DOCSLIB.ORG

Naomi Mcleod Phd Thesis

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Naomi Mcleod Phd Thesis THE EXPRESSION OF IDENTITY IN EQUATORIAL GUINEAN NARRATIVES (1994-2007) Naomi McLeod A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of St Andrews 2012 Full metadata for this thesis is available in St Andrews Research Repository at: http://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/ Please use this identifier to cite or link to this thesis: http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2614 This item is protected by original copyright This item is licensed under a Creative Commons Licence The Expression of Identity in Equatorial Guinean Narratives (1994 - 2007) Naomi McLeod A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Modern Languages University of St Andrews April 2012 DECLARATIONS I, Naomi McLeod, hereby certify that this thesis, which is approximately 80,000 words in length, has been written by me, that it is the record of work carried out by me and that it has not been submitted in any previous application for a higher degree. I was admitted as a research student in September 2006 and as a candidate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in September 2007; the higher study for which this is a record was carried out in the University of St Andrews between 2006 and 2012. Date: Signature of candidate: I hereby certify that the candidate has fulfilled the conditions of the Resolution and Regulations appropriate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of St Andrews and that the candidate is qualified to submit this thesis in application for that degree. Date: Signature of supervisor: In submitting this thesis to the University of St Andrews we understand that we are giving permission for it to be made available for use in accordance with the regulations of the University Library for the time being in force, subject to any copyright vested in the work not being affected thereby. We also understand that the title and the abstract will be published, and that a copy of the work may be made and supplied to any bona fide library or research worker, that my thesis will be electronically accessible for personal or research use unless exempt by award of an embargo as requested below, and that the library has the right to migrate my thesis into new electronic forms as required to ensure continued access to the thesis. We have obtained any third-party copyright permissions that may be required in order to allow such access and migration, or have requested the appropriate embargo below. The following is an agreed request by candidate and supervisor regarding the electronic publication of this thesis: Access to all or part of printed copy but embargo of all or part of electronic publication of thesis for a period of 5 years (maximum five) on the following ground: Publication would preclude future publication. Date: Signature of candidate: Signature of supervisor: ABSTRACT Equatorial Guinea is the only former Spanish colony in Africa south of the Sahara. Consequently, the Spanish-language literature produced by its authors has been resistant to classification in both the fields of Hispanic and African literary studies. This thesis examines a selection of contemporary narratives written between 1994 and 2007 by the following authors: José Fernando Siale Djangany, Maximiliano Nkogo Esono, Juan Tomás Ávila Laurel and Joaquín Mbomio Bacheng. My main objective in this dissertation is to identify, explain and relate the ways in which post-independence authors express identity in their respective texts. In order to accomplish this task, this thesis posits situational interactions as the key sites for identity expression. Developed from the tenets of symbolic interactionism, the syncretic theoretical model of identity views it as telescopic. It is expected that, through the examination of the chosen texts, a contribution can be made to the understanding of the way in which each author expresses identity and can therefore feed into the larger discussion of identity in Equatorial Guinean narrative. Keywords Equatorial Guinea literature identity symbolic interactionism José Fernando Siale Djangany Maximiliano Nkogo Esono Juan Tomás Ávila Laurel Joaquín Mbomio Bacheng ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are several people who deserve special mention and who have contributed to the realisation of this thesis. I am particularly grateful to my supervisors Professor Nigel Dennis for his guidance and encouragement and Dr. Gustavo San Román for his insightful comments and his motivating enthusiasm. The School of Modern Languages and the Department of Spanish have supported me throughout my time in St Andrews and their collaboration with the interlibrary loan service was vital to the acquisition of primary sources which are now available in the library for future use. Additionally, I am grateful to the Biblioteca Hispánica de la Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo (AECI) and the Centro Cultural Español de Malabo (CCEM) for providing me with access to texts. Thanks are due to Joyce Lapeyre who made it possible for me to attend groundbreaking international conferences and to Wendy Houldsworth for all of her help and advice. The support offered by all of the staff at Student Services played an essential role in the completion of this thesis. I am thankful to the Equatorial Guinean authors who have been approachable and receptive. I am also appreciative of the academics involved with Equatorial Guinean studies who have welcomed me and encouraged me to participate in scholarly activities. I am equally indebted to those who have offered valuable feedback and hours of their time both in terms of editing and proofreading. In particular: Robert Wooldridge, Claire Eldridge, Judith Taylor, Stacie France, Debbie France, Maggie Winton, Kristine Johanson, John Svensson and Eleanor Svensson. Furthermore, the friends we have met along the way have made this experience meaningful and enjoyable. Also, special thanks to my mother who has spent hours on the end of the phone offering words of wisdom and encouragement; I could not have done it without her. Finally, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my husband Malcolm who has sacrificed so much by moving across the Atlantic and who has remained patiently dedicated and unwaveringly supportive. His trust has carried me through some difficult times and I wish to dedicate this accomplishment to him and to our son Calum. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 1 CHAPTER ONE: PUTTING EQUATORIAL GUINEA ON THE MAP ..................................... 8 Background Geography ............................................................................................................ 8 ‗Discovery‘ of Territory ....................................................................................... 9 Population ......................................................................................................... 10 Language ............................................................................................................ 13 Colonisation ...................................................................................................... 15 Hispanicisation ................................................................................................... 16 Patronato de indígenas ..................................................................................... 17 Decolonisation ................................................................................................... 18 Independence ..................................................................................................... 21 Macías ............................................................................................................... 21 Obiang ................................................................................................................ 23 Current Situation ................................................................................................ 24 Industrial Development ...................................................................................... 25 Literary Trajectory First Generation ................................................................................................. 27 Los años del silencio .......................................................................................... 27 Nueva generación .............................................................................................. 29 Los años de la esperanza .................................................................................. 30 Foundational Critical Texts ............................................................................... 35 CHAPTER TWO: THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO IDENTITY ....................................... 38 Symbolic Interactionism ................................................................................... 42 The Self and Situational Interactions ................................................................. 43 The Self-Object and Agency .............................................................................. 45 Individual and Collective Identities .................................................................. 48 Telescopic Identity ............................................................................................. 49 Limitations ........................................................................................................ 52 Benefits ............................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • García Alvite SS
    Strategic Positions of Las Hijas del Sol: Equatorial Guinea in World Music Dosinda Garcia-Alvite is an ery little attention has been paid to Equatorial Assistant Professor of Span- Guinea’s cultural works both in African and in His- ish at Denison University. panic studies. Even less space has been dedicated to Her research interests focus on V the country’s women’s lives and music. In this essay I aim to issues of migration, histori- fill part of that void by examining the works of the group cal memory, and gender is- called Las Hijas del Sol, since according to a website from a sues in literature, film and music of contemporary Spain. cultural critic in Equatorial Guinea “this group can put the 1 Her dissertation, which she country on the global map.” Indeed, this duo formed by an is revising for publication, aunt and her niece, Paloma and Piruchi, achieved world rec- analyzes music and litera- ognition with their first recording Sibèba in 1995. From then ture of artists from Equato- on, their subsequent works Kottó (1997), Kchaba (1999), rial Guinea exiled in Spain. Pasaporte mundial (2001) and Colores del amor (2003), all produced in Spain, have kept the group at the top of the World Music Charts Europe.2 The importance of studying these works in the field of contemporary Spanish Cultural Studies derives from the fact that, although belatedly in com- parison to England or France, Spain has recently become an openly multicultural society, not only through the official recognition of the different historical nationalities of the Basque Country, Catalonia, and Galicia, but also through the presence of increasing numbers of immigrants.
    [Show full text]
  • Secessionism on the Islands of Bioko and Annobón Justo Bolekia
    1 Secessionism on the islands of Bioko and Annobón Justo Bolekia Abstract The cultural diversity that distinguishes the African states observes special consideration even when it does not serve to strengthen their self esteem or their political systems. The traumatic experiences suffered by many ethnic groups in the past did not prevent the eventual establishment of ethnic or tribal states (or governments). These newly established states were strongly centralized, ruled by tyrannical governments, with ¨lifetime¨ posts and patronage systems given to some groups at the expense of others, depending on the government of the country under which it was colonized. I am convinced that the issue of secessionism in Africa is fairly extended across the continent, because of the colonial oppressions and divisions among Black ethnic groups, which were never reconciled, where a single government was created. Bioko and Annobón (in Equatorial Guinea) were no exception. First, there were atrocities and tragedies historically experienced during the cultural collision between Black and White Guineans that weakened Black self-determination for minority groups, such as the Bubis. Second, that conflict was at odds with finding a singular identity, necessitating the reconsideration and the reassertion of the psychological, ethno-cultural and historical dimensions, which distinguish the majority and minority ethnic groups. Third, the minority Blacks asked to engage in a dialogue and negotiation for secession with the colonist and post-colonist government at the time, with the option, either to create a single state again with the intent to guarantee everybody’s participation and involvement, without any discrimination based on ethnic, historical and political reasons, or, separating and creating two states, both of which were rejected.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessing Attitudes Towards Biodiversity Conservation Among Citizens on Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea and Cameroon
    Assessing Attitudes towards Biodiversity Conservation among Citizens on Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea and Cameroon A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty Of Drexel University By Demetrio Bocuma Meñe In partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree Of Doctor Philosophy May 2016 ©Copyright 2016 Demetrio Bocuma Meñe. All Rights Reserved. iv Dedication I would like to dedicate this dissertation to the person who gave me this once in a life time opportunity, Gail Hearn, PhD., and also to the initiative that she founded to protect the unique biodiversity of my lovely island, the Bioko Biodiversity Protection Program (BBPP) v Acknowledgements Funding and support for this project was provided by the Mobil Equatorial Guinea, ExxonMobil Foundation, National Science Foundation, the Bioko Biodiversity Protection Program and the Central African Biodiversity Alliance. I am grateful to the Government of Equatorial Guinea, especially the Ministry of Fisheries and the Environment for giving me the permission and opportunity to have an internship there, during which I was able to interview employees and gather hard copies of existing legislation. I am also thankful to the Government of Cameroon through the Ministry of Scientific Research and Innovation for issuing the right permission to my field assistants in order for them to be able to administer our questionnaires in Cameroon. I am thankful to the National University of Equatorial Guinea, particularly the Department of Environmental Sciences for providing with some of the most essential resources (permits, field assistants, transportation and faculty support) to conduct my research on Bioko Island. I am also grateful to the High Institute of Environmental Sciences in Yaoundé, Cameroon for assisting me in the administration of my questionnaire carried out by two of its students.
    [Show full text]
  • Expanded PDF Profile
    Profile Year: 1998 People and Language Detail Report Language Name: Bube ISO Language Code: bvb The Bubi of Equatorial Guinea The Bubi people represent seven percent of the population of Equatorial Guinea in West Africa. Their traditional homeland is the island of Bioko including Malabo, the capital city. They speak one of the coastal Bantu languages which they desire to develop. Most of them know some Spanish from school days and some Krio, which is the trade language on Bioko island. Bioko is a big, beautiful, tropical, volcanic island off the coast of Nigeria and Cameroon. The Bubi men are good sailors, strong swimmers and skilled fishermen. They used to be a kingdom, but had no king for many years. They have been colonized by the Spanish and have as one of the results become Roman Catholics. Their religious practices include many elements of traditional African animism. There are primary schools in every village, but they often lack teachers. Almost all the children go to school. Teaching is done in Spanish by teachers who are originally Fang speakers. A bilingual literacy program, Bubi - Spanish might have very positive results in their educational advancement and progress in Spanish. This could result in a better self image and more self respect among the Bubi people and help them to stand against alcoholism, drugs and teenage pregnancies. Three mother tongue translators have started work on the Bubi New Testament. Primary Religion: Christian Disciples (Matt 28.19): 2% Churches: 30 Scripture Status (Matt 28.20): Work in Progress Population (date): 27,100 (1996) The Bubi of Equatorial Guinea Item Name Item Note Have They Heard The Gospel? Profile Summary Call Themselves Christian (%) 97% Believe In Jesus As God & Only Savior (%) 2% Number Of Pastors 16 Comment (Pastors) There are 16 pastors and perhaps 100 evangelists Number Of Missionaries Working 20 Number Of Communities 100-150 Comment (Number Communities) 100 to 150 communities, over 100 of them without a church.
    [Show full text]
  • The Clothes of Extraversion
    The Clothes of Extraversion Circulation, Consumption and Power in Equatorial Guinea Alba Valenciano-Mañé Aquesta tesi doctoral està subjecta a la llicència Reconeixement 3.0. Espanya de Creative Commons. Esta tesis doctoral está sujeta a la licencia Reconocimiento 3.0. España de Creative Commons. This doctoral thesis is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0. Spain License. THE CLOTHES OF EXTRAVERSION Circulation, Consumption and Power in Equatorial Guinea Alba Valenciano-Mañé PHD THesis Programa ‘Societat i cultura: història, antropologia, art i patrimoni’ Departament d’Antropologia social I historia d’Àfrica i Amèrica Facultat de Geografia i Història, Universitat de Barcelona Director: Dr. Josep Martí i Pérez (CSIC-IMF) Tutor: Dra. Cristina Larrea Killinger (UB) Barcelona, September 2017 THE CLOTHES OF EXTRAVERSION Circulation, Consumption and Power in Equatorial Guinea Alba Valenciano-Mañé PhD THesis Programa ‘Societat i cultura: història, antropologia, art i patrimoni’ Departament d’Antropologia social i historia d’Àfrica i Amèrica Facultat de Geografia i Història, Universitat de Barcelona Director: Dr. Josep Martí i Pérez (CSIC-IMF) Tutor: Dra. Cristina Larrea Killinger (UB) Barcelona, September 2017 Image of tHe cover: Plaza Ewaiso (Malabo) during tHe celebration of tHe International Women’s Day in 2010. AutHor: Francesca Bayre. 2 A l’Àngels i a la Berta. Y a Tía Lola, que estará siempre en mi Bata. 3 4 Contents Contents 5 List of figures 9 Abstract 11 Resumen 14 Acknowledgments 18 Note on language, anonymity and money
    [Show full text]
  • Bubi, Some Comprehension of Tsogo and Speakers Are to Understand Getsgo and Land of Gabon, Neger-Congo
    1. Description – 1.1 Name of society, language and language family . Bubi, Some comprehension of Tsogo and speakers are to understand getsgo and land of Gabon, Neger-Congo. 1.2 ISO 639-3 BUW 1.3 Fernando Po 1.4 Brief History: Linguistic studies have shown that the bubis were among one of the first to leave the Nigerian area. The tribe headed southeast to find a new location for their tribe to inhabit. They finally arrived on the Atlantic beaches between the Batanga and the Ntem, or campo, rivers. They lived in this area for a lengthy amount of time and during this time they formed sub tribes. During this time, they were encountered with other violent tribes that invaded them, and the bubis were subjected to violence, and slavery. The chiefs of the sub tribes decided that they needed to flea the country and cross the seas to a new land named Fernando Po, which is now Bioko Island. According to Antonio Anmeyei, the bubis had migrated here about 3,000 to 5,000 years before portugese explorer Fernando Po landed there in 1471. The sub tribes all formed in different areas around the Island, all speaking the same native language. There was a lot of hostile violence between the sub tribes. Their numbers were lessened dramatically because of the slaughter of their previous dictator Francisco Macias Nguema. Macias took reign after the country gained its independence from Spain in 1968. During Macias Nguema’s reign he lessened a majority of the population by torturing, beating, and even executing.
    [Show full text]
  • Napoleon Iii and the Annexation of Savoy
    LEARNING TRANSFER IN A PUBLIC AGENCY: A CONTEXT FOR SITUATIONAL LEADERSHIP AND SITUATED LEARNING Roderick Jay Hayes B.A., California State University, Sacramento, 1982 M.T.S., Saint Paul School of Theology, Kansas City, 1999 M.H.S., University of Illinois, Springfield, 2012 DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF EDUCATION in EDUCATIONAL LEADERSHIP at CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO SPRING 2017 Copyright © 2017 Roderick Jay Hayes All rights reserved ii LEARNING TRANSFER IN A PUBLIC AGENCY: A CONTEXT FOR SITUATIONAL LEADERSHIP AND SITUATED LEARNING A Dissertation by Roderick Jay Hayes Approved by Dissertation Committee: _________________________________ Porfirio Loeza, Ph.D., Chair _________________________________ Rachael Gonzalez, Ed.D., Member _________________________________ Shelby Moffatt, Ed.D., Member SPRING 2017 iii LEARNING TRANSFER IN A PUBLIC AGENCY: A CONTEXT FOR SITUATIONAL LEADERSHIP AND SITUATED LEARNING Student: Roderick Jay Hayes I certify that this student has met the requirements for format contained in the University format manual, and that this dissertation is suitable for shelving in the library and credit is to be awarded for the dissertation. __________________________, Graduate Coordinator _________________ Lisa Romero, Ph.D. Date iv DEDICATION The transatlantic slave trade successfully obliterated most paper records linking me to my ancestors. The oldest record I currently have for a paternal ancestor is George Tooley Hayes, born July 7, 1874. The oldest record I have for a maternal ancestor is Allice Doxey, born May 10, 1853. Both ancestors were born in Chariton County, Missouri. My parents were born in rural Missouri, in small towns less than fifty miles apart. My father was born in Clark County, and my mother in Chariton County.
    [Show full text]
  • AC Vol 44 No 3
    www.africa-confidential.com 7 February 2003 Vol 44 No 3 AFRICA CONFIDENTIAL SUDAN 3NIGERIA Saving salvation As all eyes are on Iraq, the A victory for the generals Khartoum government has again A soldier – serving or retired – will be running Nigeria by June after taken the Machakos peace talks to a hard fought election the brink. It wants to save its ‘Salvation Revolution’ yet avoid the Nigerians now have a choice of presidential candidates in the 19 April election which almost exactly fate of the Taleban. Western reflects the nation’s schisms and idiosyncrasies (AC Vol 43 No 25 & Vol 44 No 1). The four leading mediators have pushed for peace candidates in a field of 13 are all retired generals. The incumbent and former military head of state, at any price but US patience is Olusegun Obasanjo, is a proselytising evangelical Christian from the south-west. His most serious wearing thin. opponent, Muhammdu Buhari, is another former military head of state from the north-west and a fervent supporter of the Islamic (Sharia) criminal code and its penalties of amputation and stoning to death. SUDAN 4 From the east, come two more retired generals: former Biafra leader General Emeka Ojukwu is standing on an irredentist ticket. With stronger nationalist credentials but the least fancied of the quartet The oil offensive, is Gen. Ike Nwachukwu, whose father is Igbo, mother is Hausa and wife, Yoruba. He speaks all three continued languages. Lurking in the background is another former military leader and probably the wealthiest man in the country, Gen.
    [Show full text]
  • EQUATORIAL GUINEA PERIODIC UNIVERSAL EXAMINATION: Third Cycle 33Rd Session
    [NAME] [FIRM] [ADDRESS] [PHONE NUMBER] [FAX NUMBER] UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE EXECUTIVE OFFICE FOR IMMIGRATION REVIEW IMMIGRATION COURT [CITY, STATE] __________________________________________ ) In the Matter of: ) ) File No.: A __________ __________ ) ) In removal proceedings ) __________________________________________) INDEX TO DOCUMENTATION OF COUNTRY CONDITIONS REGARDING PERSECUTION OF LGBTQ INDIVIDUALS IN EQUATORIAL GUINEA TAB SUMMARY GOVERNMENTAL SOURCES 1. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, U.S. Dep’t of State, Equatorial Guinea Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2018 (Mar. 13, 2019), available at: https://www.state.gov/reports/2018-country-reports-on-human-rights- practices/equatorial-guinea/ • Human rights issues included reports of (…) crimes involving violence targeting lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex persons (…)(p. 2) • [S]ocietal stigmatization of and discrimination against the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex (LGBTI) community was a problem. The government made no effort to combat this stigma and discrimination.” (p. 23) • “The government does not formally recognize the existence of LGBTI persons or groups. Its position is that such sexual orientations and gender identities are abnormal. There is no formal, legal protection for LGBTI persons or groups.” (p. 23) TAB SUMMARY • “Some LGBTI individuals were removed from government jobs and academia because of their sexual orientation.” (p. 23) • “LGBTI individuals often faced stigma from their families as well as from the government and employers. Families sometimes rejected youth and forced them to leave home, often resulting in them quitting school as well.” (p. 23) • “[T]here remain[s] stigma around persons with HIV/AIDS, and many individuals kept their illness hidden.” (p. 23-24) 2.
    [Show full text]
  • The Case of British Southern Cameroons Melinda Adams
    African Studies Quarterly Volume 8 Issue 3 Spring 2006 ARTICLES Colonial Policies and Women's Participation in Public Life: The Case of British Southern Cameroons Melinda Adams The Political Economy of Oil in Equatorial Guinea Brendan McSherry AT ISSUE Markets and Morality: American Relations with Tanzania Tony Waters BOOK REVIEWS The French Encounter with Africans: White Response to Blacks, 1530-1880. William B. Cohen. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2003. 360 pp. Charlotte Baker Counter-Colonial Criminology: A Critique of Imperialist Reason. Biko Agozino. London: Pluto, 2003. 281 pp. Mark Christian African Francophone Cinema. Samba Diop. New Orleans: University Press of the South, 2004. 106 pp. Africa Shoots Back: Alternative Perspectives in Sub-Saharan African Film. Melissa Thackway. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Oxford: Oxford, UK: James Currey, Ltd. Capetown, South Africa: David Philip, 2003. 230 pp. Patrick Day Phases of Conflict in Africa. Rose Kadende-Kaiser and Paul J. Kaiser, eds. Toronto: De Sitter Publications, 2005. 184 pp. Kisiangani Emmanuel Swahili Modernities. Culture, Politics, and Identity on the East Coast of Africa. Pat Caplan and Farouk Topan, eds. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 2004. 270 pp. Birgit Englert Peoples' Spaces and State Spaces: Land and Governance in Mozambique. Rosemary Elizabeth Galli. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2003. 313 pp. Heidi Glaesel Frontani © Center for African Studies University of Florida Tourism in the New South Africa: Social Responsibility and the Tourist Experience. Garth Allen and Frank Brennan. London: I.B. Tauris, 2004. 305 pp. Rachel Harvey Uncertain Safari: Kenyan Encounters and African Dreams. Allan M. Winkler. Lanham, MD (USA): Hamilton Books, 2004. 149pp.
    [Show full text]
  • Genome-Wide Data from the Bubi of Bioko Island Clarifies the Atlantic
    Gelabert et al. BMC Genomics (2019) 20:179 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-019-5529-0 RESEARCHARTICLE Open Access Genome-wide data from the Bubi of Bioko Island clarifies the Atlantic fringe of the Bantu dispersal Pere Gelabert1, Manuel Ferrando-Bernal1, Toni de-Dios1, Benedetta Mattorre2, Elena Campoy3, Amaya Gorostiza4, Etienne Patin5,6,7, Antonio González-Martín3* and Carles Lalueza-Fox1* Abstract Background: Bioko is one of the few islands that exist around Africa, the most genetically diverse continent on the planet. The native Bantu-speaking inhabitants of Bioko, the Bubi, are believed to have colonized the island about 2000 years ago. Here, we sequenced the genome of thirteen Bubi individuals at high coverage and analysed their sequences in comparison to mainland populations from the Gulf of Guinea. Results: We found that, genetically, the closest mainland population to the Bubi are Bantu-speaking groups from Angola instead the geographically closer groups from Cameroon. The Bubi possess a lower proportion of rainforest hunter-gatherer (RHG) ancestry than most other Bantu-speaking groups. However, their RHG component most likely came from the same source and could have reached them by gene flow from the mainland after island settlement. By studying identity by descent (IBD) genomic blocks and runs of homozygosity (ROHs), we found evidence for a significant level of genetic isolation among the Bubi, isolation that can be attributed to the island effect. Additionally, as this population is known to have one of the highest malaria incidence rates in the world we analysed their genome for malaria-resistant alleles. However, we were unable to detect any specific selective sweeps related to this disease.
    [Show full text]
  • Equatorial Guinea 1927-1979
    EQUATORIAL GUINEA 1927-1979: A NEW AFRICAN TRADITION ENRIQUE S. OKENVE-MARTÍNEZ PhD HISTORY 1 Abstract This work focuses on the history of the Fang people of Equatorial Guinea between 1927 and 1979 in an effort to shed some light on the so-called process of retraditionalization that African societies have been undergoing for the last three decades. Contrary to those views that expected that independence would consolidate the process of modernization initiated by colonialism, many African countries, including Equatorial Guinea, have seen how traditional structures have gained ground ever since. This process is often explained as a result of the so-called crisis of modernity. It is argued that, due to the instability provoked by rapid modernization and the failure of modern structures, Africans are recovering their old ways in search for solutions. This explanation, however, stands against those views that considered that colonial conquest put an end to African traditional systems. This thesis argues that, although traditions are certainly back, this is, in fact, a new phenomenon, which started with the advent of colonial conquest. This work shows how colonial structures and the changes that followed resulted in the collapse of the traditional social model. In response to such situation, a new socio-cultural tradition, rooted in the old one, took form – being the development of modern Fang identity its most salient element. Research specifically focuses on transformations in authority, religious beliefs and identity, as well as their relationship. Much emphasis is put on the historicity of the process, covering three main historical stages such as the second half of the nineteenth century, the period of colonial conquest and domination between the 1910s and 1968, and the aftermath of independence between 1968 and 1979.
    [Show full text]