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Health Effects and Risks of Transport Systems : the HEARTS Project

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Health Effects and Risks of Transport Systems : the HEARTS Project The WHO Regional Office for Europe The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations created in 1948 with the primary responsibility for international health matters and public health. The WHO Regional Office for Europe is one of six regional offices throughout the world, each with its own programme geared to the particular health conditions of the countries it serves. Member States Albania Increasing attention has been focused on the Andorra Armenia health effects of urban transport in recent years. Austria This report highlights the framework in which Azerbaijan Belarus integrated assessment of the effects of urban Belgium H Bosnia and Herzegovina transport on health can be carried out. The EALTH Bulgaria Croatia discussion is based on the results of a research Cyprus project called HEARTS (health effects and risks E Czech Republic FFECTS Denmark of transport systems) conducted as part of the Estonia Health Effects and Risks Finland Fifth Framework Programme of the European France AND Georgia Union by an international consortium, including Germany R Greece leading European research institutions and the ISKS of Transport Systems: Hungary WHO European Centre for Environment and Iceland Ireland Health. OF Israel T the HEARTS project Italy Kazakhstan RANSPORT Kyrgyzstan The HEARTS project provides a method for Latvia Lithuania estimating the health effects of air pollution, Luxembourg noise and road accidents and an instrument for Malta S Monaco integrating health impact assessment in the YSTEMS Netherlands Norway decision-making on and assessment of transport Poland Portugal and land-use policies in urban areas. : Republic of Moldova THE Romania Russian Federation HEARTS San Marino Serbia and Montenegro Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden PROJECT Switzerland Tajikistan The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia World Health Organization Turkey Regional Office for Europe Turkmenistan Ukraine United Kingdom Scherfigsvej 8, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark Uzbekistan Tel.: +45 39 17 17 17. Fax: +45 39 17 18 18. E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.euro.who.int ISBN 92 890 2294 7 Quality of Life and Management of Living Resources - Environment and Health WHOLIS number E88772 Health effects and risks of transport systems: the HEARTS project Quality of Life and Management of Living Resources - Environment and Health Abstract Increasing attention has been focused on the health effects of urban transport in recent years. This report highlights the framework in which integrated assessment of the effects of urban transport on health can be carried out. The discussion is based on the results of a research project called HEARTS (health effects and risks of transport systems) conducted as part of the Fifth Framework Programme of the European Union by an international consortium, including leading European research institutions and the WHO European Centre for Environment and Health. The HEARTS project provides a method for estimating the health effects of air pollution, noise and road accidents and an instrument for integrating health impact assessment in the decision-making on and assessment of transport and land-use policies in urban areas. Keywords ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE MOTOR VEHICLES VEHICLE EMISSIONS - adverse effects NOISE ACCIDENTS, TRAFFIC RISK ASSESSMENT ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY EUROPE Address requests about publications of the WHO Regional Office for Europe to: Publications WHO Regional Office for Europe Scherfigsvej 8 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark Alternatively, complete an online request form for documentation, health information, or for permission to quote or translate, on the WHO/Europe web site at http://www.euro.who.int/pubrequest. © World Health Organization 2006 All rights reserved. The Regional Office for Europe of the World Health Organization welcomes requests for permission to reproduce or translate its publications, in part or in full. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Where the designation “country or area” appears in the headings of tables, it covers countries, territories, cities, or areas. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. The World Health Organization does not warrant that the information contained in this publication is complete and correct and shall not be liable for any damages incurred as a result of its use. The views expressed by authors or editors do not necessarily represent the decisions or the stated policy of the World Health Organization. Contents Authors v Abbreviations vi Acknowledgements vii Executive summary ix 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Scientific background 2 1.2 Objectives of the project 4 1.3 Phases of the project 5 1.4 List of partners and key responsibilities 6 2. Material and methods 7 2.1 Reviews 7 2.2 Road traffic and emissions 8 2.3 Air pollution 12 2.4 Noise pollution 13 2.5 Road crashes 15 2.6 Population exposure 18 2.7 Health effects 19 2.8 Case studies 23 3. Results 29 3.1 Traffic emissions 29 3.2 GIS-based exposure modelling: the STEMS model 31 3.3 A probabilistic approach to simulating microenvironmental exposure 33 3.4 Case studies 34 4. Discussion 61 4.1 The HEARTS approach 61 4.2 City case studies 61 4.3 Structure and functionality of the HEARTS decision-support system 64 4.4 Policy implications 66 4.5 Future developments 69 4.6 Final considerations 70 5. References 73 iii Authors The following people prepared this publication: Pierpaolo Mudu (WHO European Centre for Environment and Health, WHO Regional Office for Europe), Marco Martuzzi (WHO European Centre for Environment and Health, WHO Regional Office for Europe), Sari Alm (National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland), Arnaud Banos (French National Institute for Transport and Safety Research, Arcueil, France), Margaret C. Bell (Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, United Kingdom), Bernard Berry (Berry Environmental Ltd, Shepperton, United Kingdom), David J. Briggs (Imperial College, London, United Kingdom), Elisabetta Chellini (Centre for the Study and Prevention of Cancer, Florence, Italy), Riccardo Enei (Institute of Studies for the Integration of Systems, Rome, Italy), John Golias (National Technical University of Athens), Paul Goodman (Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds), John Gulliver (Imperial College, London, United Kingdom), Matti Jantunen (National Public Health Institute, Finland), Sylvain Lassarre (French National Institute for Transport and Safety Research, Arcueil, France), Francesco Mitis (WHO European Centre for Environment and Health, WHO Regional Office for Europe), Sergio Mitrovich (Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Environment, Rome, Italy), Emanuele Negrenti (Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Environment, Rome, Italy), Eleonora Papadimitriou (National Technical University of Athens, Greece), Andrea Poggi (Regional Environmental Protection Agency of Tuscany, Florence, Italy), Francesca Racioppi (WHO European Centre for Environment and Health, WHO Regional Office for Europe), Carlo Sessa (Institute of Studies for the Integration of Systems, Rome, Italy), Brigit Staatsen (National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands), Irene Van Kamp (National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands), George Yannis (National Technical University of Athens, Greece) and Karine Zeitouni (Université de Versailles St-Quentin en Yvelines, France). v Abbreviations AVTUNE AirViro-based Traffic and Urban Noise Evaluator CO carbon monoxide EU European Union GIS geographical information system HEARTS Health Effects and Risks of Transport Systems Lden average levels during daytime, evening and night-time Lnight A-weighted average night-time level over a year for the period from 2300 to 0700 at the façade of a dwelling with the highest Lden NMPB Nouvelle Méthode de Prevision du Bruit (France’s official model for predicting road traffic noise) NO2 nitrogen dioxide NOx nitrogen oxides PM10 particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter smaller than 10 µm PM2.5 particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter smaller than 2.5 µm PM1.0 particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter smaller than 1.0 µm STEMS Space Time Exposure Modelling System TEE Transport, Energy and Environment vi Acknowledgements This publication describes the HEARTS (health effects and risks of transport systems) research project co-funded by the Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development Thematic Programme of the European Commission (contract number: QLK4-CT-2001-00492). The contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the official opinions of the European Commission or other European Community institutions. Callum Searle and Maria Stulber, project officers of the European Commission, provided support to the HEARTS project. Päivi Aarnio (National
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