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Sedimentology and Stratigraphy of the Triassic Chinle Formation, Eastern

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Sedimentology and Stratigraphy of the Triassic Chinle Formation, Eastern RICE UNIVERSITY SEDIMENTOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY OF THE TRIASSIC CHINLE FORMATION, EASTERN SAN JUAN BASIN, NEW MEXICO by DENNIS DARL KURTZ A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF Master of Arts Thesis Director's Signature: Houston, Texas April, 1978 ABSTRACT SEDIMENTOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY OF THE TRIASSIC CHINLE FORMATION, EASTERN SAN JUAN BASIN, NEW MEXICO Dennis Dari Kurtz Upper Triassic continental ëtrata of the Chinle Formation, in the Nacimiento Mountains, New Mexico, represent two cycles of fluvial to fluvial-deltaic to marshland-lacustrine sedimentation. Each cycle was initiated by uplift in the southern Ancestral Rocky Mountains and deposited on the local palaeoslope. However, the influence of this highland on sediment transport and supply diminished with time. Depo- sitional trends exhibited up-section are: 1) fluvial regime changed from a high energy braided stream to a very low energy meandering stream system; 2) palaeotransport directions shifted from southwestwardly to north-northwest¬ wardly; 3) the initial crystalline and metasedimentary source terrain was gradually replaced by a widespread sedimentary one; and 4) mean and maximum grain size decreased. Decreases in fluvatile energy and grain size upwards reflect the lowering of uplands by erosion and the evolution of a con¬ tinental drainage system on a gentle gradient. Also, the uplift which generated the lower fluvial sequence probably had a steeper initial palaeoslope and was of greater magnitude than the second uplift. Shifts in palaeotransport and provenance are not due to active tectonism, but rather, are a passive response to the waning influence of local highlands on regional sedimentation patterns. The locations and distributions of sedimentary copper deposits, found in the fluvial channel sequences of Chinle sandstones, are chiefly dependent upon the shape and porosity of the channel deposits,and the amount of organic matter that was present to reduce copper-bearing fluids. Porosity of these channels, as it affects copper mineral¬ ization is controlled by the amount and' time of formation of calcareous cement. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I should like to thank my major thesis advisor, Dr. John B. Anderson, for his encouragement, constructive criticism,and confidence in me throughout this study. Special acknowledgments are also due to Glen Vague, my able field assistant during the summer of 1976, without whose organization and companionship this thesis would have been a much more difficult task, and to Drs. H. C. Clark and Donald R. Baker for their help. This project was supported by grants from the New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources and the American Association of Petroleum Geologists. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION 1 METHODS 3 STUDY AREA 5 Location 5 Accessibility 5 Climate 8 Physiography 9 Structure and Tectonics 10 STRATIGRAPHY 12 Permian Cutler Group (Wolfcampian - Leonardian) 12 Upper Triassic Chinle Formation (Karnian - Norian) 15 Agua Zarca Sandstone (Karnian) 17 Salitral Shale tongue (Karnian) 21 Poleo Sandstone lentil (Kami an-Norian) 23 Upper Shale - Petrified Forest Member (Norian) 26 Red Mesa Sandstone 28 Jurassic Entrada Sandstone (Upper Jurassic) 32 Palaeomagnetic Stratigraphy 32 PALAEOTRANSPORT DIRECTIONS 33 Types of Palaeocurrent Structures Measured 33 Statistical Analysis 33 Reliability of Statistical Measurements 41 Permian Cutler Group - Palaeocurrent Directions 43 Triassic Chinle Formation - Palaeocurrent Directions 43 Agua Zarca Sandstone 43 Salitral Shale tongue 47 Poleo Sandstone lentil 48 Lower Poleo Sandstone 48 Upper Poleo Sandstone 52 Upper Shale Member 56 Red Mesa Sandstone 56 Page SEDIMENTARY PETROLOGY 61 Agua Zarca Sandstone 68 Poleo Sandstone lentil 69 Petrified Forest Member 74 Red Mesa Sandstone 74 C/M Diagram 75 Significance of Micaceous Material in Sediments 77 PROVENANCE 79 Permian Cutler Group 79 Triassic Chinle Formation 80 Agua Zarca Sandstone 80 Salitral Shale tongue 82 Poleo Sandstone lentil 83 Lower Poleo Sandstone 83 Upper Poleo Sandstone 84 Upper Shale - Petrified Forest Member 84 Red Mesa Sandstone 85 Origin of Volcanic Material 86 ENVIRONMENTS OF DEPOSITION 88 Agua Zarca Sandstone 88 Salitral Shale tongue 88 Poleo Sandstone lentil 90 Lower Poleo Sandstone 90 Upper Poleo Sandstone 91 Upper Shale - Petrified Forest Member 93 Red Mesa Sandstone 94 GEOLOGIC HISTORY 95 Summary - Geologic History 103 Palaeoclimatology 108 ECONOMIC GEOLOGY 111 Copper 111 Primary Copper Deposits 112 Secondary Copper Deposits 115 Genesis of Copper Deposits 115 Economic Potential 118 Prospecting 118 Uranium 121 Petroleum 122 REFERENCES 123 Page APPENDIX Is Locations and Descriptions of Measured 132 Sections-Upper Triassic Chinle Formation North-central New Mexico APPENDIX II: 167 Locations and Lithologic Descriptions of Samples Used in this Study APPENDIX Ills 178 Locations of places referred to in this study APPENDIX IV: 181 Summary of Characteristics of Stratigraphic Units FIGURES Page 1. Index map showing location of study area 6 2. Map of the field area showing structural 7 provinces; numbered locations and sample sites 3. Lithologies of measured sections — Upper 13 Triassic Chinle Formation 4. Fence diagram showing distribution and thicknesses of Upper Triassic Strata (in back pocket) 5. Stratigraphic relationships between Upper 16 Triassic units in north-central New Mexico and elsewhere in the southwestern United States 6. Map showing approximate northeastern limits 18 of deposition for the Agua Zarca Sandstone and the Salitral Shale tongue 7. Sharp erosional contact between the Agua 20 Zarca Sandstone and the Permian Cutler Group 8. Convolute laminations and pebble conglomerate, 25 Poleo Sandstone lentil 9. Thick exposure of Upper Triassic strata - 27 Abiquiu Dam, New Mexico 10. East-west stratigraphic cross-section of 29 Upper Triassic strata, North-central New Mexico 11. North-south'stratigraphic cross-section of 30 Upper Triassic strata, North-central New Mexico 12. Palaeocurrent rosettes for a hypothetical 42 linear channel and graded stream and from a modern braided stream 13. Map showing mean and total palaeocurrent 44 vectors and trends of bi-directional structures - Agua Zarca Sandstone Page 14. Palaeocurrent rosettes for various sample 45 sites - Agua Zarca Sandstone 15. Map showing mean and total palaeocurrent 49 vectors - Lower Poleo Sandstone 16. Palaeocurrent rosettes for various sample 50 sites - Lower Poleo Sandstone 17. Map showing mean and total palaeocurrent 53 vectors and trends of bi-directional structures - Upper Poleo Sandstone 18. Palaeocurrent rosettes for various sample 54 sites - Upper Poleo Sandstone and Petrified Forest Member 19. Palaeocurrent rosettes - site 12 - Red 58 îîesa Sandstone 20. Cumulative frequency curves of Upper 66 Triassic Sandstone beds throughout the field area 21. Cumulative frequency curves of Upper 67 Triassic Sandstone beds on French Mesa 22. Triangle plot of sand-silt-clay - Lower 71 Poleo Sandstone 23. Triangle plot of sand-silt-clay - Upper 72 Poleo Sandstone 24. Carbonaceous plant fragments - Upper 73 Poleo Sandstone 25. C/M plot of Upper Triassic Sandstone Chinle 76 Formation, North-central New Mexico 26. Map showing maximum measured pebble sizes - 81 Agua Zarca Sandstone; Lower Poleo Sandstone 27. Straight foresets of a point bar Sequence - 92 Upper Poleo Sandstone 28. East-west cross-section of Chinle Formation 105 North-central New Mexico 29. North-south cross-section of Chinle Formation 106 North-central New Mexico TABLES Page 1. Locations of sample sites referred to in 4 this study 2. Summary of stratigraphic relationships 14 3. Statistical formulas used in calculations 36 4. Comparison of bi-directional vs. 39 uni-directional data 5. Mean palaeocurrent vectors and mean vector 46 magnitudes determined from palaeocurrent measurements in the Agua Zarca Sandstone 6. Mean palaeocurrent vectors and mean vector 51 magnitudes determined from palaeocurrent measurements in the Lower Poleb Sandstone 7. Mean palaeocurrent vectors and mean vector 55 magnitudes determined from palaeocurrent measurements in the Upper Poleo Sandstone 8. Mean palaeocurrent vectors and mean vector 57 magnitudes determined from palaeocurrent measurements in the Upper Shale Member 9. Mean palaeocurrent vectors and mean vector 59 magnitudes determined from palaeocurrent measurements in the Red Mesa Sandstone 10. Samples analyzed and statistics generated 62 by RUASA 11. Relative amounts of quartz, quartzite, and 65 chert in upper Triassic Chinle Conglomerates 12. Explanation for Figures 28 and 29 107 13. Production of strata-bound copper in ng New Mexico as of 1956 1 INTRODUCTION Along the eastern margin of the San Juan Basin, in the Nacimiento Mountains, a complex group of upper Triassic continental deposits is exposed. The members of this sequence, collectively called the Chinle Formation, range in texture from pebble conglomerates and medium- to coarse-grained sandstones to siltstones and shales. Elsewhere in the southern Rocky Mountains contemporary rocks are predominantly shales and siltstones. Only on the Western side of the San Juan Basin and in central- northern Utah do upper Triassic strata contain widespread sandy units. Lithogenetic sequences and paleotransport patterns of the Chinle Formation in the vicinity of the Nacimiento Uplift offer a unique opportunity to refine our under¬ standing of late Triassic tectonic activity in the Ancestral Rocky Mountains. Exposures elsewhere on the Colorado Plateau make it possible to relate this tectonism
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