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Saline Soil Area Development in the Northeast: Geological Approaches

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Saline Soil Area Development in the Northeast: Geological Approaches Saline Soil Area Development in the Northeast: Geological approaches 2558 draft.indd 1 5/6/2558 10:37:03 2 the royal grace of his majesty the king On August 9th 2007, His Majesty the King granted an audience to the executives of the Department of Mineral Resources (DMR) to inform about the geological situation and present geological maps of Thailand. His Majesty the King gave an initiative to the DMR executives to conduct a geological research study in the Northeastern part of Thailand to determine the causes of the area’s saline soil and propose a proper solution to the problem present. In response to the King’s advice and initiative, the DMR has set up a project called “Saline Soil Area Development in the Northeast”. A small saline affected area located within Nam Un watershed, Sakon Nakhon Province has been selected as the fi rst study area. The project employs three main strategies to sort out three different problems, which are: geological, agricultural and communal. The strategies include the study on the origins of the saline soil and causes of salt dispersion in the area; soil quality improvement methods; and selecting salt tolerant plants and rice strains for use in affected areas. The Saline Soil Development Learning Center has been set up at Tambon Haiyong, Phangkhon District, Sakon Nakhon Province. Here, the development model from the study is passed on to groups of farmers to further test and distribute the proposed solutions to the community to be applied in other affected areas. 2558 draft.indd 2 5/6/2558 10:37:04 3 the royal grace of his majesty the king the royal words on 9th august 2007 “…A hazard has recently occurred in the Northeastern areas; rain water eroded down to the deeper soils and caused saline soil in many rice paddy fi elds. As I noticed such problems, the Land Development Department and other departments must integrate to solve this problem because this hazard did indeed occur. This level of salinity is serious and is very harmful to plants…” “…The level of salinity in the salt affected soil at Khao Tao pineapple farm is getting higher after every crop. The foot hill of Khao Tao is covered with alkaline soil, transported from surrounding hills, my suggestion to solve this problem is to move the alkaline soil up to the top…” 2558 draft.indd 3 5/6/2558 10:37:05 4 What Are Saline Soils? Saline soils are soils containing high concentration of soluble salts which obstruct the growth of plants. Excessive salt damages plants by disrupting their intake of water and interferes with the absorption of nutrients. The table below shows the 5 classes of generally recognized saline soils and the effect on crops. Very strongly Only a few very tolerant crops saline yield satisfactorily S 16 0.8 alt Concentration Concentration (dS/m) Strongly saline Only tolerant crops yield satisfactorily ( % Conductivity 0.4 ) 8 Moderately saline Yields of many crops are restricted 4 0.2 Slightly saline Yields of sensitive crops may be restricted 2 0.1 Non saline Salinity effects negligible Many provinces in the Northeastern part of Thailand (Isan) have been affected by saline soils which are caused mainly by dissolved sodium chloride from deep seated rock salt. During every dry season salt is interspersed on the lowland ground surface and it is leached away in the rainy season. The soil salinity has rapidly dispersed and has lowered the quality of life for many people; causing many economical, social and environmental problems. 2558 draft.indd 4 5/6/2558 10:37:06 5 What to Do With Saline Soils? In February 2008, the DMR launched the project called “Saline Soil Area Development in the Northeast” to study the causes and solve these soil salinity problems.The Integration of geological, agricultural and the communal strategies among participating offi ces and organizations are vital to the success of the project. The organizations involved are as follows: Offi ce of Natural Resources and Environment, Sakon Nakhon Province; Rice Department; Department of Groundwater Resources; Pimai Salt Co., Ltd.; National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA); Land Development Department, etc. The geological work that has been prepared is effective in creating a strong foundation for our continuing work due to its useful application in various exploration techniques including geological, geophysical and geochemical surveys on the saline soil project. The study of rice selection in particular has yielded great success. The success of our demonstration rice fi eld, along with the participation of the people, has resulted in an Action Plan for the entire Haiyong Community. Salinity in the salt affected study area Gravity lows delineate salt domes 2558 draft.indd 5 5/6/2558 10:37:07 6 The Saline Affected Areas The Khorat Plateau covers one third of the country. Twenty nine percent of the Northeastern part, about 30.4 million Rais*, is mapped as saline soil terrains with 3 degrees of salinity. (*1 Rai covers an area of 40x40 square meters) 1. Strongly saline terrain covers 1.4 million Rais of salt surface ground. 2. Moderately saline terrain covers 5.7 million Rais of scattered salt surface ground. 3. Slightly saline terrain covers 23.3 million Rais of some scattered salt surfaced ground Non-saline terrain, slightly saline terrain, 75.6 Million Rais 23.3 Million Rais Saline terrain, 30.4 Million Rais moderately saline terrain, 5.7 Million Rais strongly saline terrain, 1.4 Million Rais There are fi fteen provinces affected by the salinity as follows: Udon Thani, Sakon Nakhon, Nakhon Phanom, Khon Kaen, Kalasin, Chaiyaphum, Maha Sarakham, Roi Et, Yasothon, Amnat Charoen, Nakhon Ratchasima, Buri Ram, Surin, Si Sa Ket, and Ubon Ratchathani. 2558 draft.indd 6 5/6/2558 10:37:07 7 Strongly Saline Moderately Saline Sakon Nakhon Basin Udon Thani Sakon Nakhon Nakhon Phanom Kalasin Khon Kaen Roi Et Khorat Basin Yasothon Chaiyaphum Maha Sarakham Amnat Charoen Ubon Ratchathani Surin Buri Ram Si Sa Ket Nakhon Ratchasima The strongly and moderately saline terrains covering fi fteen provinces of Isan are located over the two sedimentary basins of the Khorat plateau Saline soil is caused naturally by rock salts that are dissolved by the groundwater and dispersed in the lowland where the groundwater table is very shallow. One serious, but avoidable, cause of the saline soil crisis is deforestation. The forest stabilizes groundwater table and simultaneously humidifi es the atmosphere by absorbing groundwater via the roots and evaporating it through the leaves. Without the forest, groundwater table will rise up close to the ground surface and the air will be dry. These conditions are suitable for saline soil occurrences. 2558 draft.indd 7 5/6/2558 10:37:08 8 The Khorat Plateau and the Hidden Gigantic Rock Salt Under the Khorat Plateau lay various clastic sedimentary rocks of the Khorat group including conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone, shale and mudstone. Since the Mesozoic Era (251-65 million years ago), these sediments have been continuously deposited into a continental basin under an arid to semi-arid climate. At the end of the Era, after the seawater transgression dried out by the aridity, rock salt beds hundreds of meters thick were left behind. The rock salt was fi nally covered with very fi ne grained sediments transported by wind and water. The uplifting of the Khorat Plateau caused deformations and fractures in the rock sequence. Under great load pressure, the rigid rock salt behaves as a plastic body and fl ows upward through weak zones in the upper rock units to form salt domes. The fractured cap rocks can easily collapse when the top of the salt domes are leached by groundwater. Nowadays, many reservoirs spread throughout the Khorat plateau indicate the shallow buried salt domes. Humid air Dry air Deforest Forest Fault Fault formation Groundwater table Younger Salt dome n formatio Rock salt Older formations 2558 draft.indd 8 5/6/2558 10:37:08 9 The Khorat Plateau and the Hidden Gigantic Rock Salt The cause, the shortcuts and the catalyst The northeastern saline soil is caused mostly by rock salt being dissolved and dispersed by groundwater. However, the saline soil would not have spread widely over the plateau without the necessary shortcuts and catalyst. The salt domes act as shortcuts allowing the source of the salt to move closer to the surface, while Capillary zone the faults act as pathways for upward movement of the saline groundwater. Fractures Groundwater table After the groundwater Salt dome dissolves the salt domes, the catalyst to the saline soil crisis is the capillary force which pulls the brine up, against the gravity, to the surface. At this point, pure water evaporates from the brine and only salt is left behind. This process happens continuously under dry weather conditions where the groundwater table is shallower than 4 feet and the top soil is sandy. Capillary zone Salt affected terrain Groundwater table rises up Salt dome Humid air Dry air Deforest Forest Fault Fault formation Groundwater table Younger Salt dome n formatio Rock salt Older formations 2558 draft.indd 9 5/6/2558 10:37:09 10 The Geological Solutions on the Saline Soil Problems The DMR has acted in response to the King’s advice and initiative to help people in saline soil affected area by cooperating with participatory offi ces and organizations to study on the soil quality improvement. Many solutions have been derived from the intensive study. The solutions are as follows: the use of salt leaching technique, the use of organic fertilizer, and the selection of salt tolerant plants and rice types for the area.
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