Development of Fisheries in Bahía Magdalena-Almejas the Need To

Ocean and Coastal Management 161 (2018) 1–10

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Ocean and Coastal Management

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Development of ﬁsheries in Bahía Magdalena-Almejas: The need to explore T new policies and management paradigms

∗ Miguel Ángel Ojeda-Ruiza, , Elvia Aida Marín-Monroya, Gustavo Hinojosa-Arangob, Alfredo Flores-Irigollena, Juan José Cota-Nietoc, Ricardo Alberto Cavieses-Núñeza, Octavio Aburto-Oropezad a Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur (UABCS), Departamento de Ingeniería en Pesquerías, La Paz BCS, Km 5.5 carretera al Sur, México, CP 23080, Mexico b Cátedra CONACYT, CIIDIR Oaxaca-IPN, Calle de hornos, 1003, Santa Cruz, Xoxocotlan Oaxaca, Mexico c Centro para la Biodiversidad Marina y la Conservación A.C. La Paz. B.C.S., Mexico d Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Keywords: Bahía Magdalena-Almejas (BMA) is one of the most important fishery zones in North-western Mexico that SSF produces between 55 and 60% of the total annual catch of the State of Baja California Sur (BCS) Mexico, mainly Fishery interactions from the catches by industrial fisheries of sardines and tuna. However, as many places in the world, this region is Local knowledge experimenting symptoms of resources overexploitation of due to the absence of a long-term vision of sustain- Multi-species fisheries ability, a multi-fishery management strategy, and a lack of planning and regulation strategies for local fisheries. Multi-fisheries management This paper documented the evolution of fishing activity using different governmental databases, interviews with fishers, and academic publications to identify short and medium term challenges, and to suggest management approaches that will contribute in the adaptation of strategies to promote the sustainable use of fishing resources and economic alternatives for fishermen's income diversification. The findings of this study confirm that Small Scale Fisheries (SSF) have played a major role in the economic development of BMA in recent years, conflicts between industrial and SSF fleets are arising as a result of overlapping working areas inside the bay, and changes in the relative importance of SSF. Although the majority of the population in the region depends almost completely on activities related to SSF, the economic and social aspects of these activities have been poorly documented; studies on this field became even more necessary. Based on the current scenario, it is urgent that fishing policies be adapted to new challenges such as efficient multi-active spatial management, a multi-fishery management scheme. Besides, intra-sectorial strategies and social development programs should be improved.

1. Introduction According to Salas et al. (2007), and Worm et al. (2009), the as- piration to develop sustainability requires the reconstruction of Fishing is a key productive activity for the development and eco- worldwide fisheries. A more complex challenge in the case of SSF, due nomic growth of various countries. Extraction and commercialization of to deficiencies with the information derived from the activity, which marine resources help as economic activities to improve well-being, would not lead to an analysis and to establish indicators similar to those especially of coastal communities associated with both industrial and of industrial fleets. Nevertheless, these authors argue that such re- small-scale fisheries (SSF, also known as artisanal fisheries) (FAO, 2005; construction is possible if multiple management systems are applied, FAO, 2014a). Despite this relevance, studies point out that most fish- where appropriate governance is recognized as an essential element, eries are at their highest permit level of exploitation, and the rest are which strengthens co-management arrangements between local com- overexploited, with adverse impacts on the environment (FAO, 2014b). munities, governments and non-governmental organizations (Salas Therefore, adequate management of fisheries is considered a challenge et al., 2007; Worm et al., 2009). Other studies conclude that in order to and a worldwide priority to ensure sustainable development and food enhance fisheries sustainability, schemes operating at different levels security (Millenium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005; United Nations, should be considered, with simultaneous strategies aimed to: reduce 2014). fishing effort, develop aquaculture within permissible limits, diversify

∗ Corresponding author. E-mail addresses: [email protected], [email protected] (M.Á. Ojeda-Ruiz). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2018.04.014 Received 29 January 2017; Received in revised form 7 April 2018; Accepted 15 April 2018 Available online 24 April 2018 0964-5691/ © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. M.Á. Ojeda-Ruiz et al. Ocean and Coastal Management 161 (2018) 1–10 the sources of income of fishermen, and strengthen the marine reserves fishermen, resources overexploitation, some space interactions between as a network of protection systems (Pauly et al., 2002; Kolding et al., fleets, interactions between fishing activities and species under special 2014; FAO, 2016). Also, it should be considered that fishing is a space- protection (e.g. grey whales and sea turtles), inadequate management temporary activity that interacts with other economic activities, and schemes, and some adverse environmental impacts (Ojeda-Ruiz, 2012; even with fleets of various fisheries, an issue that must be analysed with García-Martínez et al., 2007; Cisneros-Mata, 2010; Ojeda-Ruiz and geo-referenced data and with the use of tools permitted by the law, Ramírez-Rodríguez, 2012; Funes-Rodríguez et al., 2007). particularly by the management plans and the ecological or territorial Debilities of planning and regulation strategies for fishing at the regulations (Wong-González, 2009; Ojeda-Ruiz, 2012). municipality level are evident due to the absence of programs with Mexico is no exception to the negative trend in marine fisheries, clear goals to maximize the fishing potential of the region (Gobierno de with an estimated 67% of its fisheries already at the maximum ex- Baja California Sur, 2016; ayuntamiento de la Paz, 2015; Gobierno de ploitation level and 17% that are already overexploited (Diario Oficial Baja California Sur, 2010). It is also evident that a vision for the future de la Fede, 2010). The country showed an accumulated growth of of BMA is non-existent, even though regions and micro-regions are al- 16.7% on its landings from 2003 to 2012 (FAO, 2014b). However, ready defined to promote BCS development (Gobierno de Baja between 2011 and 2012, it showed an increment of only 1% and oc- California Sur, 2010), but still fishery management does not take into cupied the 16th place in the world ranking. Marine resource extraction consideration the potential of each micro-region. is of primary economic and cultural importance along the coast of Conflicts between industrial fisheries and SSF in BMA are arising, Northwest Mexico, this region, which includes the Gulf of California some as a result of overlapping the working areas inside the bay (Ojeda- and the Pacific side of the Baja California Peninsula, was in 1996 Ruiz, 2012; Navarro, 2014). There are also internal conflicts related to considered one of the most productive Mexican fishing zones and the the excessive number of boats that use the best fishing spots, known as 4th most important fishing site on the planet (Casas-Valdez and Ponce- caladeros, and a clear lack of proper regulation of fishing activities. Díaz, 1996). The states of Sonora, Sinaloa, Baja California, and Baja Some control regulations such as adequate spatial and temporal dis- California Sur (BCS) comprise this zone, which produces 77% of the tribution of fleets and other economic activities, and better surveillance total volume of fisheries landings in Mexico, accounting for 51% of the are urgently needed (Wilen, 2004). A recognized problem in the area is total revenue generated by Mexican fisheries (IMCO, 2014). illegal fishing that compromises the profitability of the activity (IMCO, Baja California Sur is the third most productive state in México; over 2014). the last 10 years it has provided 11% of the landed catches in the entire This study documents the evolution of fishing activity in country (Comisión Nacional de Pesc, 2014). The catch over this period Magdalena-Almejas Bay, Baja California Sur, Mexico based on the was integrated by more than 70 species (CONAPESCA, 2015; Erisman available statistical information (Official Catch Landing Reports OCLR, et al., 2011). The lagoon complex in the Pacific coast known as Bahía 2001–2013), local knowledge of small scale fishermen obtained Magdalena-Almejas (BMA) has become the main fishing ground in BCS, through surveys in 2014, and academic publications (1996–2017), in producing between 55 and 60% of the state's annual catch, which re- order to identify short-term and medium term challenges and suggest presents approximately 40% of the total income generated by fishing. management approaches that will contribute in the adaptation of This fact is related to high biomass production, associated with parti- strategies to promote the sustainable use of fishing resources and eco- cular geographic, oceanographic, and environmental factors, which has nomic alternatives of fishermen diversification. allowed the development of diverse industrial fisheries and SSF (Ojeda- Ruiz, 2012). Other benefits provided by BMA are ecosystem services for 2. Materials and methods human communities such as pollutant trapping, wildlife habitat, food production, and recreational spaces (Aburto-Oropeza et al., 2008), in 2.1. Study area addition to the protection provided by the multiple mangrove areas in the bay. BMA is the costal lagoon with the largest wetland extension on the In spite of an increase in the relevance of fisheries in the region and Pacific side of the Baja California Peninsula. It is divided into three in the seafood demand, the growth in the number of fishermen pro- distinct geomorphological areas: the channels area in the northwest of voked a decrease in the population of different marine species in the the lagoon complex (137 km2), Bahía Magdalena in the central section region. Therefore, these are some of the main concerns of a region that (883 km2), and Bahía Almejas (370 km2) at the southern end of the has traditionally relied on the ocean (Ojeda-Ruiz, 2012). In addition, system (Fig. 1). The population in all its communities is around 8500 there is a lack of data to estimate the economic and social value of both people, and the majority depends almost completely on fishing activ- industrial and small-scale fleets, which is necessary to implement ade- ities. The main coastal communities are: Puerto San Carlos (PSC), quate management for the sustainability of fishing activities. More counting 5558 habitants by the latest population census (2010), fol- specifically, there is not enough information about the way SSF operate, lowed in importance by Puerto Adolfo López Mateos (PALM) with 1111 particularly regarding how the user's groups of the different fisheries residents and Puerto Chale (PCH), in the south of the lagoon complex, are structured, the organization of the fishing sector in private and with an estimated population 373 people (Funes-Rodríguez et al., 2007; social (cooperatives) organizations, how the economic benefits are Instituto Nacional de Estadística, 2010a). shared among the stakeholders, and about the increased number of the BMA has high levels of productivity nearly all year long, related to permits and fleets in the region (Salas et al., 2007; Ojeda-Ruiz, 2012; an important upwelling zone (Diario Oficial de la Federación, 2012). As Hastings and Fisher, 2001). a consequence, BMA is able to support several fisheries, including 2 In order to address the previously described scenario, BMA might industrial fisheries (sardines and tuna) and 16 SSF (Ojeda-Ruiz, 2012), represent an appropriate case of study to be able to understand the which directly and indirectly employ approximately 3500 inhabitants current problems experienced by the fishing sector, and the results (Ojeda-Ruiz and Ramírez-Rodríguez, 2012). could be transferred to many fishing areas in the world, especially those Although industrial fisheries, such as sardine and tuna, are con- where commercial fishing is experiencing many challenges related to sidered the main source of landings in this region (Funes-Rodríguez marine resources availability in time and space; there are also signs of a et al., 2007; Diario Oficial de la Federación, 2012), SSF have increased regional shifting from a predominantly industrial fishing activity to an their contribution to catches in recent decades and have been re- SSF regime, and some emerging alternative economic activities among sponsible for 40% of the total seafood production in BMA (CONAPE- fishers' groups, such as sport fishing and ecotourism (FAO, 2016; SCA, 2015). The catch of small pelagic species includes 11 taxa but is Guyader et al., 2013; Weeratunge et al., 2014). dominated by sardines, mackerels, and anchovies. Most of these species Recent data from BMA shows an increasing trend on the number of are included in the Fisheries Management Plan for Small Pelagics (Plan

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regarding the BMA region were compiled and homogenized (2001–2013). We corrected misspelling in names of fishing localities and common names of certain species according to Ramirez-Rodríguez et al. (2006) and De la Cruz Agüero et al. (1997) respectively (Ramírez- Rodríguez et al., 2006; De la Cruz Agüero et al., 1997). Also other database inconsistencies were corrected, such as incomplete registers and register from localities outside BMA. We separated the coastal resources used by SSF from industrial fisheries for this analysis (tuna and sardines). The yearly and monthly levels of average catch and economic revenue for each resource were calculated comprising the period between 2001 and 2013, at beach value without taking into account the inflation effects on prices or the value added for processing.

2.2.2. The socio-economic structure of the small scale fishermen in BMA Surveys were conducted to determine the differences in the organization and social structure among the major communities of BMA (PALM, PSC, and PCH) in the months of May and June 2014. Social and economic indicators estimated with interviews information were in accord with those proposed by official institutions and non-government organizations (Pomeroy et al., 2004; Consejo Nacional de Evaluación de la Política de Desarrollo Social (CONEVAL), 2008; Instituto Nacional de Estadística, 2010b). Some of these indicators were fishery income, alternative income from activities other than fisheries (e.g. ecotourism), social cohesion, and the demographic profile of the fishermen. The interviews included closed (most parameters) and open (monetary and leisure information) questions to increase the reliability of the statistical analysis. The minimal sample size was estimated at 67 people with 90% of confidence and an estimated error of +/- 0.1, considering the total population of BMA and taking into account that the fishing sector re- presents 6.5% of the total economically active population of 3409 inhabitants; also restrictions in time and resources according to the sparsely population distribution in this area were considered (Daniel, 2008; Instituto Nacional de Estadística, 2009). We completed 68 interviews following a stratified design depending on the population size of each of the three communities in BMA, with n = 24 for PALM, Fig. 1. Location of the three main communities in the lagoon complex of Bahía Magdalena-Almejas, Puerto Adolfo López Mateos (PALM) in the north, Puerto n = 31 for PSC, and n = 13 for PCH. We followed a snowball technique San Carlos (PSC) in the central region, and finally Puerto Chale (PCH) in the for interviewing, starting with key informants who suggested other south. fishermen to complete the questionnaire. The average interview time was 30 min. We did an analysis with descriptive statistics about sources of in- de Manejo Pesquero de Pelágicos Menores)(Diario Oficial de la come: by reported income from alternative activities that include: Federación, 2012). For the period from 1998 to 2010, the most im- whale watching activities, sport fishing, and other ecotourism activities; portant SSF reported were Catarina Scallop, shrimp, and finfish (Ojeda- and reported value of fish provision ecosystem services (in market Ruiz, 2012; Ojeda-Ruiz and Ramírez-Rodríguez, 2012). It is important prices). to consider that Mexican SSF fleets use boats that are smaller than 10 Social cohesion were calculated by locality according to Perception tonnes in capacity, 22–27 feet long, equipped with outboard engines, Index of Social Networks (Instituto Nacional de Estadística, 2010b; and with fishing equipment that it is mostly handcrafted by the fishers Consejo Nacional de Evaluación, 2014), which measures the perception (Grande-Vidal et al., 2006). Other economic activities in BMA are that the population has about how easy or difficult it is to have the tourism, agriculture, farming, and some industrial activities (e.g. elec- support of their social networks, in case they require help for various tricity production and seafood processing) (Ojeda-Ruiz, 2012). situations, such as: be taken care of in a disease, obtain money, get a BMA has also been recognized as one of the most important hy- job, be accompanied to the doctor, obtain cooperation to make im- drological priority regions and centre of biological activity in the provements in the colony or locality or, take care of the children of the Mexican Pacific(Ojeda-Ruiz, 2012; Saad and Palacios, 2004). Never- home. We included six hypothetic questions to measure this indicator, theless, there is currently no formal designation for the protection of the with answers in Likert scale (where 1 = impossible, 2 = difficult, area, the only recognized protection space is the refuge zone for log- 3 = easy, 4 = really easy). A person who had more than three answers gerhead sea turtle protection on the west coast of BCS, just outside the with numbers 1 or 2 was included as a person with low social cohesion northern section of Bahía Magdalena, known as Golfo de Ulloa (Diario (no positive cohesion). Oficial de la Federación, 2015). In order to measure the formal development of ecotourism companies owned by fishermen, the base of service providers registered in the 2.2. Methods Tourism Secretariat of the Government of Baja California Sur was consulted. 2.2.1. The contribution of industrial and SSF to the landings and the economics in BMA OCLRs from the CONAPESCA headquarters in Mazatlan, Sinaloa,

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Fig. 2. Total catches and income from industrial and small-scale fisheries, from 2001 to 2013 in BMA. A) Total catch and value of landings for both sectors. B) Percentages of revenue and contribution for the SSF and industrial fisheries. The figures show the annual average of revenue in millions of pesos (m.o.p.) and catch (tonnes) in both fishing sectors.

3. Results ssp. and Katsowonus ssp.) represented a maximum of 20,000 tons in 2003; after that year the tuna discharges in the region began to de- 3.1. Main fishing trends observed based on OCLRs of BMA, 2001–2013 crease, affecting the processing industries, giving as a result that catches/discharges no longer appear in the Ports of BMA, compared to The analysis of OCLRs for BMA provided information about the those registered during 2010. These species represented only 7.4% of contribution of small-scale and industrial fisheries by species to the the total catch of the industrial fisheries but generated 27% of the total total biomass and revenue. The biomass reported by the industrial fleet revenue of this sector for the period between 2001 and 2013 (Fig. 3). represented 75% of the total catch in BMA but only 35% of the total Analysis of OCLRs for SSF shows catches of a diverse number of revenue for the period between 2001 and 2013. In other words, SSF species; the 17 most important SSF by produced biomass and catch have a bigger economic impact in the region, even though the extracted value are represented in Fig. 4. Catarina Scallop (Argopecten ventricosus) biomass is lower. The economic contribution of SSF is almost two or- production resulted in the highest biomass and income accumulated ders of magnitude bigger than that observed for industrial fisheries. In (2001–2013), followed in importance by Finfish, shrimp, squid, sharks, terms of annual averages industrial fisheries produce 66.3 tons per year, rays, and geoduck production. Catarina Scallop decline since 2011 and which value was $116.8 million of Mexican pesos (mop). On the other in the followings years there was no official fishing season for this re- hand SSF average catch was 19.1 tons, which value was 179 mop source. Jumbo squid reached its biggest catch in 2010. Geoduck (Pa- (Fig. 2). nopea generosa) is the most recent fishery, it appeared officially in 2009. Industrial fleets use PSC and PALM as landing ports for their catch, Finally, Finfish and sharks/manta fisheries increased since 2010. where pelagic species are used for canning or to produce fish meals. The trends of catches over the last decade show that traditional Species targeted by the industrial fleet are tuna and small pelagic spe- fisheries, such as, lobster and abalone have reduced their contribution cies. Sardine and mackerel catches are around 50,000 tons/year, with to the biomass production, but they still continue to represent an 8% of variations between 45,000 and 80,000 tons. Such pelagic species re- the total revenue. Because of the current conditions of these fisheries present 92.6% of the biomass catch, and 58% of the total revenue de- only a few fishing cooperatives own permits, and they are also limited livered by the industrial fleet, despite their low commercial value per to extract only a proportion of the available resource per annual quota kilogram. Catches of tuna (Thunnus ssp.) and skipjack tuna (Euthynnus established by the authority.

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Fig. 3. Total biomass and catch value by the industrial fishing in BMA (2001–2013). A) Sardines/mackerel and tuna fleets from 2001 to 2013 in BMA. For a better appreciation, we made a cut in tuna catch trends for period 2004 to 2010. B) Percentages of revenue and contribution for sardines/mackerel and tuna. The figures show the annual average of revenue in millions of Mexican pesos (m.o.p.) and catch (tons) in both industrial fisheries.

According to the figure above, in 2008 the Small Scale Fishery the most important for SSF in BMA by 2013. Also, it is important to production of BMA shows a reduction. This could be related to en- notice the role played by Panopea generosa fishery because of it high vironmental aspects, so during that year a strong phenomenon known commercial value. as “El niño” occurred and the area was also affected by Hurricane OCLRs reported more than 80 Finfish species caught by SSF in BMA, Norbert. Nevertheless, during the analysed period of time Finfish spe- but only 17 of them contributed over 90% of the total biomass from cies increased their economical contribution to SSF modifying the 2001 to 2013. Swordfish was the most profitable fish species, even yearly income from $ 1.12 to 5 million U.S. dollars. It was possible though the biomass was lower than that Barred Sand Bass (Paralabrax because the higher levels of production and the prices reached of some nebulifer) and white fish (Caulolatilus spp); the latest species contributed of the main species capture. This condition places Finfish fishery to be the highest biomass for the analysed period. Puffer fish has been

Fig. 4. Main species catch by SSF in BMA, 2001–2013: Total yearly revenue by ﬁshery is presented.

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Fig. 5. The finfish fishery in BMA from 2001 to 2013. Listed species represent 90% of the total catch for the region. developing as an alternative fishery over the last decade and has in- income by up to $560.3 U.S., but only for three moths per year in creased in captured biomass (Fig. 5). winter season. It is important to notice that there is not swordfish fishery officially In accordance with the in force official registry of providers of recognized in BMA, and according to the OCLR the catches of Swordfish tourism service, held by the Secretary of Tourism of BCS. It was regis- (less than 200 ton per year) became from three main sources: by catch tered in PALM 4 that the services offered include 4 of transport, 4 of of SSF (Sharks and Rays fishery), Sport Fishery, and few tons as by catch ecotourism and 4 of sport fishing. In PSC it was registered the existence tuna industrial fishery. There are norms to apply and observe in the of 3 of transport, 4 ecotourism, and only 2 of sport fishing. There are tuna and shark fishery, also in sport fisheries (NOM 017, 023 and 029), not companies registered in PCH. From these organizations the Union of but with the information that we have it is difficult to get deeper in the Lancheros (boatmen) and Tourist Services S.C. in PSC and the Union of explanation of this production. Given the relevance of the species, it Lancheros of López Mateos S.C. of R. in PALM are the most important would be recommendable to make academic efforts to clarify what it is ones, both link groups to fishers of their ports and offer services of happening. transport to the zone and ecotourism activities, mainly whale and bird watching. The rest of the registered organizations are private compa- 3.2. Socioeconomic indicators for fishing activities in BMA nies. Since there is no difference in the number of companies, it is pos- Fishers from BMA have an average working experience of 23 years, sible that the greater impact of these activities on PALM is due to the with some more experienced fishers with up to 50 years in this activity, natural conditions of the area, and also perhaps to a better organization which demonstrates a strong fishing tradition in the region. No differ- of the fishermen union of the area. ence in experience was observed between the three fishing commu- No official information is available for the historical number of nities. fishermen, permits, fishing units, etc. These data are aggregated As the fishing sector is better organized into formal production in- without leaving a record of their evolution since most of this informa- stitutions, e.g. cooperatives and private companies, that also results in a tion is discontinuous and only available for a short period of time (less higher number of fishers with access to health care due to formal em- than 10 years). ployment by Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) and Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado 4. Discussion (ISSSTE). According to the surveys, each fisherman's organization maintains an average of permits that allows them to access at least three 4.1. The evolution of fisheries in BMA different resources throughout the year. Highlights PALM, this community provides electricity and water infrastructure to most households The results of this study show the need to analyse fishery trends, without dependency on the local or state government, indicating better management challenges, and the need to establish new paradigms that living standards and income. contribute to preserve or improve BMA's fishery sector in a long term; In perception of social cohesion, we found differences between something that was not considered in both county and state develop- communities in PALM 54.2% declared a positive social cohesion, in PSC ment plans (Gobierno de Baja California Sur, 2016; ayuntamiento de la 48.4%, and in PCH 38.5%. Paz, 2015; Gobierno de Baja California Sur). Interviews conducted with fishermen revealed an average income of This research clearly distinguishes two stages in the development of $339.2 U.S. per month in the BMA region. In fish provision ecosystem fishing activities in BMA (2001–2013), which began with the industrial services we found that in PALM its value was $48 U.S. per month, in fisheries as a main component reaching a maximum in 2003 and a PSC $36.4 U.S. per month, and in PCH $33.3 U.S. per month, these minimum in 2010. Moreover, SSF gradual growth in tons and value of values should be considered an additional income that they save in the catches; in 2013 the SSF contribution to the local economy was foods. almost the double than industrial Fisheries. Additionally, our results show that all localities in BMA have access In contrast to SSF, Sardine fishing in BMA is characterized by fewer to alternative livelihood; nevertheless, it is in PALM that these alter- fishermen and boats that focused on a smaller number of marine re- natives are used the most to increase and diversify fishers' revenue. The sources of low value. Therefore, high biomasses were needed to make it whale watching activity increases significantly fishermen's income a profitable activity. Thus, revenue was concentrated on a smaller during the winter season (December–March) by up to $942 U.S. per number of people on the private (commercial consortiums). The de- month (including previous incomes), other ecotourism activities in- velopment of SSF represented local opportunities to increase the creases the income by up to $716.3 U.S., and sport fishing increases the number of fishermen and boats. No detailed information about the

6 M.Á. Ojeda-Ruiz et al. Ocean and Coastal Management 161 (2018) 1–10 interaction between SSF and Industrial fisheries in BMA were found, so (Finkbeiner and Basurto, 2015). This general model, in which fishers it is important to encourage research about this situation, that in a near take greater responsibility and stewardship for the resources they de- future could cause social conflicts (Wong-González, 2009; Ojeda-Ruiz pend upon and gain increased local authority in the management of and Ramírez-Rodríguez, 2012; Navarro, 2014; Diario Oficial de la decision-making processes, has been termed ‘co-management’ (Ojeda- Federación, 2012). Ruiz and Ramírez-Rodríguez, 2012; Garcia et al., 2014; Finkbeiner and At this point, fisheries diversified and a higher number of species Basurto, 2015). were targeted with revenues that offset those from industrial fisheries The relative importance of SSF has increased over the past decade. (Fig. 2a and b). Catches of sardine and tuna appear every year and are Our analysis of the species targeted by SSF is in accord with Erisman an important component of fishery production in the region et al. (2011), with the highest diversity observed at PSC, where 75 (2001–2013). The variability in sardine reported catches could be re- species were recorded in OCLRs, followed by PALM (67 species) lated to inter-annual environmental variations, or even to changes in (CONAPESCA, 2015). All the reported species can be grouped into 17 the environmental mid-term processes identified in the zone and which fisheries that have different contributions to the total catch and revenue have also been related to the alternation in the relative importance of produced in BMA. Catarina clam, Finfish, shrimp, squid, sharks, rays, the species that constitute the capture of sardines (Diario Oficial de la and geoduck are the most important taxa. The species with the lowest Federación, 2012). importance are oysters (Cassostrea ssp.), other scallops, and blue crab, Disembarked tuna showed a drop after 2003, and the catch decrease but they were not reported in previous studies (Ojeda-Ruiz, 2012). This drastically since 2010, with negative impacts on the industrial fishing may be an indicator that decline in traditional fisheries is pushing fleet, the local economy, and employment. According to Robles and fishermen to target new species that may be lower on the food web, or Dreyfus (2014) the decline in tuna landings in BMA ports could be in market price, such as Paralabrax nebulifer (verdillo), Caulolatilus related to economic aspects of fleet operation and efficiency in in- princeps (pierna) and Sphoeroides annulatus (botete reina) among others dustrialization that affect the net revenue, after considering operation (Sievanen, 2014; Finkbeiner and Basurto, 2015). expenses, because the market price of tuna and its demand are still Fisheries such as lobster and abalone, both important at regional high. Thus, the industrial tuna fleet has changed operational areas and level, are now stable at minimum levels of extraction compared to those based ports at Sinaloa and Colima, with some fishing happening at the reported in the middle of the last century. According to Finkbeiner and Baja California Peninsula. Only sporadic catches are processed in BCS, Basurto (2015) co-management and exclusive territorial rights of the resulting in an average of 150 tons/year in PSC (Robles and Dreyfus, main cooperatives, are the key issues for this fisheries (Finkbeiner and 2014). Basurto, 2015). Some other traditional fisheries such as penshell According to OCLRs information, the price per ton of sardine in- scallop, octopus, snail, and blue crab show conservative reported values crement around 45% from 2001 to 2013. In contrast, for the same of extracted biomass, far away from historical catches. Geoduck, a re- period the accumulated inflation in Mexico was 66%, and just the in- latively recent fishery, that was granted fishing permits in 2007, and crement on marine diesel was 147% for the period from January 2007 stars as commercial fishery in 2009. Nevertheless, due to the value of to January 2015 (alculadora de inf, 2017; LXII Legislatura, 2016). the species in the market, has become a very important resource that These economic variations impact on fleets operations, to improve generates plenty of revenue for the development of the small-scale fleet revenues an option is shift toward policies oriented to increasing the of the region. value of catches and controlling the extracted volumes is needed. Such Fishing activities in BMA follow tactical decisions based on fishers' policies should also consider the demands of sources of animal protein experience and information provided by their trust network (Ojeda- from a balanced food industry, particularly in Mexico, where fishmeal Ruiz, 2012; Cavieses-Nuñez, 2016). Alternation of fishing activities imports are necessary to satisfy the internal demand (FAO, 2016; under this scheme can be associated not only with the open season and CONAPESCA, 2015). An additional point of conflict with some NGO is abundance of the resource but also with the effect of overfishing in the that a considerable amount of the sardine catch is used to produce food medium and long term. For example, shrimp and Catarina Scallop for cattle rather than for humans (Elhag and Elkhanjari, 2005). (Argopecten ventricousus) have decreased in biomass extracted; their The increase in fi shermen permits and fleets should be a result of relevant historical place in SSF has been taken by Finfish species (“es- social-political response. Besides, industrial fisheries and SSF are dif- cama”), which have come to form the most important fishery in BMA ferent components of the sector, and different business. The increase in since 2013 (Cavieses-Nuñez, 2016; Ojeda-Ruiz et al., 2016). From this the relative importance of SSF in BMA has been a result of the growing point of view, BMA should be considered as a defined management demand of marine products, good economic value and low investment zone with a complex multi-fishery system performed throughout the to start operations. year by fleets distributed in time and space following access criteria and A way to look in to this situation is through the impacts, for in- results of economic profitability. stance, the industrial fisheries catch three times more biomass than More than 60 finfish species were reported on catches, but, ac- artisanal fishing, but the total value of this catch is double by SSF catch cording to OCLRs (2001–2013), volume production is based on six main value. An additional benefit for the local economy is the effect of the species: Barred sand bass (Paralabrax nebulifer), white fish (Caulolatilus broader distribution of revenue, since higher employment is associated princeps), yellow tail (Seriola lalandi), white sea bass (Atractoscion no- with SSF (Garcia et al., 2014); approximately 3735 people are em- bilis), swordfish (Xiphias gladius) and bullseye puffer (Sphoeroides ployed in these fisheries (Cisneros-Mata, 2010). annulatus); these species represent more than 60% of the total pro- In BMA, as in other fishing communities in BCS, several factors have duction. Nonetheless, there is no specific regulation for the manage- caused the fishers to become concerned about their continuous ability ment of these species; the Finfish fishery is still managed as a sole to adapt and to the set of changes that are appearing, especially en- group, not as a multi-specific paradigm, or by main related groups of vironmental issues, and the direct implications for their livelihoods species (Diario Oficial de la Fede, 2010). It is also important to observe (Sievanen, 2014). In many areas, they organized into fishing co- cases such as the puffer fish, which is a recent addition to the list of operatives that are granted exclusive territorial rights (by the govern- targeted species, as an emerging fishery (Ojeda-Ruiz et al., 2016), and ment) to specifically delimited geographic areas. Within these areas, swordfish, with little information to understand this fishery. cooperatives can restrict access to their own members and control fishing activities. The dependence of a cooperative upon spatially lim- 4.2. The role of fisheries on the economy of BMA ited resources provides a strong incentive to sustain long-term biological and economic productivity and has its support on the general The socioeconomic analysis of fishers in BMA indicates that there is framework for analysing sustainability of Social-Ecological Systems income levels higher than monthly fishers' income from others studies

7 M.Á. Ojeda-Ruiz et al. Ocean and Coastal Management 161 (2018) 1–10 of the country and the world (Instituto Nacional de Estadística, 2010a; (Diario Oficial de la Fede, 2010; IMCO, 2014; Grande-Vidal et al., De la Cruz-González et al., 2011; Gutiérrez Pérez, 2015; Marín-Monroy 2006). and Ojeda-Ruiz, 2016; Muallil et al., 2011) but they still are vulnerable Authors such as Allison and Ellis (2001) (Allison and Ellis, 2001) according statistics of welfare in the country that uses an income 5% and Muallil et al. (2011) (Muallil et al., 2011) suggest that alternative higher than obtained fishers' income. Using the data for fishermen in activities for fishers, and also programs for fishing effort retirement México, revenues generated by these jobs are relatively better than may be the solution to reduce fishing activities. For example, 53% of those reported in official sources. The economic census reports an fishermen in the Philippines need to be provided with alternative means average income of $2300 U.S per year (Instituto Nacional de of income to make fisheries sustainable. Accordingly, additional stra- Estadística, 2010a; De la Cruz-González et al., 2011; Gutiérrez Pérez, tegies are needed to increase the value of the catch, such as the de- 2015), a considerably lower amount than that reported in the inter- velopment of new products, better ways of processing, the presentation views conducted during the present study, which is $4070.40 U.S. per of products, and market plans (FAO, 2014b; FAO, 2016; Cavieses- year. Nuñez, 2016; Finkbeiner, 2015). Local knowledge in BMA has promoted a successful diversification Our analysis shows that PALM and PSC have successfully im- of the economy that ensures a period of gainful activities during winter, plemented complementary means of income and the diversification of when going fishing is affected by weather conditions, so then it has productive activities other than fishing. The use of other ecosystem resulted on a better yearly remuneration, which coincides with other services, such as the ecotourism activities oriented to admire charis- studies in the area (Finkbeiner, 2015; Leslie et al., 2015), and also with matic species, based on local knowledge has had a positive impact on a study applied to the Fishermen of the coast of Yucatan (Gutiérrez the economy of these communities, even when adverse environmental Pérez, 2015). The diversification strategy is aimed to take advantage of conditions for fishing (ENSO events). various fishery resources available in the area, as well as, to participate Critical to management success is an understanding of the interac- in complementary economic activities, related or not to the fishing tions between the species that comprise an ecosystem, as well as user activity. Strategy witches might increase the income and the possibility responses to changes in resource availability, market dynamics, and the to improve the access to basic services and health care for fishermen fishery system in general. Ignoring these processes has led to manage- and their families (FAO, 2016; Finkbeiner, 2015). ment failures in the past. However, this can be socially and politically It is important to notice that not all communities have these op- challenging and often confl icting, due to the number of people involved portunities, but an adequate policy and some developmental strategies and their high dependence on coastal and marine resources as food and might reduce the differences between them within the same region. livelihood resources. Hence, the incorporation of the various aspects That might be the case of Puerto Chale in BMA where just a few eco- (i.e. biological and socio-economic) of fishing activities is critical to the nomic development options are appreciated. development and implementation of innovative and more adaptive The case of BMA might have influence over other fishing commu- fishery management strategies (Berkes et al., 2001; McConney and nities in Mexico as useful experience for improving management Charles, 2010). In accordance with the National Plan for Development schemes. For instance: including higher levels of education, the ability (2013–2018), which aims for the sustainable development of economic to adapt to the set of changes that are occurring (especially environ- activities to conserve biodiversity, Leslie et al. (2015) proposed a new mental issues), and a favourable social cohesion in the region (Garcia regionalization of BCS that takes into consideration the potential of et al., 2014; Marín-Monroy and Ojeda-Ruiz, 2016). These conditions are socio-ecological systems that could maximize economic benefits for essential to enhance the goals of sustainable management of natural communities while pursuing sustainability (Leslie et al., 2015). resources and the economic development of the communities (Garcia et al., 2014; Finkbeiner and Basurto, 2015; Finkbeiner, 2015; Leslie 5. Conclusions et al., 2015). Fishery diversification has also been mentioned to be an important The case of study of BMA fisheries shows that what is happening in strategy to face the challenge of rebuilding stocks, overexploitation, this region owns similarities with what is happening in many parts fishery collapse, or changes in abundance and richness provoked by the around world; considerations promoted by international agencies about changes in climate (Worm et al., 2009; FAO, 2016; Garcia et al., 2014; these changes coincide in certain aspects, and with the results of other Finkbeiner, 2015). The BMA communities showed different degrees of regional investigations, such as the search for new paradigms and the diversification that provide a more stable annual income by extracting different perspectives management to improve the health of fish po- several resources along the year, and then reduce the fishermen's vul- pulation and the welfare of user groups. It also highlights some topics nerability. A generalist fishing strategy targeting various species and such as the promotion of diversification, the needs to identify and assess using alternative fishing equipment might help to face the challenge of interactions between fisheries and other economic activities, govern- resources variability and the uncertainty of fishing activities ance as a key element, and the monitoring of researching processes and (Finkbeiner, 2015; Leslie et al., 2015). the generation of better statistics. The biological and economic relevance for the region of BMA has 4.3. The future of fisheries in BMA been well documented (Funes-Rodríguez et al., 2007; Saad and Palacios, 2004) and the need to defining the future development of The manager faces a bigger challenge in the needs of multi-fishery BMA as a specific micro-region. Fishing activities in the region are very and some multi-specific fishery strategies that ensure not only sus- dynamic and have changed greatly over the last century with shifts in tainability but also ecosystem viability and resilience; some other sug- targeted species, landing, and value reported by the industrial and gest the enforced of alternative livelihoods and diversification, and small-scale fleets, increasing the pressing need to define adequate recently the search of new ways to measured success in SSF using equity management strategies that consider the multi-specific and multi- or wellbeing indicators (Leslie et al., 2015; Allison and Ellis, 2001; fishery characteristics of the activity to promote sustainability and Berkes et al., 2001). better dispersion of benefits. We recognize that ecological and social differences in BCS do not Correspondingly, the strong points found in the user community favour the implementation of homogeneous management strategies for should be taken into account, including: adaptability to change, eco- the entire state (Finkbeiner, 2015). The complexity of fisheries in Baja nomic diversification, acceptance of recreational and economic use of California Sur, the high diversity of targeted species, and the variety of species under special protection, social cohesion, comparative high fishing gear used are just some of the aspects that make management a incomes, among others. difficult task and the estimation of fishing activities nearly impossible An approach that considers the multi-specific and multi-fisheries

8 M.Á. Ojeda-Ruiz et al. Ocean and Coastal Management 161 (2018) 1–10 characteristics of the activity, and local diversification on fishing and http://www.fao.org/docrep/u8750t/u8750T0a.htm. non-fishing activities will help to harmonize goals on biodiversity Erisman, B., Paredes, T., Plomozo-Lugo, J.J., Cota-Nieto, P.A., Hastings, O., 2011. Aburto- Oropeza, Spatial structure of commercial marine fisheries in Northwest Mexico. ICES conservation with those of sustainable socioeconomic development at J. Mar. Sci. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsq 179. the regional level. It would be important to define productive vocations FAO, 2005. Increasing the Contribution of Small-scale Fisheries to Poverty Alleviation at the micro-regional level and to implement spatial-temporal strategies and Food Security. FAO Technical Guidelines For Responsible Fisheries, Roma, Italia. fi FAO, 2014a. Las cooperativas en la pesca en pequeña escala: favorecer el éxito mediante to maximize income and reduce interactions between sheries and el empoderamiento de la comunidad. Roma, Italia Available from: www.fao.org/ other economic activities. Our study highlights the importance of di- docrep/016/ap408s/ap408s.pdf [revised 2014 Nov 1; cited 2014 Nov 25]. versification on alternative activities, such as ecotourism, aquaculture, FAO, 2014b. Estado Mundial de la Pesca y la Acuacultura. Departamento de Pesca y and catches processing, among others, to reduce fishing pressure and Acuacultura, Roma, Italia. FAO, 2016. El estado mundial de la pesca y la acuicultura 2016. Contribución a la increase total fishers income that needs to be promoted in other re- seguridad alimentaria y la nutrición para todos. Roma. 224 pp. . gions. Finkbeiner, E.M., 2015. The role of diversification in dynamic small scale fisheries: lessons from Baja California Sur, México. Glob. Environ. Change 32, 139–152. 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