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Pdf At-Risk-Due-To-Drought Journal of Economic Impact 3 (1) 2021. 01-11 Available Online Journal of Economic Impact ISSN: 2664-9764 (Online), 2664-9756 (Print) http://www.scienceimpactpub.com/jei SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT AND MIGRATION DUE TO WATER SHORTAGE IN DISTRICT BADIN SINDH PROVINCE OF PAKISTAN Ghulam Nabi Dahri a,*, Tehmina Mangan a, Ghulam Mustafa Nangraj b, Basit Ali Talpur c, Imran Ali Jarwar a, Mehrunisa Sial a, Abdul Nasir Nangraj d, Aamir a a Agricultural Economics, Sindh Agriculture University Tando Jam, Pakistan b Agriculture Extension, Agriculture, Supply & Prices Department Government of Sindh, Pakistan c Rural Development and Management Studies, China Agriculture University, Beijing, China d Agriculture Economics and Management, China Agriculture University, Beijing, China ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history The agriculture sector is the backbone of Pakistan's economy. It contributes 18.9 Received: January 01, 2021 percent to the national GDP (Gross Domestic Product), and 43.5 percent to the Revised: March 25, 2021 national labor force. The term ‘water scarcity’ depicts, the water demand that Accepted: March 26, 2021 could not fulfill the human need. Some of the factors that cause water scarcity include dry spells, shortage of irrigation water, climate change, drought, Keywords excessive storage, and weather extremes. Another critical factor that causes Water shortage scarcity is excessive population growth. Water stress directly impacts human Migration migration because it affects the human lives and socio-economic conditions of the Socioeconomic migrants. This study aimed to examine the impact of water shortage on the Production socioeconomic condition of growers in the study area. To examine how water Underground water scarcity is behind the migration and to analyze the impact of water shortage on agricultural production. The analysis of the data reveals that migration occurs due to the shortage of water in the last five years of Taluka, Tando Bago. The current scenario of the study depicted that Tando Bago is suffering from the worst condition of water shortage and about 60 percent of farmers were not in a condition to use the freshwater resources. According to the farmer's perception (88%), the quality of underground water is seen to be low as compared to taluka Matli. It is a big threat to the agriculture sector in terms of productivity, soil degradation, and fallow land. The study further reveals that per acre yield of crops is low that signifies the impact of water shortage on agriculture production. In taluka Matli, the net return of wheat crop and per-acre value of land (RS: 795,858), is high as compared to Tando Bago (RS: 225,428). The results of the study favours’ the significant impact of water shortage on socioeconomic and migration of the people in district Badin. * Email: [email protected] https://doi.org/10.52223/jei3012101 © The Author(s) 2021. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). INTRODUCTION The agriculture sector is the backbone of Pakistan's well as development (Guppy and Anderson, 2017). Water economy. It contributes 18.9 percent to the national GDP scares is a global problem (Lenzen et al., 2013). Water (Gross Domestic Product), and 43.5 percent to the shortages create a threat for society to survive and it is national labor force (GoP, 2020). Water is a vital natural important for socioeconomic conditions (Veldkamp et al., resource for human beings to survive, to maintain 2015). It provides the basic need of life; without water biodiversity, and economic development (Walter et al., there is no life. Water provides the foundation stone for 2011). Water is an essential need for human beings as livelihood and cultural progress (Adams et al., 2009). 1 Journal of Economic Impact 3 (1) 2021. 01-11 Water scarcity directly affect human live and societies been suggested that it could conceivably provide the and their impact on human migration (Black et al., 2011). benefit to the people of Pakistan to get rid of pollution, The term ‘water scarcity’ depicts the water demand that shortage of water and to preserve an ecology, save local could not fulfil the human need. Some of the factors that biodiversity, and recover agriculture (Shaikh, 2018). cause water scarcity include dry spells, shortage of irrigation water, climate change, drought, excessive Inefficient Use of Irrigation Water storage, and weather extremes. Another important factor International Monetary Fund (IMF) states that Pakistan that causes scarcity is excessive population growth. has been ranked third among the countries which are Water stress directly impacts human migration because bearing a highly severe shortage of water. The Pakistan it affects the human lives and socio-economic conditions Council of Research in Water Resources (PCRWR) of the migrants. There are three main causes of water declared in May 2018 that by 2025, the availability of shortage which are rapidly growing population, water would be very short and not clean in the country unproductive agriculture sector, and lack of management (Shukla, 2018). The pollution in water is responsible for for the development side (Madani, 2014). In some around 30 percent of deaths and 80 percent of all previous years, the water demand is going high day by diseases (Daud et al., 2017). World Health Organization day because population, urbanization, and industries are (WHO) stated that waterborne diarrheal illnesses are rapidly increased. According to social experts, water is blameable for approximately 2 million deaths yearly directly interlinked with peoples' lives in the shape of globally, with the top happening in children under living standards and their needs (Yin et al., 2017). five years (WHO, 2018). Pakistan has been shifted to water-stressed and faces Sound National Water Policy: National water policy is inadequate water scarcity because it is a limited required to improve and save their water resource, resource. Mismanagement of water distribution is a big because of environmental threats faced by every country, issue and it directly hits water scarcity (Khair et al., and Pakistan is one of them. 2011). Rural people directly depend on the agriculture Switch to Bottled Drinking Water: It is a luxury choice, sector. This sector is directly interlinked with the rural those people have the affordability power to drink it people and the water resource is the life of the (Guglielmi, 2017). Bacteria and other germs are agriculture sector without water, it is nothing. Water consumed in water that’s why people avoid open water scarcity probably rises, which affects the agriculture and prefer to purchase safe drink water (Sahoutara, sector and the farming community, as well as their health 2017). issues (Grewal and Ahmed, 2011). Building Dams: This time, Pakistan needs large as well as Most people living in rural areas are unaware of the small dams because without a dam’s water storage quality of water for agriculture and their health. Water facility is not possible and it is beneficial for ecology. scarcity and polluted drinking water cause a lot of water- More dams support an ecosystem, dams are favorable to borne diseases. Rahman et al. (2018) said that still, no any country because there are many benefits, like epidemiological facts of alternate drinking water, arsenic electricity, agriculture, fisheries, and the environment. poisoning, and wellbeing involvements are present to the Biodiversity is a significant factor for an environment; individuals in danger, unfortunately. Guglielmi (2017) without it, life could not survive happily (Qureshi and indicates that in Pakistan, around 60 million individuals Akıntug, 2014). are at risk of being affected by high concentrations of Reforestation: Pakistan misses almost 2.1 percent of its arsenic in drinking water; the biggest mass poisoning in forestry annually. If this proportion remains the same, history. Arsenic poisoning can be the reason for Pakistan will be without forests within the coming restrictive pulmonary disease, cancer, diabetes mellitus, 50 years (Randhawa, 2017). skin lesions, gangrene, cardiovascular problems, Artificial Rain: Pakistan needs a rainmaking system neurological impairments, and problems in immunity, throughout the country, likewise China. This will liver, kidney, bladder and endocrine glands and as well probably benefit us in resolving the difficulties of as socioeconomic risks. Nabi et al. (2018) mentioned that shielding the ecology, shortage of water, saving local biodiversity, ecology, and deprived water supply biodiversity, and reducing the natural calamity, China is would probably disturb agriculture destructively. The emerging as the world’s biggest weather-operating natural world has even now arrived in the red zone and system encompassing tens of thousands of fuel-burning can perhaps go into a humanitarian disaster with the compartments. This scheme will raise rainfall over a harm of large-scale area migration of individuals because range of almost 1.6 million square kilometers (Chen, of drought-like conditions. Some recommendations have 2018). 2 Journal of Economic Impact 3 (1) 2021. 01-11 Specific objectives of the study are as under: to examine total population is 1,804,516. From all five talukas, two the impact of water shortage on the socioeconomic were selected namely Matli and Tando Bago. condition of growers in the study area, to examine how water scarcity is behind the migration in the study area, Sampling Procedure and Data Collection to analyze the impact of water shortage on agricultural The questionnaire was developed with the help of a production. literature review and research supervisor, it is pretested Natural scarce resources are threatened by increasing in the field. Primary data was collected through a random population and growing urbanization. Water plays a sampling technique. The total sample size was 120 major role in environmental migration. The current respondents, 60 respondents from each taluka. migration due to water in the Middle East and Africa was Furthermore, 24 villages were selected 12 villages from identified. Specifically, water is the main driving force for each taluka for data collection.
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