Diatom Diet Selectivity by Early Post-Larval Abalone Haliotis Diversicolor Supertexta Under Hatchery Conditions*

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Diatom Diet Selectivity by Early Post-Larval Abalone Haliotis Diversicolor Supertexta Under Hatchery Conditions* Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology Vol. 28 No. 6, P. 1187-1194, 2010 DOI: 10.1007/s00343-010-0019-x Diatom diet selectivity by early post-larval abalone Haliotis diversicolor supertexta under hatchery conditions* ZHANG Yuyu (张玉宇)1, GAO Yahui (高亚辉)1,**, LIANG Junrong (梁君荣)1, CHEN Changping (陈长平)1, ZHAO Donghai (赵东海)1, LI Xuesong (李雪松)1, LI Yang (李扬)1, WU Wenzhong (吴文忠)1, 2 1 Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coast and Wetland Ecosystems and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China 2 Dongshan Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Fujian Province, Dongshan 363400, China Received Sep. 3, 2009; revision accepted May 28, 2010 © Chinese Society for Oceanology and Limnology, Science Press, and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 Abstract Benthic diatoms constitute the primary diet of abalone during their early stages of development. To evaluate the dietary preferences of early post-larval abalone, Haliotis diversicolor supertexta, we analyzed the gut contents of post-larvae that settled on diatom films. We compared the abundance and species diversity of diatom assemblages in the gut to those of the epiphytic diatom assemblages on the attachment films, and identified 40 benthic diatom species in the gut contents of post-larvae 12 to 24 d after settlement. The most abundant taxa in the gut contents were Navicula spp., Amphora copulate, and Amphora coffeaeformis. Navicula spp. accounted for 64.0% of the cell density. In the attachment films, we identified 110 diatom species belonging to 38 genera. Pennate diatoms were the dominant members including the species Amphiprora alata, Cocconeis placentula var. euglypta, Cylindrotheca closterium, Navicula sp. 2, and A. coffeaeformis. Nano-diatoms (<20 µm in length) accounted for a considerable proportion of the total species number and cell density of the diatom assemblages in the gut contents and on the films. This suggests that nano-diatoms are important to the efficient production of abalone seed. The difference of the composition and abundance of diatoms between in the guts and on the biofilms suggests that early post-larval grazing was selective. An early post-larval abalone preferred nano-diatoms and the genera Navicula and Amphora during the month after settlement. Keyword: benthic diatoms; feeding; Haliotis diversicolor supertexta; post-larval abalone 1 INTRODUCTION hatcheries, diatom films on plastic plates have been used as a settlement substrate and an initial food Abalones are commercially important in many source for post-larvae (Ebert et al., 1984; Kawamura, countries. Mass culture of abalone began in the mid 1996; Nie et al., 2004). Successful seeding is closely 1980s in China and developed rapidly in the 1990s. related to the quantity and quality of benthic diatoms. Haliotis diversicolor supertexta is the species most At present, the dietary value of the different commonly cultured in south China, constituting diatom species is still not well understood. A number around 65% of the total yield of abalone in 2000 (Nie of studies have examined the relationship between et al., 2004). In recent years, nursery rearing has post-larvae growth and feeding behavior using a become more difficult because mortality occurs range of diatom species. The dietary value of benthic frequently during the first month after settlement. diatoms is influenced by their morphology, Maintaining viable juveniles past settlement is the attachment strength, frustule strength (Kawamura biggest challenge for abalone seed production. It is et al., 1995a, 1998a; Kawamura et al., 1995b; generally believed that an inappropriate diet is the Roberts et al., 1999), the biochemical composition of major cause of high mortality in this (Nie et al., 2004; Zhang et al., 2004) and other species of abalone (Gordon et al., 2006). * Supported by Special Project on Basic Research of China, Ministry of Science and Technology (No. 2006FY120100) and Natural Science Benthic diatoms are the primary food choice for Foundation of Fujian Province (No. B0510005; 2005YZ1024) early post-larval abalone. In abalone seed production ∗∗ Corresponding author: [email protected] 1188 CHIN. J. OCEANOL. LIMNOL., 28(6), 2010 Vol.28 the diatom cell contents (Dunstan et al., 1994; 832±84 µm, 1 285±192 µm, and 1 570±290 µm on Gordon et al., 2006), and digestibility. In addition, days 12, 16, 20, and 24, respectively. post-larval size has a significant effect on their ability We used a sterilized blade to collect a sample of to consume different sized diatoms (Xing et al., diatoms from a 10×10 cm2 area surrounding the 2008). However, research into juvenile abalone diets post-larvae. Each blade was rinsed with 10 mL has focused on the use of monocultured species of filtered sea water to flush the diatoms into a 10-mL benthic diatoms. Little is known about the use of sample bottle, to which a few drops of formalin were hatchery diets or feeding behavior in newly settled added. larvae. Most hatcheries rely on a benthic diatom 2.2 Treatment community that forms on plastic plates placed in the tanks. Thus, the post-larvae ingest a variety of The analysis of gut contents was conducted in diatoms, rather than a single species. Given this, accordance with the method of Norman-Boudreau et knowledge of post-larval feeding preferences in the al. (1986). The post-larval abalones were treated with natural environment is likely to be invaluable for EDTA and sodium hypochlorite to decalcify the shell producing diets that allow successful culture of and dissolve the tissue, leaving only the siliceous post-larval abalone. frustules of the diatoms for counting and The dietary preferences of post-larval abalone can identification. Frustules were preserved in distilled be determined by identifying the algal species that water. are present in the gut. If certain species are preferred, 2.3 Relative abundance they are likely to be over-represented in the gut contents. Spawning and larval rearing of To determine the cell density of diatoms in the gut H. diversicolor supertexta occurs between May and contents and on the films, we placed 1 mL of the June in hatcheries in Dongshan, Fujian Province on preserved sample into a chamber slide. The number the southern coast of China. We analyzed the of cells was enumerated under a phase contrast composition and structure of the diatom community microscope. In addition, we calculated the size of in the gut of post-larvae during this rearing period in each cell. We calculated relative abundance using the 2003. We also documented the species composition following formula: and abundance on the surrounding diatom films. We Relative abundance (%) = (N/N0) ×100 then compared the composition and abundance of diatoms in the gut and on the diatom films. where N is the number of cells of one species per mL, and N0 is the total number of cells per mL. 2 MATERIAL AND METHOD We ignored cell frustules that were too damaged to be identified. 2.1 Sampling We tentatively identified the diatoms during the We obtained H. diversicolor supertexta post- counting procedure. Identifications were made in larvae in-situ from an abalone farm in Dongshan more detail by scanning electron microscopy (Philips between May and June, 2003. The larvae were reared XL30) and transmission electron microscopy 3 at the hatchery in flow-through tanks (30 m ) filled (JEM2100). Diatom taxonomic determination was with plastic plates at a temperature of 24.7±0.5°C. based on Jin et al. (1965, 1982, 1992). Approximately 6 d after spawning, the larvae had settled on the plastic plates that had been coated with 3 RESULT a thin film of naturally occurring diatoms. Seawater 3.1 Diatom assemblages in the gut contents of (salinity 29.6) was pumped from Dongshan beach post-larval abalone and filtered before it entered the tanks. We randomly sampled 10 post-larvae from the We identified 40 diatom species belonging to 13 diatom films 12, 16, 20, and 24 d after settlement. genera in the gut contents of the post-larvae (Table 1). The larvae were dislodged with a fine needle, washed Among these, pennate diatom species (38 species, with filtered sea water to remove external diatoms, representing 11 genera) accounted for 95.0% of the then placed into a bottle and preserved in 4% total number. The most common genera were: formalin. We measured the shell length (SL) of each Navicula, Nitzschia, and Amphora. individual under a microscope with an ocular The diatom taxa shown in Fig.1 were graticule. The mean SLs were 654±111 µm, representative of the most common diatoms in the No.6 ZHANG et al.: Diatom diet of early post-larval abalone under hatchery conditions 1189 Table 1 List of diatom species identified from settlement films and also (†) from post-larval abalone guts Achnanthes amoena Hustedt * † Gyrosigma sp. † A. bremeyeri Lange-Bertalot * Hantzschia amphioxys (Ehr.) Grunow * A. brevipes Agardh † Haslea sp. † A. brevipes var. angustata (Grev.) Cleve † Licmophora californica Grunow A. brevipes var. parvula (Kuetz.) Cleve * † L. flabellata (Carm.) Agardh A. campechiana Hustedt Melosira moniliformis (O. F. Muller) Agardh A. citronella (Mann) Hustedt M. juergensi Agardh * A. delicatula (Kuetz.) Grunow * Navicula britannica Hustedt et Aleem A. javanica var. subcontricta Meister N. complanata Grunow A. punctifera Hustedt N. duerrenbergiana Hustedt Achnanthes sp. 1 * † N. cryptocephala var. veneta (Kuetz.) Rabenhorst* † Achnanthes sp. 2 * N. gregaria Donkin * Achnanthes sp. 3 * N. johanrossii Giffen Actinocyclus ehrenbergi Ralfs N. mollis (W. Sm.) Cleve * Actinoptychus undulates (Bail.) Ralfs N. perminuta Grunow * † Amphipleura rutilans (Trent.) Cleve N. ramosissima (Ag.) Cleve † Amphiprora alata (Ehr.) Kuetzing * N. orthoneoides Hustedt * Amphora angusta Gregory † N. retrocurvata J. R. Carter * A. coffeaeformis (Ag.) Kuetzing * † N. subminuscula Manguin * † A. coffeaeformis var. borealis (Kuetz.) Cleve † N. voigtii Meister * A. copulata (Kuetz.) Schoeman & Archibald * † Navicula sp. 1 * † A. cymbelloides Grunow * Navicula sp.
Recommended publications
  • The 2014 Golden Gate National Parks Bioblitz - Data Management and the Event Species List Achieving a Quality Dataset from a Large Scale Event
    National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Natural Resource Stewardship and Science The 2014 Golden Gate National Parks BioBlitz - Data Management and the Event Species List Achieving a Quality Dataset from a Large Scale Event Natural Resource Report NPS/GOGA/NRR—2016/1147 ON THIS PAGE Photograph of BioBlitz participants conducting data entry into iNaturalist. Photograph courtesy of the National Park Service. ON THE COVER Photograph of BioBlitz participants collecting aquatic species data in the Presidio of San Francisco. Photograph courtesy of National Park Service. The 2014 Golden Gate National Parks BioBlitz - Data Management and the Event Species List Achieving a Quality Dataset from a Large Scale Event Natural Resource Report NPS/GOGA/NRR—2016/1147 Elizabeth Edson1, Michelle O’Herron1, Alison Forrestel2, Daniel George3 1Golden Gate Parks Conservancy Building 201 Fort Mason San Francisco, CA 94129 2National Park Service. Golden Gate National Recreation Area Fort Cronkhite, Bldg. 1061 Sausalito, CA 94965 3National Park Service. San Francisco Bay Area Network Inventory & Monitoring Program Manager Fort Cronkhite, Bldg. 1063 Sausalito, CA 94965 March 2016 U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Fort Collins, Colorado The National Park Service, Natural Resource Stewardship and Science office in Fort Collins, Colorado, publishes a range of reports that address natural resource topics. These reports are of interest and applicability to a broad audience in the National Park Service and others in natural resource management, including scientists, conservation and environmental constituencies, and the public. The Natural Resource Report Series is used to disseminate comprehensive information and analysis about natural resources and related topics concerning lands managed by the National Park Service.
    [Show full text]
  • The Diatoms Big Significance of Tiny Glass Houses
    GENERAL ¨ ARTICLE The Diatoms Big Significance of Tiny Glass Houses Aditi Kale and Balasubramanian Karthick Diatoms are unique microscopic algae having intricate cell walls made up of silica. They are the major phytoplankton in aquatic ecosystems and account for 20–25% of the oxygen release and carbon fixation in the world. Their most charac- teristic features are mechanisms they have evolved to utilize silica. Due to their distinctive adaptations and ecology, they (left) Aditi Kale is a PhD student with the are used in various fields like biomonitoring, paleoecology, Biodiversity and nanotechnology and forensics. Paleobiology group of Agharkar Research Introduction Institute. She is studying the biogeography of Diatoms (Class: Bacillariophyceae) are unique microscopic al- freshwater diatoms in gae containing silica and having distinct geometrical shapes. Western Ghats for her They are unicellular, eukaryotic and photosynthetic organisms. thesis. Their cell size ranges between 5 µm–0.5 mm. They occur in wet (right) Balasubramanian or moist places where photosynthesis is possible. Diatoms are Karthick is Scientist with Biodiversity and either planktonic (free-floating) or benthic (attached to a substra- Paleobiology group of tum) in Nature (Figure 1). The individuals are solitary or some- Agharkar Research times form colonies. Diatoms are mostly non-motile; however, Institute. His interests some benthic diatoms have a specialized raphe system1 that include diatom taxonomy and ecology, microbial secretes mucilage to attach or glide along a surface. They are also biogeography,andaquatic known to form biofilms, i. e., layers of tightly attached cells of ecology. microorganisms. Biofilms are formed on a solid surface and are often surrounded by extra-cellular fluids.
    [Show full text]
  • Diatoms Shape the Biogeography of Heterotrophic Prokaryotes in Early Spring in the Southern Ocean
    Diatoms shape the biogeography of heterotrophic prokaryotes in early spring in the Southern Ocean Yan Liu, Pavla Debeljak, Mathieu Rembauville, Stéphane Blain, Ingrid Obernosterer To cite this version: Yan Liu, Pavla Debeljak, Mathieu Rembauville, Stéphane Blain, Ingrid Obernosterer. Diatoms shape the biogeography of heterotrophic prokaryotes in early spring in the Southern Ocean. Environmental Microbiology, Society for Applied Microbiology and Wiley-Blackwell, 2019, 21 (4), pp.1452-1465. 10.1111/1462-2920.14579. hal-02383818 HAL Id: hal-02383818 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02383818 Submitted on 28 Nov 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Diatoms shape the biogeography of heterotrophic prokaryotes in early spring in the Southern Ocean 5 Yan Liu1, Pavla Debeljak1,2, Mathieu Rembauville1, Stéphane Blain1, Ingrid Obernosterer1* 1 Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie Microbienne, LOMIC, F-66650 10 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France 2 Department of Limnology and Bio-Oceanography, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
    [Show full text]
  • Exploring Bacteria Diatom Associations Using Single-Cell
    Vol. 72: 73–88, 2014 AQUATIC MICROBIAL ECOLOGY Published online April 4 doi: 10.3354/ame01686 Aquat Microb Ecol FREEREE ACCESSCCESS Exploring bacteria–diatom associations using single-cell whole genome amplification Lydia J. Baker*, Paul F. Kemp Department of Oceanography, University of Hawai’i at Manoa, 1950 East West Road, Center for Microbial Oceanography: Research and Education (C-MORE), Honolulu, Hawai’i 96822, USA ABSTRACT: Diatoms are responsible for a large fraction of oceanic and freshwater biomass pro- duction and are critically important for sequestration of carbon to the deep ocean. As with most surfaces present in aquatic systems, bacteria colonize the exterior of diatom cells, and they inter- act with the diatom and each other. The ecology of diatoms may be better explained by conceptu- alizing them as composite organisms consisting of the host cell and its bacterial associates. Such associations could have collective properties that are not predictable from the properties of the host cell alone. Past studies of these associations have employed culture-based, whole-population methods. In contrast, we examined the composition and variability of bacterial assemblages attached to individual diatoms. Samples were collected in an oligotrophic system (Station ALOHA, 22° 45’ N, 158° 00’ W) at the deep chlorophyll maximum. Forty eukaryotic host cells were isolated by flow cytometry followed by multiple displacement amplification, including 26 Thalassiosira spp., other diatoms, dinoflagellates, coccolithophorids, and flagellates. Bacteria were identified by amplifying, cloning, and sequencing 16S rDNA using primers that select against chloroplast 16S rDNA. Bacterial sequences were recovered from 32 of 40 host cells, and from parallel samples of the free-living and particle-associated bacteria.
    [Show full text]
  • Marine Plankton Diatoms of the West Coast of North America
    MARINE PLANKTON DIATOMS OF THE WEST COAST OF NORTH AMERICA BY EASTER E. CUPP UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY AND LOS ANGELES 1943 BULLETIN OF THE SCRIPPS INSTITUTION OF OCEANOGRAPHY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LA JOLLA, CALIFORNIA EDITORS: H. U. SVERDRUP, R. H. FLEMING, L. H. MILLER, C. E. ZoBELL Volume 5, No.1, pp. 1-238, plates 1-5, 168 text figures Submitted by editors December 26,1940 Issued March 13, 1943 Price, $2.50 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA _____________ CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON, ENGLAND [CONTRIBUTION FROM THE SCRIPPS INSTITUTION OF OCEANOGRAPHY, NEW SERIES, No. 190] PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Taxonomy and taxonomic names change over time. The names and taxonomic scheme used in this work have not been updated from the original date of publication. The published literature on marine diatoms should be consulted to ensure the use of current and correct taxonomic names of diatoms. CONTENTS PAGE Introduction 1 General Discussion 2 Characteristics of Diatoms and Their Relationship to Other Classes of Algae 2 Structure of Diatoms 3 Frustule 3 Protoplast 13 Biology of Diatoms 16 Reproduction 16 Colony Formation and the Secretion of Mucus 20 Movement of Diatoms 20 Adaptations for Flotation 22 Occurrence and Distribution of Diatoms in the Ocean 22 Associations of Diatoms with Other Organisms 24 Physiology of Diatoms 26 Nutrition 26 Environmental Factors Limiting Phytoplankton Production and Populations 27 Importance of Diatoms as a Source of food in the Sea 29 Collection and Preparation of Diatoms for Examination 29 Preparation for Examination 30 Methods of Illustration 33 Classification 33 Key 34 Centricae 39 Pennatae 172 Literature Cited 209 Plates 223 Index to Genera and Species 235 MARINE PLANKTON DIATOMS OF THE WEST COAST OF NORTH AMERICA BY EASTER E.
    [Show full text]
  • Three New Licmophora Species (Bacillariophyta: Fragilariophyceae) from Guam, Two with an Axial Wave in the Valve Ella M
    Macatugal et al. Marine Biodiversity Records (2019) 12:4 https://doi.org/10.1186/s41200-019-0161-x RESEARCH Open Access Three new Licmophora species (Bacillariophyta: Fragilariophyceae) from Guam, two with an axial wave in the valve Ella M. S. Macatugal1, Bernadette G. Tharngan1 and Christopher S. Lobban2* Abstract Background: Diatoms in genus Licmophora are found as epiphytes on marine shores and are members of fouling communities. They can be abundant on natural coral reef substrates such as filamentous algae and as fringes on Halimeda. Biodiversity of benthic tropical diatoms is generally poorly known. Several new species of Licmophora have been reported from Guam but many are still undescribed. Methods: Samples of seaweeds with evident diatom coatings were collected during scuba dives, examined live, preserved in formalin, and processed with nitric acid cleaning following standard practice. Cleaned samples were examined in LM and SEM. Results: We describe two species unusual in having an axial wave in the valve, and a further long, straight species. L. repanda n. sp. and L. undulata n. sp. were of similar lengths (ca. 200 μm long) and both had axial waves but L. undulata was more slender with an inflated basal pole, had colonies on mucilage pads vs. long, single-stranded mucilage stalks. In addition, L. undulata had one apical rimoportula vs. two, elongated areolae along the midrib vs. uniform areolae, and the valvocopular advalvar striae ended halfway along, whereas in L. repanda they continued to the end. L. joymaciae n. sp. grew on long, single-stranded mucilage stalks with valves 300–400 μm long, with two apical rimoportulae, and basal pole not inflated.
    [Show full text]
  • First Characterisation of the Populations and Immune-Related
    First characterisation of the populations and immune-related activities of hemocytes from two edible gastropod species, the disk abalone, Haliotis discus discus and the spiny top shell, Turbo cornutus. Ludovic Donaghy, Hyun-Ki Hong, Christophe Lambert, Heung-Sik Park, Won Joon Shim, Kwang-Sik Choi To cite this version: Ludovic Donaghy, Hyun-Ki Hong, Christophe Lambert, Heung-Sik Park, Won Joon Shim, et al.. First characterisation of the populations and immune-related activities of hemocytes from two edible gastropod species, the disk abalone, Haliotis discus discus and the spiny top shell, Turbo cornutus.. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, Elsevier, 2010, 28 (1), pp.87-97. 10.1016/j.fsi.2009.10.006. hal- 00460531 HAL Id: hal-00460531 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00460531 Submitted on 1 Mar 2010 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. First characterisation of the populations and immune-related activities of hemocytes from two edible gastropod species, the disk abalone, Haliotis discus discus and the spiny top shell, Turbo cornutus . Ludovic Donaghy a,b,* , Hyun-Ki Hong a, Christophe Lambert b, Heung-Sik Park c, Won Joon Shim d, Kwang-Sik Choi a.
    [Show full text]
  • White Abalone (Haliotis Sorenseni)
    White Abalone (Haliotis sorenseni) Five-Year Status Review: Summary and Evaluation Photo credits: Joshua Asel (left and top right photos); David Witting, NOAA Restoration Center (bottom right photo) National Marine Fisheries Service West Coast Region Long Beach, CA July 2018 White Abalone 5- Year Status Review July 2018 Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................. i 1.0 GENERAL INFORMATION .............................................................................................. 1 1.1 Reviewers ......................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Methodology used to complete the review ...................................................................... 1 1.3 Background ...................................................................................................................... 1 2.0 RECOVERY IMPLEMENTATION ................................................................................... 3 2.2 Biological Opinions.......................................................................................................... 3 2.3 Addressing Key Threats ................................................................................................... 4 2.4 Outreach Partners ............................................................................................................. 5 2.5 Recovery Coordination ...................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Characterization of Calcineurin a and B Genes in the Abalone, Haliotis Diversicolor, and Their Immune Response Role During Bacterial Infection
    Characterization of calcineurin A and B genes in the abalone, Haliotis diversicolor, and their immune response role during bacterial infection Tiranan Buddawong1, Somluk Asuvapongpatana1, Saengchan Senapin2,3, Carmel McDougall4 and Wattana Weerachatyanukul1 1 Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand 2 Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand 3 National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Klongluang, Pathumthani, Thailand 4 Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia ABSTRACT Calcineurin (CN) is known to be involved in many biological processes, particularly, the immune response mechanism in many invertebrates. In this study, we characterized both HcCNA and HcCNB genes in Haliotis diversicolor, documented their expression in many tissues, and discerned their function as immune responsive genes against Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection. Similar to other mollusk CNs, the HcCNA gene lacked a proline-rich domain and comprised only one isoform of its catalytic unit, in contrast to CNs found in mammals. HcCNB was highly conserved in both sequence and domain architecture. Quantitative PCR and in situ hybridization revealed that the genes were broadly expressed and were not restricted to tissues traditionally associated with immune function. Upon infection of H. diversicolor with V. parahaemolyticus (a bacteria that causes serious disease in crustaceans and mollusks), both HcCNA and HcCNB genes were highly up-regulated at the early phase of bacterial infection. HcCNB was expressed significantly higher than HcCNA in response to bacterial challenge, Submitted 12 November 2019 Accepted 9 March 2020 suggesting its independent or more rapid response to bacterial infection.
    [Show full text]
  • Growth Potential Bioassay of Water Masses Using Diatom Cultures: Phosphorescent Bay (Puerto Rico) and Caribbean Waters::"
    Helgoliinder wiss. Meeresunters. 20, 172-194 (1970) Growth potential bioassay of water masses using diatom cultures: Phosphorescent Bay (Puerto Rico) and Caribbean waters::" T. J. SMAYDA Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island; Kingston, Rhode Island, USA KURZFASSUNG: Bioassay des Wachstumspotentials von Wasserk/Srpern auf der Basis yon Diatomeen-Kulturen: Phosphorescent Bay (Porto Rico) und karibische Gewiisser. Zur bio- logischen Giitebeurteilung wurden mit Proben yon Oberfllichenwasser aus der Phosphorescent Bay (Porto Rico) Kulturen yon Bacteriastrum hyalinurn, Cyclotella nana, Skeletonerna costa- turn und Thalassiosira rotula angesetzt. Thatassiosira rotula und Bacteriastrurn hyalinurn dienten aul~erdem als Testorganismen fiir Wasserproben aus der Karibischen See. Die Kultur- medien wurden mit verschiedenen Niihrsalzen und Wirkstoffen angereichert, wodurch die Ver- mehrung der Diatomeen in sehr unterschiedlicher Weise stirnuliert oder limitiert wurde. Es ergab sich, daf~ Oberfl~ichenwasser stets toxisch gegeniiber Bacteriastrurn hyalinurn war, Cyclo- tella nana aber in allen Wasserproben gedieh. Die beiden anderen Arten zeigten unterschied- liches Verhalten. Trotz der relativ geringen Entfernungen der einzelnen Stationen in der Phos- phorescent Bay (2500 m) traten beziiglich der Wasserqualit~t Unterschiede auf, die aus den hydrographischen Daten nicht hervorgingen, jedoch im Kulturexperiment anhand der Wachs- tumsrate der Diatomeen abgelesen werden konnten. Die Befunde werden irn Hinbli& auf all- gemeine Probleme der Sukzession und Verteilung yon Phytoplanktonarten diskutiert. INTRODUCTION Phosphorescent Bay (Bahia Fosforescdnte), Puerto Rico (Fig. 1), is well-known for its intense dinoflagellate bioluminescence (CLARKE & Br,~SLAU 1960) attributed to the nearly continuous bloom of Pyrodiniurn baharnense (MARGALEF 1957). Other luminescent dinoflagellates also occur, sometimes in greater abundance than Pyrodi- nium (CoK~R & GONZAL~Z 1960, GLYNN et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Karyotype of Pacific Red Abalone Haliotis Rufescens (Archaeogastropoda: Haliotidae) Using Image Analysis
    Journal of Shellfish Research, Vol. 23, No. 1, 205–209, 2004. KARYOTYPE OF PACIFIC RED ABALONE HALIOTIS RUFESCENS (ARCHAEOGASTROPODA: HALIOTIDAE) USING IMAGE ANALYSIS CRISTIAN GALLARDO-ESCÁRATE,1,2 JOSUÉ ÁLVAREZ-BORREGO,2,* MIGUEL ÁNGEL DEL RÍO PORTILLA,1 AND VITALY KOBER3 1Departamento de Acuicultura. División de Oceanología, 2Departamento de Óptica, 3Departamento de Ciencias de la Computación, División de Física Aplicada, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada. Km 107 Carretera Tijuana – Ensenada, Código Postal 22860. Ensenada, B.C. México ABSTRACT This report describes a karyotypic analysis in the Pacific red abalone Haliotis rufescens using image analysis. This is the first karyotype reported for this species. Chromosome number and karyotype are the basic information of a genome and important for ploidy manipulation, genomic analysis, and our understanding about chromosomal evolution. In this study we found that the diploid number of chromosomes in the red abalone was 36. Using image analysis by rank-order and digital morphologic filters, it was possible to determine total length of chromosomes and relative arm length in digitally enhanced image, elimination of noise and improving the contrast for the measurements. The karyotype consisted of eight pairs of metacentric chromosomes, eight pairs of submetacentric, one pair submetacentric/metacentric, and one pair of subtelocentric chromosomes. The black abalone, Haliotis cracherodii, also with 36 chromosomes and with a similar geographic distribution, has eight pairs of metacentric, eight pairs of submetacentric, and two pairs subtelocentric. This study contributes with new information about the karyology in the family Haliotidae found in California Coast waters and gives some support the Thetys’ model about biogeographical origin, from the Mediterranean Sea to the East Pacific Ocean.
    [Show full text]
  • Physical, Chemical, and Genetic Techniques for Diatom Frustule Modification: Applications in Nanotechnology
    applied sciences Review Physical, Chemical, and Genetic Techniques for Diatom Frustule Modification: Applications in Nanotechnology Alessandra Rogato 1,2 and Edoardo De Tommasi 3,* 1 Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy; [email protected] 2 Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121 Naples, Italy; 3 Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems, National Research Council, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 29 September 2020; Accepted: 3 December 2020; Published: 6 December 2020 Abstract: Diatom frustules represent one of the most complex examples of micro- and nano-structured materials found in nature, being the result of a biomineralization process refined through tens of milions of years of evolution. They are constituted by an intricate, ordered porous silica matrix which recently found several applications in optoelectronics, sensing, solar light harvesting, filtering, and drug delivery, to name a few. The possibility to modify the composition and the structure of frustules can further broaden the range of potential applications, adding new functions and active features to the material. In the present work the most remarkable physical and chemical techniques aimed at frustule modification are reviewed, also examining the most recent genetic techniques developed for its controlled morphological mutation. Keywords: diatoms; biomaterials; biomineralization; hybrid nanomaterials; surface functionalization; nanotechnologies; sensing; genetic engineering 1. Introduction Many living organisms, from unicellular to multicellular ones (e.g., bacteria, protists, plants, invertebrates and vertebrates), are able to produce minerals to develop peculiar features such as shells, bones, teeth or exoskeleton.
    [Show full text]