Page 1 Population, Family and Society in Pre-Modern Japan 12:27:16:11:09 Page 1 Page 2 Akira Hayami 12:27:16:11:09 Page 2 Page 3 The Collected Papers of Twentieth-Century Japanese Writers on Japan VOLUME 4 Collected Papers of AKIRA HAYAMI Population, Family and Society in Pre-Modern Japan 12:27:16:11:09 Page 3 Page 4 Series: COLLECTED PAPERS OF TWENTIETH-CENTURY JAPANESE WRITERS ON JAPAN Volume 4 Akira Hayami: Population, Family and Society in Pre-modern Japan First published in 2009 by GLOBAL ORIENTAL LTD PO Box 219 Folkestone Kent CT20 2WP UK www.globaloriental.co.uk © Akira Hayami 2009 ISBN 978-1-906876-09-8 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any electronic, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A CIP catalogue entry for this book is available from the British Library Set in Plantin 10 on 11.5pt by RefineCatch Ltd, Bungay, Suffolk Printed and bound in England by CPI Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham, Wilts 12:27:16:11:09 Page 4 Page 5 Contents Preface vii Foreword by Osamu Saito¯: Akira Hayami: a historiographical appraisal ix Introduction by Akira Hayami xvi Prelude Two Historical Landmarks: [I] Philip II and Toyotomi Hideyoshi; [II] Francisco Xavier and Japan 3 Part I: Tokugawa Japan 9 1. Japan: Sixteenth, Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries 11 2. A Great Transformation: Social and Economic Change in Sixteenth and Seventeenth-century Japan 42 3. Japan in the Eighteenth Century: Demography and Economy 52 4. Industrial Revolution versus Industrious Revolution 64 Part II: Demography through the Telescope 73 5. The Population at the Beginning of the Tokugawa Period – An Introduction to the Historical Demography of Pre-industrial Japan 75 6. Population Trends in Tokugawa Japan: 1600–1868 99 7. Population Growth in Pre-industrial Japan 113 8. Population and Family in Crisis: A Study of Northeastern Japan in the Late Eighteenth Century 119 9. Japan in Transition from Tokugawa to Meiji: Population Changes 132 Part III: Demography through the Microscope 163 10. The Shu¯ mon Aratame Cho¯: Japan’s Population Registers (with L.L. Cornell) 165 11. Demographic Aspects of a Village in Tokugawa Japan 185 12. Class Differences in Marriage and Fertility Among Tokugawa Villagers in Mino Province 204 13. Labor Migration in a Pre-industrial Society: A Study Tracing the Life Histories of the Inhabitants of a Village 219 v 12:27:16:11:09 Page 5 Page 6 CONTENTS Part IV: Family and Household 237 14. Size of Household in a Japanese County Throughout the Tokugawa Era (with Nobuko Uchida) 239 15. Regional Diversity in Demographic and Family Patterns in Pre-industrial Japan (with Kurosu Satomi) 280 16. Population and Household Dynamics: A Mountainous District in Northern Japan in the Shu¯ mon Aratame Cho¯ of Aizu, 1750–1850 (with Aoi Okada) 303 Part V: Epilogue 343 17. Another Fossa Magna: Proportion Marrying and Age at Marriage in Late Nineteenth-century Japan 345 18. Illegitimacy in Japan 362 19. Koji Sugi and the Emergence of Modern Population Statistics in Japan: the Influence of German Statistics 369 Index 377 vi 12:27:16:11:09 Page 6 Page 7 Preface his volume comprises a collection of essays in English that I published Tfrom 1966 to 2005 (the four collaborative essays are included with the per- mission of my co-authors). In addition to the collection of essays, I also published The Historical Demography of Pre-modern Japan 1 as a separate book, and Popu- lation, Society and Economy in Pre-modern Central Japan 2 at nearly the same time as the present volume. Also, as one of the authors and editors of Emergence of Economic Society in Japan, 1600–1859, 3 I wrote the Introduction4 and Chapter 7, ‘Demography and living standards’ (with Hiroshi Kito), but these two essays are not included in the present volume in their entirety. The essays in this book have been printed as chapters in books, or in magazines and journals published in Japan and in various publications abroad. Although I am the author of these works, it still takes me too much time to find my own essays on my shelves. This is, of course, due to my own disorganization, but it has simply become too difficult for me to find passages for quotations, and it is too much trouble to leaf through magazines where my articles appear in order to look for something. So when a friend of mine, Professor Erich Pauer of Philipps-University in Marburg, Germany, suggested having my work published by Global Oriental, it was just like the Japanese proverb Jigoku de hotoke ni au (‘Meeting Buddha in the midst of Hell’). I seized the opportunity without hesita- tion. Words cannot express the appreciation I feel to Professor Pauer and to Paul Norbury of Global Oriental. While I was honoured to receive such courtesy from these kind people, when I began reading through my collection of essays, I realized that there were several problems. The biggest was unavoidable, stemming from the fact that this collec- tion of essays encompasses a very broad range. Putting them all into a single book made it almost impossible to find a suitable title. Thus, while the title of this book itself does not necessarily exactly match its content, several related essays have been grouped into a ‘Prelude’ and five parts. Without this, the contents of this book would have been as jumbled as an over- turned toy box, so I felt that some amount of organization was necessary. The early modern period is a division of Japanese history from the end of the sixteenth century — after the establishment of regimes under Oda Nobunaga and Toyotomi Hideyoshi to the Meiji Restoration in 1868, via the Tokugawa or Edo period. Of course, this classification is based upon the political events; actual history went on without those political distinctions. Given this, as the author of this book, I have included three essays that are concerned with incidents after 1868. It must, however, be added that timeframes of those three works bridge the early modern and modern periods. vii 12:27:16:11:09 Page 7 Page 8 PREFACE The essays on the social and economic history of Japan, which cover several centuries (Part I–1, 2, and 3) reflect my basic understanding of the structure and changes of the Edo period. The majority of the essays were related to the histori- cal demography of the Edo period (1603–1868), my field of specialization (esp. Parts II and III); but there are also essays on family history, a closely related area (these are included in Part IV–14, 15, and 16). Part V deals with the popula- tion or family, but after the Meiji Restoration (1868). The second biggest problem was that the earliest essays were written in 1966 and 1967, while the most recent were published in journals in 2005, thereby covering a period of nearly forty years. There may be no researcher who, over the course of forty years, has not made some changes to his or her methodologies, outlook or historical perspectives. At the very least, the researcher acquires knowledge over time, resulting in changes in his or her methodologies and concepts. I am no exception. In particular, when dealing with history, new materials are discovered and new methodologies are developed, so the conclusions derived must change accordingly. It has taken courage for me to include my inexperienced essays from the 1960s in this book. The essays from the 1980s to the first half of the 1990s include successive new discoveries, and were written while I was overwhelmed by them. Over the past ten years my work has been based on fairly stable concepts, and can be linked to the standpoint I take today. I have received much support and cooperation from a number of acquaintances in producing to write and translate the essays included here; thus I would need a whole page just to list the names of those involved. If I am allowed to mention one name, I do not hesitate to identify Dr Jeong Mi Lee. Without her assistance, this book would never have got started. Akira Hayami Tokyo, March 2009 NOTES 1. Tokyo: University Press of Tokyo, 2001 (originally published in Japanese by Iwanami Shoten, Publishers, Tokyo, 1977). 2. Nichibunken Monograph Series 10; Kyoto: International Research Center for Japanese Studies, 2009. 3. Edited with Osamu Saito and Ronald Toby, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. 4. I invite readers to refer to this Introduction too. PUBLISHER’S NOTE Readers will readily appreciate that the contents of this volume have been drawn from many diverse sources, published over a period of some forty years. Consistency in style and presentation, romaniza- tion, the use of macrons and spelling, therefore, has only been possible on a chapter by chapter basis. It should also be noted that every effort has been made by both Publisher and Author to seek clearances for republication where required. Where this has not been possible, the Publisher would welcome correspondence from such individuals, companies or organizations. viii 12:27:16:11:09 Page 8 Page 9 Foreword Akira Hayami: a historiographical appraisal Osamu Saito¯ Professor of Japanese and Asian Economies, Institute of Economic Research, Hitotsubashi University, Tokyo kira Hayami, the author of the essays assembled in this volume, is known Aas the doyen of Japanese historical demography.