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Susceptibility Status of Aedes Aegypti and Aedes Albopictus Against

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Susceptibility Status of Aedes Aegypti and Aedes Albopictus Against International Journal of Mosquito Research 2016; 3(5): 41-46 ISSN: 2348-5906 CODEN: IJMRK2 IJMR 2016; 3(5): 41-46 Susceptibility status of Aedes aegypti and Aedes © 2016 IJMR albopictus against insecticides at eastern Punjab, Received: 08-07-2016 Accepted: 09-08-2016 Pakistan Muhammad Mohsin (a) Health Services Academy Islamabad, Pakistan Muhammad Mohsin, Samina Iqbal Naz, Imtinan Akram Khan, Aliya (b) Public Health Pests Jabeen, Hazrat Bilal, Rizwan Ahmad, Yonus Alshamrani, Emad IM Laboratory, Jeddah Governate, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Khater and Ernest Tambo Arabia Abstract Samina Iqbal Naz Susceptibility status of Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti was evaluated in different localities of four towns Health Services Academy namely Samanabad, Nishtar, Ravi and Iqbal town in Lahore district, Eastern Punjab, Pakistan. Islamabad, Pakistan Susceptibility test using WHO test kits was applied on adult females (12-24) hrs. Post emergence (non- blood fed) live mosquitoes under laboratory conditions at 27-29 0C temperature and 85-95% humidity. Imtinan Akram Khan Public Health Pests Laboratory, Ae. aegypti and Ae. Albopictus were found resistant to 4% DDT with < 36.28% mortality. Both species Jeddah Governate, Jeddah, were also found resistant against 0.05% deltamethrin, 0.05%, lambdacyhalothrin and 0.75% permethrin Kingdom of Saudi Arabia at all localities with <75.00%, <87.00% and <81.05% mortalities respectively. Ae. albopictus was found resistant to 0.1% bendiocarb at Samanabad and Iqbal towns, while resistance possible to be confirmed at Aliya Jabeen Nishtar and Ravi towns. Ae. aegypti found susceptible to 0.1% bendiocarb at Samanabad town, resistant Health Services Academy at Ravi town and resistance possible to be confirmed (incipient) at Nishtar and Iqbal towns with 92.23% Islamabad, Pakistan and 94.00% mortalities. Malathion was found most suitable insecticide with 100% mortality rate in Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti at Lahore district. Alternative use of malathion and bendiocarb may be the Hazrat Bilal best option to reduce dengue vector density. Public Health Pests Laboratory, Jeddah Governate, Jeddah, Keywords: Aedes, albopictus, aegypti, mosquito, dengue, insecticide, resistance, control, Lahore, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Pakistan Rizwan Ahmad Public Health Pests Laboratory, 1. Introduction Jeddah Governate, Jeddah, Dengue fever and Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) are arboviral vector-borne diseases which Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is endemic in more than 100 countries in the WHO regions of Africa, the Americas, the Eastern Mediterranean, Western Pacific and the South-East Asia [1]. Increasingly the growing Yonus Alshamrani Public Health Pests Laboratory, emergence and resurgence of Aedes-related dengue and neglected tropical diseases have been Jeddah Governate, Jeddah, documented in new and old areas since 2009 according World Health Organization (WHO) Kingdom of Saudi Arabia report [1]. The unprecedented evolving dengue and Zika threats increased the global community concern and require concerted local and international commitment in proactive and Emad IM Khater innovative approaches and tools in tackling the global scourge. Specifically, dengue has Public Health Pests Laboratory, Jeddah Governate, Jeddah, experienced a 30-fold increase in incidence over the past 50 years that shows no sign of [2] Kingdom of Saudi Arabia slowing down . The Western Pacific regions and South-East Asia are the most seriously affected [1]. Recent estimates are that approximately 390-400 million people are infected each Ernest Tamboi year and 96 million manifest with clinically apparent disease [2]. Public Health Pests Laboratory, In Pakistan, Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus are suspected vectors of dengue, which are Jeddah Governate, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia responsible for the first infection of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), reported from Karachi [3, 4] in 1994 and so on . In 2006, about 5,522 dengue cases were reported by Health Directorate of Pakistan. In 2010, unprecedented flooding increased the breeding sites for mosquitoes and resulted in dengue epidemic resurgence with documented 9,000 cases and 38 deaths [5]. Moreover, 2011 witnessed the worst dengue epidemic disaster with 22,562 confirmed dengue Correspondence [5] Muhammad Mohsin cases and 363 deaths in Pakistan . Overall from 2011‐2014, more than 48,000 laboratories [6] (a) Health Services Academy confirmed dengue cases were reported across the country . Islamabad, Pakistan Integrated efforts in tackling this evolving public health burden have been relying on (b) Public Health Pests recommended global and national WHO pesticide evaluation scheme and other approaches Laboratory, Jeddah Governate, and strategies. Since the introduction of organic insecticides in 1940s, chemical control has Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi [1, 7] Arabia become the most important method in mosquito control . ~ 41 ~ International Journal of Mosquito Research Chemical insecticides belonging to different classes including cm depth) [13], set in residential areas at different localities of organochlorines, pyrethroids, carbamates and four towns, Samanabad town, Nishtar town, Ravi town and organophosphates have been successfully used for the control Iqbal town at Lahore district, Pakistan. Collected Aedes larvae and elimination of mosquito vectors in the past 2-3 decades in and pupae were harvested to adults under standard conditions the world [7, 8]. From 2000- 2009, about 394 tons of (28 0C temperature, 85% relative humidity and 12:12 hours organophosphates and 154 tons of pyrethroids have been used, light: dark photoperiod) [14], in the entomological laboratory at against mosquito vectors [7]. About 53 countries documented Lahore. Taxonomical identification of Ae. aegypti and Ae. the types of insecticide used in 2014, in which 43 countries albopictus was done using Aedes mosquito key identifiers [15]. sprayed only pyrethroids, which impart the extensive use of The ethical clearance was submitted and approved by the these chemicals worldwide [9]. ethical review board, Health Department at Punjab local The time-bound vector control implementation in Pakistan government, Lahore, Pakistan. showed that dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) was used as most effective insecticide for mosquito control in early 1969 to 1979, after that it was not effective and was also banned. Benzene hexachloride (BHC) was used from 1972 to 1983 [3]. But from 1984 to1996, the main insecticide used for the control of malaria vector was Malathion [3]. Since last 15 years pyrethroids like deltamethrin 1.5% EC, permethrin 2.5% EC, deltamethrin 5% WP and lambdacialotrina 1.5% are being used in vector control programs at Punjab especially in Lahore [10], but previously there was no any proper documented report, mentioning the susceptibility status of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus against different insecticides groups from Pakistan [3, 8]. Little contextual insecticides trend and nature on mosquito vectors abundance and susceptibility data and information is documented on vulnerability to dengue public health burden in Lahore, Pakistan. However, previous studies showed that only Ae. aegypti which was tested before, for resistance to deltamethrin and cypermethrin, collected from only specific Fig 1: Map of Lahore. The Aedes mosquito collection sites are shown slum area of Misri Shah, Lahore, Pakistan [3, 11]. in dots, with their corresponding towns like Iqbal town, Nishtar town, This study aims at assessing of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus Ravi town and Samanabad town (anonymous). vectors susceptibility status against various insecticides in different geographical and ecological localities to inform 2.2 WHO bioassays testing performance effective vector control strategy (IVM) and to minimize Aedes species, adult females (12-24) hours post emergence resistance development and spread in Pakistan and the region (non-blood fed) mosquitoes were exposed for 1-h to the over time. discriminating doses of WHO recommended test papers impregnated with 0.05% lambda-cyhalothrin, 0.75% 2. Materials and Methods permethrin, 0.05% deltamethrin, 4% DDT, 0.1% bendiocarb 0 2.1 Study sites and mosquito surveillance and 5% malathion, under laboratory condition at 27-29 C The geography of Lahore comprises the various topographies temperature and 85-95% humidity. After 24-h holding period relating to the land and climate of Lahore, Pakistan. Lying mortality was observed. Specific controls were run in all cases. between 31°15′-31°45′ N and 74°01′-74°39′ E, Lahore is All WHO test kits, insecticide impregnated test papers and bounded on the north and west by the Sheikhupura District, on their appropriate controls were provided by Health Services the east by Wagah, and on the South by Kasur District. Academy, Pakistan. Approximately 100 female mosquitoes The Ravi River flows on the northern side of Lahore. Lahore were tested against apiece insecticide at every locality. Moist city covers a total land area of 1014 km² and is still growing. cotton pads and water was provided during the 24-h holding Lahore is the capital of Pakistan's largest province, Punjab; period of each test replicate, and at the end mortality was with a population exceeding 10 million, it is a megacity and calculated. Normally, no mortalities were observed in the ranked as the country's second largest metropolis after Karachi controls, but where 5–20% mortalities were observed, [12]. Collectively, it is also the fifth largest city in South Abbott’s formula was applied to correct the percentage
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