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At Magdalena Bay, Baja California Sur, Mexico

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At Magdalena Bay, Baja California Sur, Mexico Population dynamics of Megapitaria squalida (Bivalvia: Veneridae) at Magdalena Bay, Baja California Sur, Mexico Tanja Schweers1, Matthias Wolff2, Volker Koch3 & Francisco Sinsel Duarte4 1 Wiesenweg 187, 27257 Sudwalde, Germany; [email protected] 2 Center for Tropical Marine Ecology (ZMT), University of Bremen, Fahrenheitstrasse 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany; [email protected] 3 Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur (UABCS), Depto. Biol. Marina, Apdo. 19-B, Carretera al Sur, km 5.5, La Paz, B.C.S., C.P. 23080, Mexico; [email protected] 4 Campo 13, Estero San Buto, Bahía Magdalena, domicilio conocido, B.C.S., Mexico Received 30-V-2005. Corrected 12-I-2006. Accepted 23-V-2006. Abstract: The population dynamics of an intertidal population of Megapitaria squalida was studied from September 2002 to February 2003 in Bahía Magdalena, Mexico. To obtain information about the artisanal and recreational fishery of M. squalida, local fishermen at different parts of the bay were interviewed. Clam densities were determined at one unexploited and two exploited sites along perpendicular transects from the shore line. Average clam density was 2.01±1.41 ind/m2, densities did not differ significantly between the three sampling 3.1644 2 sites. The length-total mass relation was Mtot = 0.0001*SL (r = 0.9804, n = 92) and the length-tissue mass 2.7144 2 relation was Mtis = 0.0002*SL (r = 0.945, n = 92). Von Bertalanffy-growth parameters were determined using marked individuals. Strong interindividual and also seasonal differences in growth were observed. Average annual values were: K = 0.655, L∞ = 83 mm. Since M. squalida can reach a shell length of more than 135 mm in deeper waters, it is necessary to consider intertidal and subtidal populations separately. Average total mortality (Z) was 1.61 y-1. No fishing mortality was calculated because total mortality Z at the unexploited control site was higher than Z at the exploited sites. It appears that M. squalida migrates into deeper water with increasing shell length, as average shell length increased at lower tidal levels and marked specimens showed a clear migra- tion towards deeper waters. As yet no overexploitation could be found in the study area. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (3): 1003-1017. Epub 2006 Sept. 29. Key words: Megapitaria squalida, Veneridae, population dynamics, intertidal, Bahía Magdalena, México. The clam Megapitaria squalida (Sowerby reproduction (Singh-Cabanillas et al. 1991, 1835) is a sediment-burrowing filter-feeder Villalejo-Fuerte et al. 1996, Villalejo-Fuerte that inhabits sandy sediments from the inter- et al. 2000, Baqueiro-Cárdenas and Aldana- tidal to depths of about 160 m (Keen 1971). It Aranda 2000) and growth (Castro-Ortiz et al. is distributed from Scammon’s Lagoon, Baja 1992) of M. squalida in Northwestern Mexico. California (27° N, 113° W) through the Gulf The species has separate sexes (Villalejo- of California as well as along the Pacific coast Fuerte et al. 2000), spawning and recruitment south to Mancora, Peru (6° S, 81° W) and were observed throughout the year with one or grows to a shell length of about 135 mm (Keen two peaks, and the reproductive cycle varied 1971). Little is known about its biology and between different sites (Baqueiro-Cárdenas and ecology, few studies have focused on distribu- Stuardo 1977, Villalejo-Fuerte et al. 2000). The tion (Baqueiro-Cárdenas and Stuardo 1977, smallest specimen with gametogenesis had a Baqueiro-Cárdenas 1979, Baqueiro-Cárdenas shell length of 41.7 mm (Baqueiro-Cárdenas et al. 1982, Gutiérres-Barreras et al. 1998), and Stuardo 1977). Natural predators of M. Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 54 (3): 1003-1017, September 2006 1003 squalida are gastropods (e.g. Hexaplex eryth- were searched for specimens of M. squalida to rostomus, H. nigritus, Polinices spp.), crabs obtain data on the population size structure, (Callinectes bellicosus), sea stars (Asteropecten density and biomass. Growth parameters were armatus), shore birds and fishes, among others determined from tagging data. The length- (pers. obs.). converted catch curve was used to estimate Chocolate clams are an important com- total mortality Z. Transects were sampled ponent of the benthic community in Bahía perpendicular to the shoreline to test the Magdalena, a shallow and highly productive hypothesis, that clam size increases with the coastal lagoon (Cruz-Agüero et al. 1994) locat- water depth. Migration was observed with ed on the west coast of Baja California Sur tagged specimens. Oxygen content, tempera- (Fig. 1). The black chocolate clam is support- ture and turbidity of the water was recorded ing an artisanal and recreational fishery in the over the study period. Local fishermen were region. It is harvested by divers in depths of 2- interviewed to obtain qualitative data about 10 m using Hooka equipment and is also hand the chocolate clam fishery. collected during spring low tides on exposed intertidal sand flats. Clams are either gathered for personal consumption or sold on the local MATERIALS AND METHODS and regional market. The shell is sometimes used for crafts and jewellery (Castro-Ortiz et Study area and sampling sites: Bahía al. 1992). However, there is no quantitative Magdalena (Fig. 1), is located between 24º15’ data on zonation, size distribution, biomass, N and 25º20’ N, and 111º30’ W and 112º15’ growth and mortality available for this spe- W on the Pacific coast of Baja California Sur, cies and nothing is known about the present Mexico. This coastal lagoon system can be state of the fishery. The overall objective of divided into three different areas: the north- this study was thus to study the population western zone has an irregular form and is main- dynamics of M. squalida in Bahía Magdalena. ly composed of intertidal and shallow areas and Specifically, the following research questions relatively narrow mangrove channels with an were addressed: average water depth of 3.5 m; the central zone, that is actually called Bahía Magdalena, is • What is the population density and bio- connected with the open ocean through a wide mass of M. squalida at one unexploited mouth (40 m deep, 4 km wide), whereas the and two exploited areas? • What is the population size structure in the area and how does it change with water depth? • What are the growth and mortality rates of M. squalida and how is growth influenced by environmental conditions? • What is the local fishermens knowledge about the past and present level of the fishery? The study is based on a six months field work conducted in the mangrove channel Estero San Buto near Puerto San Carlos, Baja Fig. 1. Bahía Magdalena and sampling sites at Estero California Sur. Sampling was done at the inter- San Buto (SBc = SBcontrol, SBn = SBnorth, SBs = tidal zone, which is also the main fishing area SBsouth). Scattered areas represent exposed sandflats. for the recreational fishery. Sampling circles Bahía Magdalena, Mexico,. 2002-2003. 1004 Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 54 (3): 1003-1017, September 2006 connection to the ocean of the southern part, the posterior end of their shells to the nearest called Bahía Almejas, is narrow and shallow. mm. The average density±standard deviation Bahía Magdalena and Bahía Almejas are con- of M. squalida at each site was calculated by nected trough a channel of 2.5 km width and a averaging over all replicate samples. maximum depth of 10 m (Alvarez-Borrego et These values were corrected for sampling al. 1975). Tides are mixed-semidiurnal with a efficiency that was determined as follows: Six range of about 2 m. At low tides, wide stretches circles were dug out completely with a shovel of mud and sand flats are exposed. after the ‘normal’ sampling was completed. M. squalida can be found in most parts The percentage of additional clams found in a of the bay on sand flats as well as in deeper circle was calculated as: waters. For the present study one unexploited and two exploited sampling sites were chosen P = (100 / (N1 + N2)) * N2 at Estero San Buto, a mangrove channel near the town of Puerto San Carlos (Fig. 1). The with P = percentage of additional individuals; exposed sand flat areas at the sites can reach N1 = number of individuals per circle, found widths of about 200 m at spring low tides. with ‘normal’ sampling; N2 = number of addi- The sediment is sandy, with varying degrees tional individuals per circle. of coverage with shells and algae and slightly elevated ridges one to several meters wide. The Using the average value (Pav) from the six unexplotited site was located near an aquacul- replicates, the sampling efficiency (SE) was ture farm. The two exploited sites were located calculated as follows: 500 m north and 500 m south of the unex- ploited site. Therefore the sites are referred SE = 100 % - Pav to as SBcontrol, SBnorth and SBsouth which were compared in terms of population density, with SE = sampling efficiency; Pav = average size-frequency distributions, biomass, growth percentage. and mortality rates. Size frequency histograms using length Density and size distribution: The sam- classes of 5 mm were constructed from the pling at the sites was done in the mid- and length measurements for each site at each sam- low-intertidal during spring tide days from pling date. The average densities of the three September 2002 to February 2003. SBnorth sampling sites were compared using an one and Sbsouth were sampled at the time of new way ANOVA. moon and Sbcontrol to the time of full moon resulting in monthly sampling for each site. Length-mass relations: A total of 92 8-16 randomly allocated circles (6 m2) were specimens were collected during regular sam- searched monthly for chocolate clams >30 mm pling at the three different sites and frozen alive at each site.
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