Rock and Round Rock Many Farms Rodeo Grounds, home of the Central Navajo Fair Many Farms Lake x x Rodeo at Round Rock Junction x x Roadside Vendors x x Biking, Rock Climbing, Jeep tours x x Anasazi Sites near Rock Point x Traditional Ceremonial Area (open to x public) Old Catholic Church in Round Rock x Central Navajo Fair x Whale Rock
DRAFT August 2013 UTAH Red Mesa ARIZONA Mexican Water US-160
B Tes Nez Iah ia 0 3 Teec Nos Pos 5
U S - 6 4
Twin Falls Totacon B Dennehotso i Sand Springs a
3 5 1 Diamond Fields Emmanuel Mission
20 Baby Rocks
Rock Point Horse Mesa
B
i a
0
5
9
E
O
J
H
A
C
V A
A Whale Rock
P N A Red Rock
U Gossip Rock S Yazzi -1 9 1 Cove
Old Stone House O
Round Rock Trading Post C Chilchinbito I
Round Rock X
A N
Round Rock E O
Round Rock Lake Z
M
I
B R ia W 0 A
12
E N Lukachukai Rough Rock
Bia 59 Many Farms Many Farms Rodeo Grounds Many Farms Lake Tsaile
Intrinsic Qualities Tse'nikani Scenic Road Corridor Management Plan GOALS AND Goal #1: Goal #2 STRATEGIES Maintain and improve roadway conditions to safely Promote economic opportunity and accommodate residents and travelers. tourism management.
Goals Action Items: Action Items: The goals and strategies help frame the vision of the Corridor Management Plan. • Improvements should be made to the pullout at • Develop a marketing plan that will promote the Goals highlight what the plan hopes Round Rock and pullout located between Round Rock byway regionally and nationally. to achieve, while the strategies specify and Rock Point. measures to achieve the stated goal. Actions • Develop a visitor center along the corridor that are recommended specific tasks that can be • Add a pullout within the area 3 miles north of the incorporates information about the chapters along junction with 264. This area provides a scenic view the byway. completed in order to achieve the goals. 21 of Beautiful Valley. Design maps, informational brochures detailing The goals were developed from input at the • Add a pullout at MP 466.0/MP 467.0; tourists often public meetings and from further revision • recreational opportunities, and cultural brochures during the draft plan preparation. Listed stop here to take photographs. to highlight the corridor’s intrinsic qualities. below are the goals, followed by specific • Widen gate at cattle guard at MP 466.3. • Provide permit procedure and guided recreational strategies for achieving them. tour sign-ups at the visitor center. • Develop more signs to identify amenities along the corridor. • Consider collector items that could be sold at a visitor center or along the corridor. • The adopt-a-highway program does not seem to provide the necessary maintenance for this area. • Support development projects that will bring More funding may be needed to initiate additional economic benefit to the community through tourism means to keep the roadway clean. dollars (i.e. Many Farms truck stop near lake, hotel, camping and horseback riding development in Rock • Right-of-way fences should be respected. Signs Point). and education to promote keeping these intact should be initiated. • Advertise the rodeo at Round Rock Junction, which is open March through September to the public. • Support and encourage arts and crafts and food vendors but grouped together in areas where safe pull off and parking can be provided.
DRAFT August 2013 Goal #2 continued Goal #3 Goal #4 Protect and conserve the natural Promote educational opportunities so that travelers • Consider guided tours including hiking, rock resources and habitat may develop an appreciation for the climbing, camping, and jeep tours. Nation’s unique culture. • Consider extending the byway designation to Action Items: Action Items: Chinle. • Encourage the use of native construction • Explore ways to capture more travelers by advertising materials. • Develop an overall interpretive plan. the roads continuity from Denver to Mexico. • Encourage the use of compatible color, form, and • Develop a brochure to tell the stories of all the rock • Encourage means to educate travelers about both scale in new projects. features found along the byway. 22 the points of interest and necessity of preserving • Discourage construction of new billboards or • Explore renovating the old school and old trading them. similarly intrusive signs. post found at Rock Point. • Discourage light pollution along the corridor. • Explore the possibility of holding a traditional ceremony open to the public within one of the • Encourage roadway development setbacks to keep established ceremonial areas. the scenic corridor open and natural • Provide opportunities for tourists to view and learn about Anasazi sites near Rock Point. • Design safe pull offs where views and interpretive opportunities can occur.
Tse'nikani Scenic Road Corridor Management Plan FUNDING AND There are some projects that are no Grants.Gov. This program allows organizations longer eligible under MAP-21 such as to electronically find and apply for more FINANCING visitor and welcome centers. Additional than $400 billion in Federal grants. information is available at the Federal www.grants.gov Highways Administration (FHWA) Funding Sources website: http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/ Foundation Center is the nation’s leading Several possible funding sources for map21/guidance/guidetap.cfm. authority on philanthropy and is improvement projects are listed below. Due dedicated to serving grantsseekers, to the rapidly changing budgets for many of A snapshot of the selection process includes grantsmakers, researchers, policy makers, these organizations, these sources should the following: the media, and the general public. be contacted for current information. ◊ Entities may submit project applications www.fdncenter.org through their Metropolitan Planning Just Grants! Arizona is a one-stop source for Transportation Alternatives Program Organization; in this case, Northern 23 Arizona Council of Governments. news, tools, and resources for and Eligibility Principles Applications can be sponsored directly about Arizona’s grants community. The Transportation Alternatives Program by the Navajo Nation. www.azgrants.com (TAP) is the new funding program for Trust for Public Lands is a national, non-profit, land nonmotorized projects under MAP-21 The call for projects occurs annually. conservation organization that conserves (Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st the land for the people to enjoy as parks, Century). Eligible projects that may be community gardens, historic sites, rural related to scenic byways include: National Scenic Byways Grants lands, and other natural places, ensuring ◊ construction, planning, and design Under MAP-21, National Scenic Byways Program funding was eliminated. However, livable communities for generations to come. of on-road and off-road trail facilities www.tpl.org for pedestrians, bicyclists, and other some items are still eligible under other programs (see the Transportation nonmotorized forms of transportation Highway Expansion and Extension Loan Program. HB 2488 Alternatives Program). ◊ construction of turnouts, overlooks, and established a comprehensive loan and viewing areas financial assistance program for eligible ◊ inventory, control, or removal of outdoor Other highway projects in Arizona. The Highway Expansion and Extension Loan advertising Adopt-A-Highway. Trash removal and pick- Program (HELP) provides the state and up could be supplemented by ◊ vegetation management practices in communities in Arizona with a financing the Adopt-a-Highway program. transportation rights-of-way to improve mechanism to accelerate transportation www.azdot.gov/highways/adoptahwy/ roadway safety, prevent against invasive construction projects. However, due to species, and provide erosion control index.asp
DRAFT August 2013 budget issues, HELP loan applications are of all BIA system-roads in the Navajo not being accepted until further notice. Nation. Sharing of funds under an http://www.azdot.gov/Inside_ADOT/ Intergovernmental Agreement is available FMS/HELP.asp where system roads are involved in improvements, such as intersections. Highways Users Revenue Fund. These funds are collected from taxes on motor fuels and other fees and charges related to the registration and operation of motor AGENCIES vehicles on the public highways of the ADOT state. These revenues are then distributed to the cities, towns, and counties and to ADOT is responsible for managing the roadway. The majority of the byway falls 24 the State Highway Fund. They are the primary source of revenues available to within the Flagstaff Maintenance District the state for highway construction and with a small portion at the south end improvements and other related expenses. being in the Holbrook District. The land www.azdot.gov/Inside_ADOT/FMS/ the roadway is on is owned by the Navajo Hurfund.asp Nation.
Navajo Nation Department of Transportation (NNDOT). The Navajo Nation Road Funds can be used for design, Navajo Nation road construction and improvements, and The Navajo Nation is responsible for road maintenance projects. The road funds managing what occurs outside of the road are collected from fuel excise taxes for each right-of-way. The tribe will make decisions given year. NNDOT provides administrative as to what will or won’t be built within and technical services to the Navajo Nation view of the corridor. and Bureau of Indian Affairs in the areas of environmental planning, engineering design, archaeological clearance, field surveys, transportation planning, road maintenance/ construction, and the road fund program. www.navajodot.org
Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA). The BIA is responsible for road maintenance and construction
Tse'nikani Scenic Road Corridor Management Plan Bibliography 8. Cordell, Linda S. Prehistory of the Southwest. Navajo Culture and History. The University of New World Archaeological Record Series. Utah Press. Salt Lake City, Utah. 2000. 1. Arizona Department of Transportation. Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, California. 1993 Application Procedures for Designation of 1984. 15. Morrison, Mary. A Cultural Resources Parkways Historic and Scenic Roads in Arizona. Survey of 3 Miles (72.46 Acres) of State Route 98 Highways Division, Roadside Development 9. Eddington, Patrick and Susan Makov. Between Mileposts 352.0 and 355.0, Southeast of Services. Phoenix. Trading Post Guidebook- Where to Find the Kayenta, Navajo and Coconino Counties, Arizona. Trading Posts, Galleries, Auctions, Artists, and Logan Simpson Design, Inc. Tempe, 2. Arizona Geological Society and the Museums of the Four Corners Region. Northland Arizona. 2002. Arizona Geological Survey. Geologic Highway Publishing. Flagstaff, Arizona. 1995. Map of Arizona. Tucson, Arizona, 1998. 16. Sandoval, Harriett K. A Cultural Resources 10. Gumerman, George J. A View From Inventory of 40 Homesites and Approximately 3. Arizona Department of Water Black Mesa, The Changing Face of Archaeology. 60,000 ft of Waterline Extensions for HIS in the Resources. January 2009. http://www. 25 University of Arizona Press. Tucson, Coalmine Mesa Area, Coconino County, Arizona. water.az.gov/adwr Arizona. 1984. Navajo Nation Archaeology Department, Window Rock, Arizona. 2002. 4. Barnes, Will C. Arizona Place Names. 11. Johnson, Bud. Birding the Navajo and Hopi University of Arizona Press. Tucson, Reservations, Arizona, Maricopa Audubon 17. Spalding, Nathanial E. An Archaeological Arizona. 1988. Society Web site, May 12, 1998, http://www. Survey of a Portion of the US 160 Right-of-Way, maricopaaudubon.org/birding_locations/ Between Mileposts 317 and 322 in the Vicinity of 5. Brodbeck, Mark. Cultural Resources. nav_hopi.htm (accessed May 2009). Tuba City, Navajo Indian Reservation, Coconino In Assessment of Western Navajo and Hopi County, Arizona. Plateau Mountain Desert Water Supply Needs, Alternatives, and Impacts. 12. Kelley, Klara Bonsack and Harris Francis. Research Project No. PM DR-90-11-68. Western Navajo and Hopi Water Supply Navajo Sacred Places. Indiana University Flagstaff, Arizona. 1992. Project. Cultural Resource Report 03-13. Press. Bloomington & Indianapolis. 1994. HDR Engineering, Inc., Phoenix. 2003. 18. Rodgers, Larry (editor). Chapter Images: 13. Kidder, A. V. and S. J. Guernsey. 2004. LSR Innovations, LLC Research and 6. Brown, David E., ed. Biotic Communities: Archaeological Exploration in Northeastern Planning. Window Rock, Arizona. 2004. Southwestern United States and Northwestern Arizona. Bulletin 65, Bureau of American Mexico. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake Ethnology, Washington, D. C. 1919. City, Utah. 1994. 14. Linford, Laurance D. Navajo Places- 7. Chronic, Halka. Roadside Geology of History, Legend, Landscape- A Narrative Arizona. Mountain Press Publishing Co., of Important Places on and near the Navajo Missoula, Montana, 1983. Reservation, with Notes on Their Significance to
DRAFT August 2013
Tse’nikani Scenic Road Corridor Management Plan