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Redalyc.Evaluation of Microbial Respiration and Ecotoxicity In Terra Latinoamericana E-ISSN: 2395-8030 [email protected] Sociedad Mexicana de la Ciencia del Suelo, A.C. México Adams Schroeder, Randy H.; Domínguez Rodríguez, Verónica I.; Vinalay Carrillo, Laudiel Evaluation of microbial respiration and ecotoxicity in contaminated soils representative of the petroleumproducing region of southeastern Mexico Terra Latinoamericana, vol. 20, núm. 3, julio-septiembre, 2002, pp. 253-265 Sociedad Mexicana de la Ciencia del Suelo, A.C. Chapingo, México Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=57320304 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative EVALUATION OF MICROBIAL RESPIRATION AND ECOTOXICITY IN CONTAMINATED SOILS REPRESENTATIVE OF THE PETROLEUM- PRODUCING REGION OF SOUTHEASTERN MEXICO Evaluación de la Respiración Microbiana y Ecotoxicidad en Suelos Contaminados Representativos de la Zona Petrolera del Sureste Mexicano Randy H. Adams Schroeder1, Verónica I. Domínguez Rodríguez1, and Laudiel Vinalay Carrillo1 SUMMARY but much higher respiration rates (2.3 to 2.8 times higher) than the nontoxic sample. Reasons for these Microbial respiration was measured in eight soil increases were not clear but may be associated with types and four petroleum-drilling cuttings drilling additives. Implications of these findings for representative of the petroleum-producing region of bioremediation and natural attenuation in regional southeastern Mexico. Relatively high rates (2.84 to -1 -1 ecosystems are discussed. 6.23 mg C-CO2 kg h ) were observed in most soils with histic (organic) or mollic (organic rich) surface horizons (epipedons); moderate rates (2.12 to 3.38 mg Index words: Microbial respiration, Tabasco, -1 -1 C-CO2 kg h) in eutric (enriched) sandy soils bioremediation, hydrocarbons, drilling cuttings. (Regosols), in alluvial soils under pasture, and in most drilling mud/cuttings; and low rates (0.23 to 1.04 mg RESUMEN -1 -1 C-CO2 kg h) were observed in dystric (poor) Regosols, savannah soils, and in alluvial soils with Se midió la respiración microbiana en ocho tipos intense agricultural use. Slightly higher respiration de suelo y cuatro recortes de perforación petrolera rates (1 to 28% higher) were observed in soils with representativos de la región petrolera del sureste de moderate hydrocarbon contamination than in México. Se observaron tasas relativamente altas -1 -1 uncontaminated soils of the same type, but lower rates (2.84 a 6.23 mg C-CO2 kg h ) en casi todos los were found in soils with high hydrocarbon suelos con horizontes superficiales (epipedones) contamination (38% lower). Higher respiration rates hísticos (orgánicos) o mólicos (ricos en materia -1 -1 (> 2.3 mg C-CO2 kg h ) tended to be associated with orgánica); tasas moderadas (2.12 a 3.38 mg C-CO2 -1 -1 higher percent organic carbon (> 0.8%). The kg h) en suelos arenosos (Regosoles eútricos) following factors appeared to be involved in lowering (enriquecidos), en suelos aluviales con pastura, y en la respiration rates (relative to percent organic carbon): mayoría de recortes de perforación; y se observaron -1 -1 1) poor aeration due to fine texture (in clayey soils tasas bajas (0.23 a 1.04 mg C-CO2 kg h ) en and drilling cuttings); 2) reduced aeration due to Regosoles dístricos (pobres), en suelo de sabana, y en moderate - high hydrocarbon contamination in organic suelos aluviales con actividad agrícola intensa. Se soils; and 3) low nutrient levels (in poor sandy soils, observaron tasas de respiración ligeramente más altas savannah soils and alluvial soils with intense (de 1 a 28% mayor) en muestras con una agricultural use). Of the soil samples tested, none contaminación por hidrocarburos moderada al -1 presented toxicity (EC50 > 45 500 mg kg , field compararlas contra muestras de suelo del mismo tipo; weight, Microtox). In drilling cuttings, two of the pero en muestras muy contaminadas se observaron three samples tested presented moderate tasas más bajas (38% más baja) de respiración. Se -1 -1 toxicity (EC50 = 30 800 mg kg and 43 300 mg kg ) presentó una tendencia que donde hay más altas concentraciones de materia orgánica (> 0.8% carbono 1 Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco. Km. 0.5 Carretera orgánico), se encuentran tasas de respiración más altas -1 -1 Villahermosa-Cárdenas, Villahermosa, Tabasco, México. Tel: (93) (> 2.3 mg C-CO2 kg h). Aparentemente, los 54-43-08, (93) 95-05-60 factores que redujeron la respiración (relativa al ([email protected]) porcentaje de carbono orgánico) fueron: 1) aireación Recibido: Marzo de 2000. Aceptado: Mayo de 2002. deficiente debido a la textura fina de suelos arcillosos Publicado en Terra 20: 253-265. y recortes de perforación; 2) aireación reducida por 253 TERRA VOLUMEN 20 NUMERO 3, 2002 contaminación de moderada a alta en suelos orgánicos involves the breakdown of the hydrocarbons into y 3) valores bajos de nutrimentos (en suelos arenosos smaller units and finally the incorporation into cell pobres, en sabana, y en suelos aluviales con material (biomass) or breakdown into carbon dioxide, agricultura intensiva). Ninguna de las muestras de resulting in cellular biochemical energy production. suelo analizadas presentó toxicidad (EC50 > 45 500 The overall result of this process in nature is: mg kg-1, peso fresco de campo, Microtox). En recortes 1) reduction in petroleum hydrocarbon concentration, de perforación, dos de las tres muestras analizadas 2) reductions in the overall toxicity of the area, and presentaron una moderada toxicidad (EC50 = 30 800 y 3) reduction in the mobility of the remaining 43 300 mg kg-1), pero tasas de respiración mucho más hydrocarbons in the environment (Bartha, 1984; Cole, altas (de 2.3 a 2.8 veces mayor) que en la muestra no 1994; Hinchee, et al., 1994; Wise and Trantolo, tóxica. Las causas de estos incrementos no están 1994). claras, pero pueden estar asociadas con los aditivos This process is used industrially to treat petroleum aplicados durante la perforación. Se presenta el waste and restore contaminated areas. Known as significado de estos resultados con respecto a bioremediation, it manages the growing conditions of proyectos de biorremediación y atenuación natural en the bacteria in waste treatment processes to maximize ecosistemas regionales. biodegradation. It involves, mainly, the addition of Palabras clave: Respiración microbiana, Tabasco, inorganic nutrients and the control of environmental biorremediación, hidrocarburos, recortes de factors such as aeration, pH, moisture, and sometimes perforación. temperature (King, et al., 1992; Cook, 1995). An important element in the treatment or INTRODUCTION mitigation of petroleum-contaminated sites is the rate of microbial activity and hydrocarbon decomposition The expansion of petroleum activities, including or detoxification. One indicator of microbial activity exploration, drilling, extraction and refining, into the is respiration, especially in aerobic systems such as tropical areas of our planet in recent decades has are generated in most bioremediation designs (King, provided an economic boost in many regions. et al., 1992; Cole, 1994; Adams, et al., 1995, 1999; Petroleum production in the tropics represents nearly Cook, 1995). This depends on many environmental one-fifth of world totals, and two of the top ten factors in the soil environment and may vary greatly petroleum-exporting countries lie in equatorial between different soil ecosystems. In temperate regions. Mexico is the fifth leading oil-producing regions, a great deal of research into this area has been nation worldwide and is one of the leading exporters, made (Bauzon, et al., 1968; Hershman and Temple, exporting nearly half of its total production (PEMEX, 1979; Frankenburger and Dick, 1983; El-Din Sharabi 1999; World Oil, 2001). and Bartha, 1993; Blaszkiewicz, et al., 1997; Drake, Like any other industry, the petroleum industry et al., 1997; Lawlor, et al., 1997; Venosa and Haines, produces wastes, which are sometimes improperly 1997), but such research in tropical regions is just disposed. In most developed countries, situated beginning (see Adams, et al., 1999). The purpose of mainly in temperate latitudes, the problems of waste this study is to investigate respiration as an indicator treatment and disposal associated with this industry of microbial activity, specifically that potentially have largely been overcome or mitigated. In most obtainable in bioremediation projects (aerobic tropical regions, however, these problems are just conditions) in typical soil ecosystems in the beginning to be addressed (Easterbrook, 1996). petroleum-producing region of tropical Mexico, and In the environment, one of the principal processes to evaluate factors which may be important for responsible for the passive mitigation of petroleum bioremediation projects, thus facilitating technological contamination is biodegradation of the petroleum development in this region and in similar tropical hydrocarbons by naturally occurring microorganisms. regions of our planet. These microorganisms, mainly bacteria, are found in Preliminary results of these investigations have almost all hydrocarbon affected soils. They use the been presented previously (Adams, et al., 1995). This hydrocarbons as an alternative food source, mostly for report includes a more intensive and comprehensive biomass carbon and
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