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The World's Forests 2018 2018 2018 2018 THE STATE OF THE WORLD’S FORESTS ISBN 978-92-5-130561-4 ISSN 1020-5705 FOREST PATHWAYS TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 9 789251 305614 I9535EN/1/07.18 This flagship publication is part of THE STATE OF THE WORLD series of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Required citation: FAO. 2018. The State of the World’s Forests 2018 - Forest pathways to sustainable development. Rome. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. ISBN 978-92-5-130561-4 © FAO 2018 Some rights reserved. This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo). Under the terms of this licence, this work may be copied, redistributed and adapted for non-commercial purposes, provided that the work is appropriately cited. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that FAO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the FAO logo is not permitted. If the work is adapted, then it must be licensed under the same or equivalent Creative Commons license. If a translation of this work is created, it must include the following disclaimer along with the required citation: “This translation was not created by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). FAO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original English edition shall be the authoritative edition.” Any mediation relating to disputes arising under the licence shall be conducted in accordance with the Arbitration Rules of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) as at present in force. Third-party materials. Users wishing to reuse material from this work that is attributed to a third party, such as tables, figures or images, are responsible for determining whether permission is needed for that reuse and for obtaining permission from the copyright holder. The risk of claims resulting from infringement of any third-party-owned component in the work rests solely with the user. Sales, rights and licensing. FAO information products are available on the FAO website (www.fao.org/publications) and can be purchased through [email protected]. Requests for commercial use should be submitted via: www.fao.org/contact-us/licence-request. Queries regarding rights and licensing should be submitted to: [email protected]. COVER PHOTOGRAPH ©Suman Acharya/Alamy Stock Photo NEPAL: Two female farmers walk through a forest pathway. ISSN 1020-5705 2018 THE STATE OF THE WORLD’S FORESTS FOREST PATHWAYS TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Rome, 2018 CONTENTS FOREWORD iv TABLES METHODOLOGY vi 1. Distribution of rural people living on less than ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vii USD 1.25 per day and residing in or around ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS viii tropical forests and savannahs 11 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY x 2. Forest ownership 13 KEY MESSAGES xvi 3. Visit rates in terrestrial protected areas (PAs) and direct expenditure by visitors 39 CHAPTER 1 4. Percentage of urban World Heritage Sites (WHS) INTRODUCTION 1 that include natural elements as a key component 42 FIGURES CHAPTER 2 QUANTIFYING THE CONTRIBUTIONS 1. Percentage of agricultural area with tree cover 14 OF FORESTS TO THE SUSTAINABLE 2. Percentage of household income from DEVELOPMENT GOALS 7 non-wood forest products (NWFPs) 19 2.1 Approach taken 8 3. The water cycle 25 2.2 Quantification of contributions 9 4. Changes in erosion and baseline water 2.3 Information and data gaps 65 stress (BWS) 28 5. Percentage of forested area managed for CHAPTER 3 soil and water protection, by region and country 30 WHAT DOES IT TAKE TO ACHIEVE THE SDGS? COUNTRY CASE STUDIES: 6. Trends in management of forests for soil and SUCCESSES AND CONSTRAINTS 73 water conservation, by forest type 31 3.1 Introduction 74 7. Primary purpose of management for protection 3.2 Country case studies 74 of soil and water 32 3.3 Emerging common solutions and lessons learned 83 8. Percentage of households relying on woodfuel for cooking 33 CHAPTER 4 9. Proportion of roundwood used as fuel MOVING FORWARD 87 in different regions and across countries 35 4.1 Introduction 88 10. Biomass energy in global final energy consumption 36 4.2 Key findings 88 11. Contribution of fuels derived from wood to 4.3 Strengthening forest pathways to sustainable global biomass energy resources 37 development 92 12. Forest and tree components of selected World Heritage Sites (WHS) 43 ANNEX 13. Changes in the extent of urban protected METHODOLOGY FOR CHAPTER 2 98 areas (PAs), km2 (2000–2017) 43 REFERENCES 108 14. Access to green spaces in Germany 46 15. Global Production Index 47 | ii | NOTES BORIA VOLOREIUM, SIT AUT QUIS DOLORITI CONECTUS, SEQUE The proportion of undernourished people in the total population is the indicator known as prevalence of undernourishment (PoU). See Annexes 2 and 3 of this report for further details. Ecullentem facerrum quam, quatet occus acepro modit quibus autat laut omnihitias sitat. 16. Average share of recovered wood in total 3. The importance of forest products: the case of Uganda 9 consumption of raw wood by the European 4. Forest cover and poverty overlap in the tropics: particleboard industry, 2005–2016 48 spatial association from seven countries 10 17. Global Per Capita Consumption Index 49 5. Securing rights for improved incomes from forests 18. Global consumption per capita, m3/1000 in India, Guatemala and Mexico 13 inhabitants 49 6. Forests and trees as a safety net and source of food 16 19. Global paper and recovered paper, 7. Amount of NWFPs consumed at household level 16 consumption and collection 51 8. NWFPs provide nutritional diversity 17 20. Global paper recycling rate 51 9. Community forestry enterprises in Guatemala 18 21. Percentage of forest area affected by disasters 54 10. Caterpillar fungus as a source of income in 22. Forest area burned 55 the Nepalese Himalayas 20 23. Forest area affected by wind damage (Europe) 56 11. Forging dialogue between community women 24. Forest area as a proportion of total land area and male foresters in Nepal 21 in 1990, 2010 and 2015 59 12. Number of women employed in NWFPs and 25. Average worldwide coverage of terrestrial Key agroforestry 22 Biodiversity Areas (KBAs) 60 13. Women’s increased employment, income and skills 26. Progress towards sustainable forest management development from the shea industry in West Africa 22 for each of the sub-indicators of Indicator 15.2.1, 14. Women’s secure tenure rights over forest land by SDG regional group 61 in Nepal 24 27. Average proportion of mountain Key Biodiversity 15. Water in the drylands – the role of forests Areas (KBAs) covered by protected areas (PAs), for water security 26 2000, 2010 and 2017 (percentage) 63 16. Paving the way for ‘green’ infrastructure in Lima, Peru 29 28. Baseline data of the Mountain Green Cover Index, 2017 63 17. Countries and territories where 100 percent of forests are managed for soil and water conservation 31 29. Red List Index of species survival, 1980–2016 64 18. Contribution of informal chainsaw milling to timber 30. Fluctuating three-year average of official development production in Cameroon 38 assistance (ODA) disbursement on forestry compared to total ODA from 2000 to 2015, and proportion 19. Contributions from nature-based tourism to GDP of forestry-related disbursements of total ODA 66 and employment in Finland 40 31. Top ten resource partners and recipients for official 20. Nature-based tourism expenditure in Costa Rica 40 development assistance (ODA) in forestry, 2000–2015 67 21. Measuring the ecosystem services of urban forests and trees: i-Tree Eco 41 BOXES 22. Case study: Tijuca National Park, 1. Illustrations to show how forests and trees can contribute Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 44 to the SDGs that are not analysed in The State of the World’s Forests 2018 5 23. Innovative wood-based products in Norway 46 2. SDG global indicators framework 8 24. FairWild Standard 52 | iii | FOREWORD It is now almost three years since world leaders We have greater evidence of how forests are agreed to chart a course towards a better, more critical to livelihoods, with a better prosperous future for the planet and all its understanding of the trade-offs and more exact people. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable confirmation that healthy and productive Development, with its 17 Sustainable forests are essential to sustainable agriculture. Development Goals (SDGs), has become the And we have proof of the significance of central framework for guiding development forests and trees for the quality of water, for policies in countries throughout the world. contributing to the energy needs of the future, and for designing sustainable, healthy cities. Given the ambition of the SDGs, transformation is needed if we are to end poverty and hunger, With this year’s High-Level Political Forum achieve inclusive growth, narrow inequalities, (HLPF) focusing on SDG15, as well as SDGs 6, respond to climate change and sustainably 7, 11, 12 and 17, the timing of The State of the manage our natural resources.
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