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Uid Architecture Uid Architecture uIDuID ArchitectureArchitecture anan OpenOpen FoundationFoundation forfor UbiquitousUbiquitous computingcomputing Ken Sakamura, Ph.D. Professor, the University of Tokyo Director, YRP Ubiquitous Networking Laboratory (UNL) Chair, T-Engine Forum / uID Center UbiquitousUbiquitous ComputingComputing TechnologyTechnology ■ Very interesting and useful technology ■ Conventional Usage Pattern: ● Closed, proprietary solution in a single organization ■ Our Approach (uID Architecture) ● Not limited to a single organization ● Open Standard ● Works across organizational boundary and national boundary Copyright by Ken Sakamura. 2005 All rights reserved 2 1 BeneficiariesBeneficiaries ofof uIDuID ArchitectureArchitecture ■ The benefit of RFID technology is shared among producers, distributors, and end- consumers and people beyond simple Supply-Chain Management (SCM) ■ Food Traceability Experiment ● later explained ■ Medicine Traceability Experiment ● later explained Copyright by Ken Sakamura. 2005 All rights reserved 3 OutlineOutline ofof Today'sToday's SpeechSpeech 1. Basic uID Architecture 2. Wide applicability of open uID Architecture ●Exemplified by many feasibility study experiments 3. Comparison of approaches taken by uID Architecture / EPCglobal Copyright by Ken Sakamura. 2005 All rights reserved 4 2 BasicBasic uIDuID ArchitectureArchitecture ■The objective of uID Architecture is to recognize many objects and places in our surrounding “Context Awareness” Copyright by Ken Sakamura. 2005 All rights reserved 5 ContextContext Awareness:Awareness: RecognizingRecognizing manymany objectsobjects andand placesplaces ■ Identifying something so that you can tell that it is differentiate from others ■ To make machine identification easy, we store a unique identification number (ucode) in a tag and place it on an object or a location ■ cf. In our approach, creating and managing the unique number is very important ● This is why we have uID Center to manage such requirements Copyright by Ken Sakamura. 2005 All rights reserved 6 3 ComparisonComparison toto BarcodeBarcode ■Similar existing system: optical barcode 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1～21～2：Country：Country Code 3～73～7：Organization：Organization code 8～128～12：Product：Product code 1313：Check：Check Sum Copyright by Ken Sakamura. 2005 All rights reserved 7 uIDuID vs.vs. BarcodeBarcode ■ The value of barcode is semantic ■ The value can tell us ● the country of origin ● the organization of origin ● product classification code ━ and serial number sometimes by merely looking at it ■ Different packages of a same product line from a company are likely to carry Copyright by Ken Sakamura. 2005 All rights reserved 8 4 BarcodeBarcode isis semanticsemantic ■It has internal structure ■SAME Barcode if serial/model number is not part of barcode ●Semantic code: policy issues arise because allocation must conform to the imposed internal structure ●We can’t easily allocate unused code space of a country to the others Copyright by Ken Sakamura. 2005 All rights reserved 9 ucodeucode:: non-semanticnon-semantic codecode MereMere IdentifierIdentifier ■The value of ucode is a simple identifier ■The value alone can’t tell us much ■Only thing we know about it is its UNIQUENESS ■That is, the value is used only once Copyright by Ken Sakamura. 2005 All rights reserved 10 5 ShortShort Summary:Summary: ■The value of barcode is semantic ■The value of ucode is a simple identifier Copyright by Ken Sakamura. 2005 All rights reserved 11 BasicBasic uIDuID ArchitectureArchitecture DiagramDiagram ucode Resolution Server :=DJNDMHNL 32 1@GM@K :=DJNDMHNL >HFFNGD><M@K :=DJNDMHNL 32 1@GM@K PDMC 1CDI 7,; :=DJNDMHNL 32 @9754 10 7@LHENMDHG . 8@KO@K - :=DJNDMHNL 3GAHKF<MDHG 8@KOD>@ 1@GM@K / 1HGM<>ME@LL 6KH?N>M 3GAHKF<MDHG N>H?@ 9<B >HFFNGD><MDHG 8@KOD>@ UC 8@KO@K 6KH?N>M 1HFFNGD><MDHG =Q @9754 <NMC@GMD><MDHG <G? @G>KQIMDHG IKHMH>HE 1HFFNGD><MDHG =Q ucode Tags D?@GMDAD><MDHG+IKHM@>MDHG IKHMH>HE Copyright by Ken Sakamura. 2005 All rights reserved 12 6 uIDuID ArchitectureArchitecture 1. We put a unique identifier (ucode) into tags z The tag can an RFID tag and optical tag as well 2. Reading of ucode by UC Terminal 3. Resolution: UC learns the position of Information Server 4. Information acquisition: UC fetches data associated with the ucode 5. Display of fetched data on the screen or an audio output on UC Copyright by Ken Sakamura. 2005 All rights reserved 13 RFIDRFID isis notnot essentialessential forfor uIDuID ArchitectureArchitecture ■Tags can be non-RFID, say, Optical 2D barcode system ＩＤ １２３４５６ Digit Code RFID 123456 1D Barcode 2D Barcode code Carrier ■Optical barcode is important for inexpensive products Copyright by Ken Sakamura. 2005 All rights reserved 14 7 FeaturesFeatures ofof uIDuID ArchitectureArchitecture ■ucode is a simple identifier, and its value doesn’t carry meaning ■By using servers via network, we can obtain the information associated with ucode from an information server ■This is the basic operation of uID Architecture Copyright by Ken Sakamura. 2005 All rights reserved 15 PromotionPromotion ofof uIDuID ArchitectureArchitecture TT--EngineEngine ForumForum andand uIDuID CenterCenter Copyright by Ken Sakamura. 2005 All rights reserved 16 8 T-EngineT-Engine ForumForum ■ Established T-Engine Forum in 2002 ■ T-Engine Forum is a non-profit Organization ■ Achievements: ● many feasibility experiments in Japan ■ Current status: ● Close to 500 members world-wide ● Executive members from outside Japan: Korea, USA and Europe ■ T-Engine Forum partners: ● R&D people in China, Korea, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam, Australia, and India have begun working with T-Engine Forum Copyright by Ken Sakamura. 2005 All rights reserved 17 uIDuID CenterCenter ■Established uID Center within T-Engine Forum in 2002 ■T-Engine Forum and uID Center promote uID Architecture as OPEN standard for everyone in the world ■World largest organization in Ubiquitous Computing field. Copyright by Ken Sakamura. 2005 All rights reserved 18 9 VideoVideo World’sWorld’s SmallestSmallest RFIDRFID TagTag ■ Very small and low- cost RFID chip ● Cost: under 10￠ ● Size: 0.4mm x 0.4mm ■ Only memory- function (read-only) ● It can store up to 128 bits of information. Copyright by Ken Sakamura. 2005 All rights reserved 20 10 FRAMFRAM TagTag ■ FRAM RFID chip ● It has 2Kbyte non- volatile rewritable memory area. ■ Features of Ferroelectric RAM ● High-speed access ● High-frequency re- writing, and ● Low-energy consumption Copyright by Ken Sakamura. 2005 All rights reserved 21 ActiveActive TagTag mademade byby UNLUNL ■DICE: active tag ●Weak radio signal communication ●Anti-collision function to discern 1,000 DICEs in vicinity ●Power Source: Solar cell and MEMS generator ■Application ●Inventory management, tracking of goods during transportation Copyright by Ken Sakamura. 2005 All rights reserved 22 11 EndlessEndless ApplicationsApplications ofof uIDuID architecturearchitecture FreeFree MobilityMobility AssistanceAssistance ProjectProject Copyright by Ken Sakamura. 2005 All rights reserved 24 12 FoodFood TraceabilityTraceability ProjectProject Copyright by Ken Sakamura. 2005 All rights reserved 25 MedicalMedical DrugsDrugs TraceabilityTraceability Copyright by Ken Sakamura. 2005 All rights reserved 26 13 UbiquitousUbiquitous ComputingComputing ProjectProject inin HospitalHospital Copyright by Ken Sakamura. 2005 All rights reserved 27 TRONTRON HouseHouse ProjectProject Copyright by Ken Sakamura. 2005 All rights reserved 28 14 SCMSCM forfor AgriculturalAgricultural ProduceProduce Copyright by Ken Sakamura. 2005 All rights reserved 29 TracingTracing InsecticideInsecticide UsageUsage ContainerContainer LocationLocation ManagementManagement inin WarehouseWarehouse Copyright by Ken Sakamura. 2005 All rights reserved 30 15 Recycling Project of Copier Toner Cartridges Copyright by Ken Sakamura. 2005 All rights reserved 31 VideoVideo SummarySummary ■Wide scope of applications of uID Architecture ■Many feasibility study experiments to prove the usefulness of uID Architecture Î on-going Copyright by Ken Sakamura. 2005 All rights reserved 32 16 uIDuID ArchitectureArchitecture // EPCglobal:EPCglobal: DifferentDifferent TargetTarget andand ScopeScope ■ EPCglobal: Only meant for SCM, and for Wal-Mart principally ■ uID Architecture: ● Wide Variety of Applications: ━ SCM ━ Traceability Experiment ━ Location Information Systems to help the aged/handicapped/travelers ● Wide Variety of Beneficiaries: ━ Producer, distributor, end consumers in SCM ━ The aged, the handicapped and travelers in Location Information Systems, etc. ━ Many more Copyright by Ken Sakamura. 2005 All rights reserved 33 uIDuID ArchitectureArchitecture // EPCglobal:EPCglobal: TAGTAG differencedifference ■ The limitation with EPCglobal tag ● EPCglobal tries to use a single tag that uses UHF 900MHz frequency ■ Problem: ● 900 MHz is not easily usable in other countries in Europe, Japan and elsewhere ● single frequency approach doesn't work in the presence of goods that has metal component or high water contents ● EPCglobal tag is large and not appropriate for certain applications uID Architecture covers ■ uID Architecture assumes the existence of many tags from the start Î It is a given Copyright by Ken Sakamura. 2005 All rights reserved 34 17 DetailsDetails ofof FrequencyFrequency bandband IssuesIssues ■ Using 900 MHz frequency range is problematic outside USA since the regulation limits the available bands ● Japan 6 MHz wide (950~956MHz) ● Korea 5.5 MHz wide ● Europe 3 MHz wide ■ USA has 26MHz wide available bandwidth (902~928MHz)
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