ˊ੥֜ޅ^ৰ 8 ত âிඣ ˆ ˤ 8 ϑ(ͧβȳƈ̎‘

ƨতᡅͥ  ext2 ʐ ext3 âிඣ4  /proc3sysfs3swap âிඣ4  ¤ṁ3Ŧṁ^żṁ4  džाⒸՈūϬ4 ľՈūϬ4 ඗Ȁʐ֜ܰ  QՈϬͩ4‑֜ޅ   ƿ└᪂าՈ5ͩ4 8.1 Linux ϑ(ͧβŘƨ

̱ňிඣȑǎ5ǎ4âՈƌʔʐ੥ˊ ẝ£࿁ɥ«̱ňிඣՈâ੥ˊிඣ ੄ࢴ ◄ˊ੥ˊ4â੥֜ޅâிඣ4ƅâՈƌʔ3ᪿ΅਍̱ňՈƌń ɥPǎ5ǎ4ǪP£࿁ŷ ᡅY5☦ՈΓťâ੥ˊḳâ3ᝯ੥ˊâʐ੥ˊǍʻϔǒß4â੥ˊǒ┉Zɥ«ிඣȭ ੥ˊ5śƅ͢ư֜ޅ‑ʐඈඋ1ň4Linux Ոâ੥ˊʐ ƌʔ᪂̣͟zâ੥ˊ◄˖ՈाⒸ ੥ˊK«ϬΙ Linux ՈżȖƨՈ࿁Ÿᡅ˖4֜ޅc˕â੥ˊʐ 47̠

8.1.1 Linux ՈâிඣିƧ

1Mext2 ˼ ext3 ɻ
ˊȌ ¤᫗Ո ext ிඣ« Extended File System Ո෭΅ ƷĉŐ ext13ext2 ʐ ext3 Y࢑4ext ி c& Linux ᪂ᩥՈ ͣƅѐŠՈ UNIX ĽǍ4Ʒ₋ϬrY൫௦š඗Ȁʐֲơʍ඗Ȁ4Ǹ» ̲PǔĽ/ՈŌ5« ext ிඣȺȈ࢑᪂̣῁Ɵtâǡ੥ˊ4ext2 ிâ੥ˊிඣ£࿁ ᩨՈâڌNŖ K«̶̓ϔ Linux ிඣ Ɔ̓3ƚϬ ֲQŤǒ Linux ிඣՈ̓ᾬ ੥ˊிඣ4 ext2 âிඣϬՈ௦šᅆͥ£࿁ିĨ Windows Ոâ ‑ᜬFAT ϬǡᩴơâǍʻ4 ņrⒸ3ǚΝrⒸ3ƿ└3¤ʒ dzÑȺ௦šᅆͥ׏tPϔǒ඗Ȁ ͢ĉȯrâ⑃ò3 ி3ƌ΢Ჳǐ਍â੥ˊ¤◄Ոּ͟Ǎʻ4P௦šᅆͥɥ«Pϔඈ ̳PȭàP͟ ‑P௦šᅆͥǻ Ϭǡ̳Pʃ᪊ẝ âzֲơ4&rƫz੥ˊ ிඣႮ¬ඝɣ௦šᅆͥ ᅆͥ4ɣ௦šᅆͥǻʐ͢ȭàâՈâȑᝯȐrljƌńֲơ4ֲơɥ«Ⱥâȑǎ͢ȭ àՈ௦šᅆͥǻּ༘͟Ոᜬ4ֲơՈɣPȭ༘͟ᝯࢴ&P8Ảȉ94◄ᡅͼ͛Ո« ௦š ᅆͥǻʐâȑ« 1:n Ո͟ி PâՈ௦šᅆͥǻ«̳PՈ IJP௦šᅆͥdzÑȭà̶

126 Linux ̱ňிඣ‑า^੥ˊ

ZՈȐPâ4֜ޅâȑ4ẝ4᪂ᩥՈƣü«&ǒɴỞẋ]ȐՈᲳǐƿ᪃⒲ ᩨ̑Ρ[ Linux ūϬՈâிඣ« ext2 ͢Ľͥ«Ẕᜐࣷǎ3̠ˊʌά4IJƟ Linux ிڌ ඣᝯŰ̶ŌàϬ4ǔ̶ǽ͢ₑᡅՈᜐʐɳʟȒ ext2 Ո෾ͥKɥİ◶\Ἓ ext2 «☢aȣ âிඣNLFS 4êỞՈàϬ]ƌń͆̓Ո⒲L IJȭzὧ‡ǽ͢ₑᡅՈᜐɥ«PႸʁ ՈŽͥ4ẝK«&¬4ᡅǕʉ ext3 ிඣՈƣü4 ext3 º ext2 âிඣǕʉ໐ǡ « ext2 Ո¤ƆČ ȭaȣ£࿁¤ÑƆĚ4ƟQՈ ext3 ி ඣඓẋ⑃rⒸՈàϬʐΝẟ>ඓ☢„tcࣷǎdz☤ Âúǀ͔ͨǭ ext2 ிඣ4ext2 Ϭ›dzÑ ݑŌūϬ ext3 ிඣ \◄ƚLʐȕᩱẋ࣏4╠\ ext3 ிඣͣƅÑ[Ľͥ  ʌࣷǎɳ4ext3 ிඣࣷǎɳǽΙ ǭ⏝࿁Ÿ☢„Ɔ4ń ext3 ிඣᝯ☢ͩ͟ƶΞॅϢ) Ϲ਍̑Ρ Ȓ ிඣ]◄ᡅ̼ɡâிඣ4໐ ext3 ிඣʮ̩ՈrⒸǮ◄̓Ņό࢖4  ϔǒǀϘɳljĈ£࿁4ext3 ிඣǽ̓ŌȴʌrâிඣՈǀϘɳ ࿁ὃ̹☢ͩ͟ƶȭ âிඣỤtՈ۸ū4ńϔǒǀϘɳljĈ£࿁Z ext3 ȴƇr࢑µśƇϬ›ọō4 ż„ϬKżǛƶẒՈɥ«8ȐrljťâிඣǎϔǒՈPႸɳ9µś4ẝ࢑µś[ ZՈ râ3âݒċ਍ƟŚ4֜ޅȺˌẠǘඡϵz☢ͩ͟ƶ໐ƊН  ṇʌՈẔᜐợò4ext3 ńợòẝPɳ࿁Zȭɨ JFS2 ਍ிඣÂ]ŤĄÃ ໐ú ext3 ń ƌʔϔǒrƅdz࿁ẜ◄ᡅẟᜐ̶Ƶ΅ϔǒ̱ň4IJ͢වȌɳ࿁\ѕ«żΙՈ4ɘ͢« ext3 Γťº ext2 ிඣŋ൫ ໐\◄̣éʐʮ̩ϔǒ4Ǫ̲ ext3 ּɨ ReiserFS ʐ XFS Ոȥ֜ޅ῁«ü& ext3 Ոaȣ£࿁ȭ ਍ʌợிඣ ʼnƅŰĺՈ CPU ūϬɋ4ẝP ¬„ᪿ΅͐ẟᜐrĄĚ ᪂ᩥTń᪂ᩥỿṕਜ਼ͩrɥ>ඓͨ2rȈ5☦Ո໇ₓ4  ΓťϔǒḰdž£࿁4º ext2 Ḱt ext3 ☢„5ƫ ˊ᩾ZǮ◄⏲͑੄řʁÐŷdzǀt ϘḰdž1ň ú]ϬȴQɆ̣é3ʮ̩3ʸśĚ ľ਍1ň4ẝǔỆȌP᯳ūϬ ext ிிඣՈϬ› Kͨ2r,Ϭ›ՈĿɀ4ext3 ẜȴƇrPɃ1ͣ tune2fs dzϬz Ⱥ ext2 ǔ5ƫŌḰdž& ext34Ǒẋǡ ext3 KdzÑ]ඓçŁŰΝ ໐ָȉ¤ṁt& ext2 âிඣ Ɇ4rᄳΙՈȕ[ͨǭ4  Γť̶࢑aȣµś4ext3 Γť̶࢑aȣµś P࢑aȣµś[data=journal µś ext3 Ⱥȭ¤ƅՈâϔǒǎ metadataǎ5âிඣϔǒՈϔǒ ŷϔǒՈϔǒ ẟᜐ aȣᩴơǪP࢑aȣµśdata=ordered z້ data=writeback µś [Ǯȭ metadata ᩴơaȣ ໐]ȭϔǒẟᜐaȣᩴơ4ிඣ੥ˊɜdzÑʵǒிඣՈǒ┉1ň◄ᡅ ń ிඣՈ1ňợò^âϔǒՈPႸɳ7ⒸɆϦọō4 Ⱥ ext2 âிඣḰdž& ext3 âிඣՈ̱ňǔ੄ř Ǯ◄ᡅṗ͑Ñ[ʁÐ tune2fs -j /dev/hda9 Ḱdž඗ȘΞĚ 8.1 ¤߾4

Ě 8.1 ext2 t£Ḱdž& ext3

੥ˊ 127֜ޅ^ৰ 8 ত âிඣ

ͼ͛ ext2 ɻ
ˊȌLJ͈ɡ ext3 ɻ
ˊȌðK^h˝̩ÛǫÜLJ͈KŰ4ģn tune2fs ʑLJΟæĄϙβƾÝɃfLJ͈ɵȔ̢Kşϙ /etc/fstab ƏƖƋKǫĝɻ
ˊȌn°įĝ ext2 ɯȷɡ ext3 ᩨՈƌʔ᪂̣Z Ξ/dev/hda8 4ΞȘXƗńڌ☢ext3 aȣâdzÑƌ΢ńǪP /dev/hda8 Z ņP ext3 âிඣ ÂȺaȣƌ΢ńǪP̲ᾬ᪂̣/dev/hda2 Z dzÑỞẋ ṗ͑Ñ[ʁÐǒɴ mke2fs -J device=/dev/hda8 /dev/hda2 Ո e2fsprogs Ո e2fsck Γť ext3 âிඣ4ƟP ext3 âிඣᝯ۸ūr ̴żṁ᪩, ᪂̣ ͹Ϭ e2fsck ǚ̩45ͩǔ੄ř Ǯ◄ᡅṗ͑Ñ[ʁÐŷdz umount /dev/hda8 e2fsck -fy /dev/hda8 වZ¤Ẵ tune2fs «ֲQ Linux ிඣϵ ext2 âிඣḰdž& ext3 âிඣՈż੄řúͨ ǭɳżΙՈỘǐ ͢ǒɴ¯ɉäƫ⒬ożĺ4njü& ext3 «ָȉº ext2 Ǖʉ໐ǡ âிඣ ẋÍŋ൫ẋ࣏ż&¿Ž ẝ 4 ɆdzÑż̓└òŌlj᪅ிඣϔǒՈƽ͔ɳ4¤ÑƟQ Linux ிඣ ᡅūϬaȣâிඣ żlj┭Ո5śɥ«ọōŋ൫4 ext34 2M/proc ɻ
ˊȌ /proc âிඣ«PĖâிඣ ƷÑâிඣՈ5ś&Ϭ›᪃⒲ிඣͱʴϔǒȴƇȉ »ǧ4¤᫗8Ėâிඣ9«ū/proc «ᔞŃՈ ƌńzͱƌ໐]«ܰ֜Z4/proc âிඣ P࢑ͱʴʐͱʴµųȕẟ࣏process ǕễǍʻՈƶ: ẝK«/proc ՈǣȑǡƊ4ẝĖ âிඣūϬ›࿁^ƌńzͱʴͱᾬՈₑᡅϔǒ඗Ȁẟᜐ~ º໐ቻǚƅ͟ẟ࣏ՈƅϬǍʻ ÂńẔᜐỞẋΝǜͱʴdžϔǡΝǜிඣ᪂า4Ϭ›ʐàϬ࣏Û῁dzÑỞẋ/proc âிඣǣ 4ிඣǍʻ Â࿁Ởẋ/proc ΝǜͱʴՈɌ‡Ǎʻ4◄ᡅͼ͛Ո« Ƿϵzẝ«PᔞŃՈி ņՈ ƷǮƌńzͱƌƟ4 ǒƌńՈ /proc Ոͱǭ῁«¬ɍף»[῁ඣ üǸₐ☦Ոâ ŌǕ/proc Ո!᜻«&rȴƇPᩭϬ›ቻǚிඣẟ࣏ǍʻՈ5ƫÌ἗ ඗ȘńūϬẋ࣏ ǕɴƷ☢„ƅϬ ᱉Ϧr8ƛՈᡅ˖4z«¾࿊ᩭͱʴՈǔ̶̯௤KϬƷǡĉɎǍʻ z ȳϬ¬ɍẔᜐr‑า4 /proc «ϵͱʴȋ:Ո Â̵ƅPĭˊZãṁ/proc Ո᪂̣4ẝ«ü&/proc 'ᡅϬzƌ΢ ϵͱʴȋ:ՈிඣźɍǍʻ ໐̓ᾬ ẝ‡ǍʻՈỿṕĹาńϵͱʴȋ:Ոͱƌ4üǸΞȘ ȭ/proc ɆΞ[̱ň ls -l âՈ⑃ò῁« 0 IJΞȘȐrɡ׏ẝ‡âՈͱǭ Ćǔ̖ͣŌ׏4Pɴᬥ ̓ᾬ ₐ☦ŸnjǒǒńńՈƅǔ̶Ǎʻ4ẝ«ü&/proc ʐ͢„ᢈՈâிඣPʳ῁ȺႮ=ͼ͸4 ᔞŃâிඣVFS 4IJƷɩণǮ«PᔞŃՈâிඣ üǸń VFS ᡅ᫇ϬƷ᪻˖ »â3ֲơՈ i-node r /proc ±ĆʵǒͱʴՈǍʻńͱƌņএּàՈâʐֲơ4ẝK 4ὧ‡â¿r׏ʇ«& 0 Ոƣü4¬& Ϭ›dzÑỞẋṗ͑Ñ[ʁÐǡ¤ṁ/proc âிඣ mount -t proc proc /proc ̵ƅ⒲LՈ̑Ρ[ɥĆt£¤ṁ/proc âிඣ4Ϭ›ƶ„Z4 proc âdzϬzቻǚƅ͟ͱʴźɍ3ᩥ ਜ਼ƶʒɳ3ǷńẔᜐՈẟ࣏źɍ਍ּ͟Ǎʻ4໐/ /proc ՈâʐֲơẜȴƇிඣĭˊɳʟż,ՈǍʻ4ΞZ¤Ẵ /proc Ոâ ú̓ᾬ

128 Linux ̱ňிඣ‑า^੥ˊ

Ƿƌńzܰ֜Z IJϬ›ẜ«dzÑʻūϬçŁǷ„âPʳ Ϭâේṕף[ᔞŃՈ » zିĨ more3less3cat ਍ʁÐɡ׏ƷØ4Ξƅේṕ࣏Û᪙Ě·ŌPᔞŃâ /proc Ƅ ņẝâ4 ቻǚͱʴՈּàǍʻ ϢȒ8ϙा9̴ ᜬ 8.1 ᪸ŠrP‡ₑᡅՈᪿǚிඣǍʻՈ/proc â῁«ǮᪿՈ ǎͣ͢ĿňϬ4

ᜬ 8.1 ᪿǚிඣǍʻՈ/proc âǎͣ͢ĿňϬ

âȑ ňϬ᪸Š

Cmdline ͱʴȳ¬džϔ Cpuinfo CPU Ǎʻ Iomem IO ᪂̣ՈͱƌūϬǍʻ Interrupts º߾ᝯŤϬՈ)ǍʻʐŤϬ້ՈǍʻ Ioports I/O ঳ǧՈūϬ Kcore ிඣĭˊͱƌœʻ ]dzᪿǚ Loadavg ிඣ¿ţᯣṁ Meminfo ĭˊͱƌʐdž ľūϬǍʻ Modules ¤ṁµųᜬ Mounts ŦṁՈâிඣ Partitions ிඣ᪊/Ո ľᜬ Swaps džाⒸՈ-Ϭ̑Ρ Version ͱʴČƨǍʻ Uptime ிඣẔᜐrⒸ

ń/proc ֲơ[¤ƅÑϔƋʁȑՈƄֲơ῁Ϭzƌʔẟּ࣏͟Ǎʻ ໐ɣƄֲơՈϔƋ ơȑɥ«͢ȭàՈẟ࣏ PID ẝ‡âK«Ǯᪿʒɳ4Ǹ̲ẜƅPĽȞՈ/proc/self ֲơֲ ƷūȕƟQǷńËᜐẟ࣏Ո৪ǻẢȉ4ŷΞƟϬ›Ëᜐ cat/proc/self/cmdline r ĆẘúʁÐƨ ᵯ4ẟּ࣏͟ǍʻΞᜬ 8.2 ¤߾4

ᜬ 8.2 ẟּ࣏͟ǍʻâȳẴ

â ȳẴ

Cmdline ẟ࣏ȳ¬džϔ Environ ɳʟǜₓ Limits ẟ࣏└:Ǎʻ Status ẟ࣏źɍ Maps ẟ࣏ūϬՈ¬ɍ⏂ȉßâ

ᜬ 8.13ᜬ 8.2 Ǯ«Ϧrż„ᢅ3żƅϬՈ/proc â ǒ┉ZՈ/proc âᡅẠẠ̶zẝ ϔₓ4ΞȘ້ᪿ̿ẟPǹrᢧႮ=ͫ͠ᱧՈâ dzÑȭּà/proc âūϬ more ʁÐ K ϣtՈâ̓Ƀکdzńඃቻǚּ͟Ǎʻ47¤ÑūϬ more ʁÐ໐☢ cat ʁÐ «ü&\ͩ8

੥ˊ 129֜ޅ^ৰ 8 ত âிඣ

໐ƅ‡âΞ kcore ɥƅdz࿁☢„⑃4ẝʳՈ᪡Ϭ cat ºϢ«]ȌỆՈ4 3Msysfs ɻ
ˊȌ sysfs âிඣିĨ/proc K«ĽȞՈâிඣ4ƷՈňϬńzȺிඣՈ᪂̣ඈඋt ɶƵ඗Ȁ ϢȒȕϬ›zƅ◄ᡅՈ࣏ÛȴƇͱʴՈϔǒ඗ȀǍʻ4ẝâிඣ΢ń/sys ֲơ 4ᜬ 8.3 «͢Ƅֲơǎ͢¤ȯͱǭ᪸Š4]

ᜬ 8.3 sysfs âிඣՈƄֲơǎňϬ

Ƅֲơ ňϬ

Block ¤ƅՈų᪂̣ Bus ிඣ¤ƅՈʇඃିƧ Class ிඣՈ᪂̣ିƧ Ξ̌ť3ตť਍ Devices ிඣ¤ƅՈ᪂̣ _Ñ᪂̣ŦṁՈʇඃିƧඈඋtɶƵ඗Ȁ

4Mtmpfs ɻ
ˊȌG͜˕ˍáɻ
ˊȌH Linux ՈᔞŃͱƌʐ Windows Ոඈt5ś]Ȑ Linux ՈᔞŃͱƌϵᾬ ඈtĭˊͱ ƌʐdž ľ4tmpfs Ոż̓ǭₓɥ«ẝᾬ Ոʐ4tmpfs ǔ̡Ϗ ^dzÑūϬĭˊͱƌ KdzÑūϬdž ľ4໐úƷՈ̓Ƀdzʵǒ◄˖¬ɍ ‑ üǸ]ĆỤtᰈļ᯽4Ǹ̲ƷՈ ᪿ΅ợòǔȷ PჰƉ¥„῁ϬƷǡȴŋɳ࿁4 5Mswap ɻ
ˊȌ ʐ tmpfs ]Ȑ swap ǮϬzdž ľ4Linux ƅPĽͥ ŷdž ľՈ̓Ƀ«ிඣĭˊ ͱƌՈǹ ໐dž ľ« Linux ẔᜐՈȑ/ ľ4Ở„îdž ľǯň swap ľ«ü& ƷǮňϬzdž ľ údž ľǮ࿁ūϬ swap âிඣ4swap ]ϵϬ›ȋ: ໐« Linux ੥ˊՈȭᬥ4 6MΓƘƖŦsĝɻ
ˊȌ ᔞŃâிඣ«PǔƅϬՈɁ dzÑǒɴȭ̶࢑âிඣՈΓť4Ǹ̲ ᔞŃâி ]ȐՈâிඣ4ẝʳ^ȴʌr Linux Ո̡Ϗɳ njǒɴr Z֜ޅඣẜ̭᩼Ϭ›ńȐPų ]Ṟ̏ňிඣ3ɳʟⒸՈᰈļ͝—4┨rZ☦¤ẴՈ€࢑ Linux âிඣ̲ Linux ẜΓťǔ ̶âிඣ Ξ FAT163FAT323sysV3nfs3iso9660 ਍4ƅPͥᡅ᪸ŠՈ« ᰯᰯƅȑՈ NTFS Â]ᝯ RHEL 5 Sever ָȉΓť ◄ᡅƽញּàՈ RMP ĉÂŦṁ±dzÑūϬ4

8.1.2 ņ Linux âிඣ

Ɵ◄ᡅ¤ṁP ľŷPâிඣ r Ŋ̴ᡅɆՈɥ«ܲᩨẝ ľՈâிඣି Ƨŷ ľʸśĚ ϢȒ±࿁ŦṁūϬ4ŦṁՈ5ͩƅǔ̶ ŷΞ mount z ້ǚΝ /etc/fstab ¤§ľ1ͣǡ ľ z«¤Pų,Ոܰ֜r ɥ◄ᡅϬ ǒɴŌƶႮ¬¤ṁ4Ɵ,ʺP,Ո ľ ϢȒ±࿁ ņ ľՈâிඣ żȒ±«Ŧṁâிඣ4 1Mǫ ¬ľ«ȭƌʔ᪂̣໐ᣄՈ ż„ᢅՈɥ«ƨŌܰ֜zࢿ¬ܰ֜ƟϢKĉŐ U ֜਍ࢿ ƌʔ᪂̣ 4 ľ«&rȺPųṇ̓ՈƌʔाⒸ tᆩ¾ṇɃՈľǻÑƍᱷūϬ◄˖4ń ḻ̌ňՈ1ͣƅ fdisk3parted3cfdisk ਍ ᕁϢȒ້ńɌ‡5☦ƅĄͥ Linux ẟᜐܰ֜

130 Linux ̱ňிඣ‑า^੥ˊ

IJɥֲQàϬ̑Ρǡ׏żΙϬՈẜ« fdisk4 Ξ parted Ոϔọ̌é£࿁ 2Mɤü̼ ʸśĚ࿁̻ᩭ ľt&Ɍ࢑ͣĿՈâிඣ ΞZ☦᩶4ẋՈ sysfs ਍4„ϬՈʸśĚ1 ͣƅ mkfs3mkfs.ext33mkfs.reiserfs3mkfs.ext23mkfs.msdos3mkfs.vfat3mkswap ਍4◄ᡅͼ ͛Ո« ƅՈƶ„ĆńʸśĚt reiserfs rȴ߾]࿁ ņ reiserfs âிඣ ẝ«ü&᪩ƶ„Z ̵ƅ mkfs.reiserfs z້ mkreiserfs ºตZ[ṁPŷdzᢧΟẝ࢑⒲L4  mkfs ՈūϬ5ͩ ʁÐʸśmkfs -t filesystem device ʁÐ᪸ŠẝₐՈ filesystemâிඣ ȑ/ᡅūǎ Ξ ext33reiserfs3ext23fat323 ľ3ḳ֜3̵ȥ਍4◄ᡅͼ͛Ո ɥ«ƌʔ᪂̣ ΞPܰ֜Ո msdos ਍4໐ device᪂̣ ľ̑Ρ º໐lj᪅«ƅ⍌ȭɳՈʸśĚ4ūϬ fdisk-l ľ7QPǎᡅɡ׏ܰ֜ ńʸśĚ » ľ ľ̑Ρ4ẝǍʻǔₑᡅ ŷΞƅPϬ›̿ʸśĚP U ֜ sda ՈP ǡɡ׏ à᪩ṗ͑ fdisk -l /dev/sda IJΞȘXƗȺ sda ʸśĚt ext3 à᪩ūϬΞ[ʁÐ mkfs -t ext3 /dev/sda ľr4 t£7ȒɥdzÑָȉŦṁẝ  ͢Âό࢑Ϭͩ mkfs.ext3 /dev/sda6 Ⱥ ľʸśĚt ext3 âிඣ mke2fs -j /dev/sda6 Ⱥ ľʸśĚt ext3 âிඣ mkfs.ext2 /dev/sda6 Ⱥ ľʸśĚt ext2 âிඣ mke2fs /dev/sda6 Ⱥ ľʸśĚt ext2 âிඣ mkfs.reiserfs /dev/sda6 Ⱥ ľʸśĚt reiserfs âிඣ mkfs.vfat /dev/sda6 Ⱥ ľʸśĚt fat32 âிඣ mkfs.msdos /dev/sda6 Ⱥ ľʸśĚt fat16 âிඣ msdos âிඣɥ« fat16 mkdosfs /dev/sda6 Ⱥ ľʸśĚt fat16 âிඣ Ȑ mkfs.msdos  mkswap ՈϬͩ mkswap /dev/sda6 ņǸ ľ& swap dž ľ swapon /dev/sda6 ¤ṁdž ľ swapoff /dev/sda6 ͟⒱dž ľ ľՈ5ś ɡ׏ swap  swapon /dev/sda6 ¤ṁdž ľ ľ swapon -s ɡ׏ swap

8.1.3 Ŧṁʐżṁâிඣ

ʐ Windows ]Ȑ Linux ¤ƅƌʔ᪂̣῁ᡅඓẋŦṁ̱ň±࿁ūϬ4ɘ͢«„ϬՈܰ 3U ֜3̵ȥ਍᪂̣ !ƚ້ǔǭȤᩴŦṁ z«ūϬǀɩ7ȒՈżṁ̱ň ẝPͥȨ֜ ǣₑᢊ4 ᫗Ŧṁ ɥ«Ⱥƌʔ·ᯬՈͱǭɆPœȸ ΢4PūǎՈֲơƿ4ẝֲơɥ¤

੥ˊ 131֜ޅ^ৰ 8 ত âிඣ

tr¤᫗ՈŦṁͥ4ẝʳPǡ ȭƌʔ·ᯬՈ᪃⒲ɥḰĚtrȭŦṁͥՈ᪃⒲4njü&ẝœ ȸ«PȭP͟ி üǸPŦṁͥȐrǮΓťPƌʔ᪂̣4 ᩨ᪂า4ΞȘ]ūŠŦṁͥɥϵƷǡūǎŦṁֲơڌľՈ ֜ޅetc/fstab [Ոâ«Ȉ/ úǒɴ͟ƶrႮ¬żṁ̱ň4Ǹ̲ ࢿ¬ƌʔ᪂̣Ξ̵ȥ3U ֜3ࢿ¬ܰ֜਍^dzÑ᪂า&ȳ ¬Ⴎ¬Ŧṁ KdzÑń͢Ârȅʵǒ◄ᡅ¯¬Ŧṁzżṁ4ͼ͛ Ɵࢿ¬·ᯬūϬǀɩ7Ȓ Pǎᡅżṁ±࿁ǚϦ ȪĆϦɴ⏝᪳4 1MʣÛʑLJ mount ʁÐʸśmount [-t vfstype] [-o options] device dir ʁÐ᪸Šmount ʁÐdzÑȺūǎՈ᪂̣Ŧṁ4>ƌńՈֲơ ƟâிඣŦṁǀtȒ Ϭ›dzỞẋȭ᪩ֲơ̱ňǡǒɴȭūǎ᪂̣Ոâᪿ΅Ո̱ň4 džϔ᪸Š  -aŦṁ fstab ĉȯՈ¤ƅâிඣ4  -fµŃϘŦṁՈẋ࣏ Â]ǒ┉Ŧṁ᪂̣4  -Fʐ-a džϔP᰻ūϬÑÂᜐ.ÛŦṁɣ᪂̣4  -lº߾¤ƅ>ŦṁՈிඣ ĉŐŻʃੂ4  -L<ʃੂ>ǮŦṁ৪ȌūǎʃੂՈ ľ4  -nńŦṁẋ࣏]ȕ/etc/mtab ΅͑ᰈ4  -o᪂าâிඣŦṁrՈ̱ňdžϔ4  -rÑǮᪿµśŦṁ᪂̣4  -tūǎᡅŦṁՈâିƧ4  -wÑᪿ΅µśŦṁ᪂̣4 bindₑ,ŦṁP᪂̣4,ֲơńŦṁͥ[᪂̣῁dzÑϬ4--  moveîŦṁ᪂̣Ŧṁ4,Ոֲơ[4--  ͼ͛mount ʑLJ^ˏ ŻʣÛļKƖjˌȶʣÛļ^áÝõKȶ˝ ŻȶʣÛļKɃ fʣÛ̢ŒæhʣÛļʲdzįô˫Ƌʳ"ĝŸ̧Ȕ 2M̩ÛʑLJ umount ʁÐʸśumount [-ahnrvV][-t ][filesystem] ʁÐ᪸Šumount ʁÐdzÑżṁâிඣ4 džϔ᪸Š  -ażṁ/etc/mtab ᩴơՈ¤ƅâிඣ4  -hº߾z­4  -nżṁr]ᡅȺǍʻƌ͑/etc/mtab â4  -rᆩ\ͩt£żṁ ɑ᪙ÑǮᪿՈ5śₑ,Ŧ͑âிඣ4  -t±żṁọ-¤ūǎՈâிඣ4  -vËᜐrº߾᪪ඊՈǍʻ4  -Vº߾ČƨǍʻ4 filesystem]┨rָȉūǎâிඣ̲ KdzÑϬ᪂̣ȑࢴzŦṁͥǡᜬ߾âிඣ4]  ͼ͛Ɓ>ŶhÉaʐͿʣÛļųˏ umount ɻ
ˊȌK^ˎȋ˲͆ĆȁˎʣÛļ̩ÛK ɷøh>şʣÛGɩÉaKƗɩʣÛļHð9Û͹ȉ

132 Linux ̱ňிඣ‑า^੥ˊ

8.2 ÙX̡ʧ͞

8.2.1 §¤džाⒸ

ᩨՈ swapڌľ Pჰ« swap ʸśՈ4ǔ̶rȅϬ›ĆǕɴ džाⒸŷ 8.1 ᅆ¤᩶Ոdž džाⒸ\ͩƍᱷɌ‡ḳâՈżĺƽញᡅ˖4ŷΞ Linux [Ո Oracle ƟƅPϬ› ‑Ոĭ ᩨՈdžाⒸǮƅ 1G ɥ◄ᡅȭ͢ẟڌ»ẜ◄ᡅ 2G Ո swap džाⒸ dz ͱƌ& 1Gˊ ᜐÍʉ4§¤ swap džाⒸՈǹɘΞ[4 üǸᡅܲljƅᱷ̻ՈाⒸǡϬň ֜ޅľᡅϬ4 ZՈmŅाⒸ dž֜ޅɡ̼ 1 swap džाⒸ4ȌሔūϬ KVM 1ͣ4̼ɡΙȒdzÑẟ͑[Pǹ4 ńPưএՈâிඣ§¤P swap džâ Âúń/opt/image ֲơ§¤ 2G 2 Ո swap džâ4§¤džâՈʁÐΞ[ dd if=/dev/zero of=/opt/image/swap bs=1024 count=2048000 ⍣Ȓ׏4º߾„ZẘúΞ[඗Ș ⍣4Ņό ΞȘt£ PჰĆńό 2048000+0 records in 2048000+0 records out 2097152000 bytes (2.1 GB) copied, 272.867 seconds, 7.7 MB/s 3 ņÂ᪂าdž ľ ʁÐ& mkswap ūϬ5ͩΞ[ mkswap /opt/image/swap ΞȘt£ º߾„ZĆẘúΞ[඗Ș Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 2097147 kB 4 ̼ɡɴƅՈdžाⒸ̓Ƀ ʁÐ& free free -m ΞȘt£ º߾„ZĆẘúΞ[඗Ș Total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 1011 989 21 0 1 875 -/+ buffers/cache: 112 898 Swap: 1027 0 1027 KdzÑỞẋ̼ɡ meminfo âǡǒɴ 5ͩΞ[ grep SwapTotal /proc/meminfo 5 ȳ¬,ʺ¤Ո 2G swap džाⒸ ʁÐ& swapon swapon /opt/image/swap 6 ܲᩨ,ʺ¤Ո 2G džाⒸ>ඓϣά ʁÐ& free -m Total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 1011 995 15 0 4 877 -/+ buffers/cache: 113 897 Swap: 3027 0 3027 KdzÑỞẋ̼ɡ meminfo âǡǒɴ 5ͩΞ[ grep SwapTotal /proc/meminfo

੥ˊ 133֜ޅ^ৰ 8 ত âிඣ

7 ǚ Ν /etc/fstab â ū,§¤Ո swap džľȳ¬Ⴎ¬Ẕᜐ 5ͩ«ńâՈżȒ¤ ͑Ξ[Ƌ৪ /opt/image/swap swap swap defaults 0 0 ႷǸǀt§¤ swap dž ľՈ1ň4

8.2.2 $┨džाⒸ

Ɵdžľ]͹ᝯ◄ᡅ ɥᡅǎr$┨dž ľÑ₎΢ᝯŤϬՈाⒸ4džâPჰ῁ͣƅ Ɵ̓ՈĿࢳ4ǎ r ₎΢ƷØȭȴʌிඣɳ࿁3ʺ¤ᰈļ-Ϭɋƅǔₑ̓Ո͛54IJ « $┨7ּ QPǎᡅܲᩨ᪩ाⒸ]͹ᝯ◄ᡅ4$┨Ոẋ࣏Ξ[¤߾ ľ]࿁ᝯȳϬ4 ľ]࿁ᝯŦṁ dž ȑ/̴ᩭܰ֜ȥ¬„]࿁ණනᝯūϬ ŷ 1 ż੄řՈ¢ͩ«ńεɘµś[ȳ¬ிඣ4ΞȘȥ¬„]ĉȯçŁᝯūϬՈ ľ dzÑūϬ ǡ͟⒱ܰ֜ȥ¬„ZՈ¤ƅdžाⒸ4 ľՈʁЫ¬4 swapoff ʁÐúȒP[ȳ¬dž 2 Ñ root ᵯéẟ͑ிඣ ṗ͑Ñ[ʁÐǡܲǎdž ľ>ᝯࡅϬ ẝ ₐՈ/dev/hdb2 « dž ľ  swapoff /dev/hdb2 º/etc/fstab $┨᪩-ֲ4 3 4 ūϬ parted ʁÐǡ$┨ ľ parted /dev/hdb ͼ͛ŃŪĝ/dev/hdb ĆϙŸšáÝΓƏĝ swap ͈ĝW̝"ŦΦĝÉaʐKh̴ æɬœ͛ϙ͈fDZΥĝÉaʐ ľÂ(ǎ ËᜐZPǹȒĆẟ͑ parted ȴ߾ ńẝȴ߾[ṗ͑ print ɡ׏ɴƌՈ 5 ̿$┨Ոdž ľՈƵ᪂̣ǻ ϢȒṗ͑ rm MINOR ẝ ₐՈ MINOR «Ϭ›̿$┨Ո ľՈ Ƶ᪂̣ǻ4ẝPͥǔₑᡅ ü&ȭிඣՈΝǜĆএŷϣά ẝẋ࣏«]dzỊՈ üǸȑ/P Ƶɳ⏲͑ǷܲՈƵ᪂̣ǻ4 6 ⏲͑ quit ỄϦ parted ȴ߾৪4 7Z֜ޅľ IJdžâ¹Ϣƌńz ZẴǹɘ͔ᾬǀtȒɥ>ඓńிඣ$┨rdž úŤϬ؄̓ₓՈाⒸ üǸẜᡅËᜐΞ[̱ň$┨džâ 1 Ñ root ᵯéẟ͑ிඣ ࡅϬdžâ ʁÐΞ[ swapoff /swapfile Ǹ̠Ո swapfile ɥ«džâ ɣிඣ3ɣdžâՈȑࢴ῁Ć]Ȑ Ϭ›à᪩Żdž tႮ=Ոdžâȑ4 º/etc/fstab $┨᪩-ֲ4 2 3 $┨â ʁÐΞ[ rm /swapfile ႷǸ PdžाⒸɥǀ͔ᝯ$┨r ाⒸǣÑ₎΢4 8.3 ‡Ν .

Linux ிඣՈɣâʐֲơ῁ƅ᪃⒲᩼dzƿ└ Ϭ›࿁Ȫ᪃⒲Pâ Ѭ45ś

134 Linux ̱ňிඣ‑า^੥ˊ

ǡ᪃⒲â«ϵâՈƿ└ʒɳΟǎՈ4ỞẋǚΝâՈ᪃⒲ƿ└ âՈ¤ƅ້࿁̻Οǎˮ Ϭ›dzÑᪿǚ3ǚΝʐẔᜐâ4ȭzிඣʐϬ›ǡ᪸ ᫬Κ᪂าɣPâʐֲơՈ᪃⒲‡ ƿ└« Linux ிඣƽ͔ՈȖ܄4 └â^ֲơՈƿ 8.3.1

&ᪿ3΅ʐËᜐY࢑4ிඣϬ r Ïᜬᪿƿ└3w Ïᜬ΅ƿ└3x âzֲơՈ᪃⒲ƿ└ ÏᜬËᜐƿ└4r3w ʐ x ͣĿÏᜬՈȯ5Ξᜬ 8.4 ¤߾4

└ᜬ 8.4 âzֲơՈ᪃⒲ƿ

rᪿ w΅ xËᜐ â ̭ᪿ᩼âՈͱǭ ̭᩼΅ʐǚΝâ ̭᩼Ẕᜐ࣏Ûz Shell ࣏Û ơ ̭᩼ϦֲơՈͱǭ ̭᩼ńֲơņএz$┨â3Ƅֲơ ̭᩼ẟ͑ʐỄϦֲơֲ ΞȘʼnƅPâ ὧ4᪩Ϭ›Ⴎ¬ʼnƅȭ᪩âՈᪿ3΅ʐdzËᜐƿ└ Ñƫzȭâ ẟᜐⓉᪿʐǚΝ4Ϭ›Kdzʵǒ◄ᡅî᪃⒲ƿ└᪂า&◄ᡅՈçŁඈȌ4 ›3ȐඈϬ ƅY࢑]ȐିƧՈϬ›dzȭâzֲơẟᜐ᪃⒲â/ֲơ¤ƅ້owner group ʐ͢ÂϬ›other 4â¤ƅ້Pჰ«âՈ ņ້ ƷdzṊ̃᩼ȐඈϬ›᪃⒲᪩ â ẜdzÑȺâՈ᪃⒲ƿ└ᰏඝிඣՈ͢ÂϬ›4ȐඈϬ›ūʼnƅ᪩âՈϬ›ඈՈ çŁϬ›4͢ÂϬ›ŷ]ʒzʼnƅ᪩âՈϬ›ඈՈɌPϬ›4 Linux «P̶Ϭ›̱ňிඣ Ʒ̶̭᩼Ϭ›ȐrԿơʐ1ň4üǸ Linux ȺPâ zֲơ^PϬ›ʐඈ༘ி᰻ǡ4ɣâzֲơՈ᪃⒲ƿ└῁ƅYඈ ɣඈϬYĹᜬ߾ /&âʒ'Ոᪿ3΅ʐËᜐƿ└^ʒ'ȐඈՈϬ›Ոᪿ3΅ʐËᜐƿ└ிඣ͢ÂϬ› Ոᪿ3΅ʐËᜐƿ└4 ńʁÐᜐµś[Ϭ ls -l ʁк߾âzֲơՈ᪪ඊǍʻ Ξ[¤߾ [root@RHEL5 ~]# ls -l /home/John ʇᩥ 8 drwxr-xr-x 2 John John 4096 02-13 22:01 Desktop âƿ└ּ༘͟Ո«ৰP3ৰYʐৰ÷Ƌɉ4ৰYƋɉᜬ߾â¤ƅ້ ৰ^ ͢ ÷Ƌɉᜬ߾â¤ʒՈඈ ໐ৰPƋɉᜬ߾âՈ᪃⒲ƿ└4Ñâ Desktop &ŷ â ¤ƅ້« John ¤ʒՈඈ« John âՈ᪃⒲ƿ└« drwxr-xr-x4â᪃⒲ƿ└Ƌɉϵ 10  Ƌ৪ඈt dzÑîƷØ &÷ඈ ͣĿȯ5Ξᜬ 8.5 ¤߾4

ᜬ 8.5 â᪃⒲ƿ└ƋɉՈ ඈ

ƿ└Ƌɉ ඈ drwxr-xr-x âିƧ ৰ 1 Ƌ৪ dֲơ ʒ'ƿ└ʃȣ ৰ 2^4 Ƌ৪ rwx ʒඈƿ└ʃȣ ৰ 5^7 Ƌ৪ r-x ͢ÂϬ›ƿ└ʃȣ ৰ 8^10 Ƌ৪ r-x

ৰ 1 Ƌ৪&âିƧ4ϵz Linux ிඣî᪂̣3ֲơ3â῁Ɵň«âǡ̠ˊ üǸ

੥ˊ 135֜ޅ^ৰ 8 ত âிඣ

᪩Ƌ৪ᜬŠǸâՈିƧ ͢Ƌ৪^ȭàՈȯ5Ξᜬ 8.6 ¤߾4

ᜬ 8.6 â᪃⒲ƿ└ƋɉՈৰ 1 ʃȣƋ৪^âିƧՈȭà͟ி

âʃȣ âିƧ ߾ŷ

ƨâz້࣏Ûۅ êỞâ ϔǒâ3ASCII - d ֲơ /bin3/mnt ʐ/home ֜ܰ b ų᪂̣ /dev/hdaৰP IDE c Ƌ৪᪂̣ /dev/ttyS0^ DOS Ոǧ 1 ਍Ȑ s ͳȉƋ /dev/log p ʁȑ੥἗ /dev/initctl^8|9਍Ȑ l ৪ǻ⏂ȉ /etc/grup.conf->../boot/grub.conf

ƿ└ƋɉՈȒIĹƿ└ʃȣ^YିϬ›ȭà &Yඈ ɣඈY /Ϭ r3w3x ǡᜬ ඃ8-9ʃڱ/ȭà owner3group ʐ other4Ɵ̵ƅּàՈƿ└r ᪩ƿ└ȭàՈĹาϬ ߾ Šȣ4ň& root Ϭ› ƷႮ¬ʼnƅrȭ¤ƅâʐֲơՈᪿ3΅ʐËᜐƿ└ ¤Ñ̵ƅȑᡅ /Ǭtz̈⏄ƿ└4 Z܄dzÑńřâzֲơՈȖ›ūǎƷՈƿ└4͢ÂYିϬܲ ͼ͛ʲdz+˳ĝj˝Ρϙîɻ
+˳ĝj˝ΡKʲdzĝ+˳ ͮȥȺȶʲdzƏɻ
ĝ +˳ └᪂าâʐֲơƿ 8.3.2

◄ń Linux ிඣàϬ ƅr◄ᡅᩭ͢ÂϬ›ūϬɌÂƨǡ]࿁ūϬՈâzֲơ ɥ ᡅΝǜâՈƿ└4Νǜƿ└Ո5ͩƅ̶࢑ IJǮƅƟâՈ¤ƅ້ȭɌâƅ΅ƿ└  ±࿁̻Νǜ᪩âՈƿ└IJ root Ϭ›࿁ȭ¤ƅâẟᜐƿ└᪂า ໐͢ÂϬ›\ƿΝǜ᪩ âՈƿ└᪂า4 1Møhɻ
ʭŨΦįÉƂɻ
ʲdzĝ+˳ ń Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5  ūϬĚƮА☦Ոâ੥ˊ„࿁̻ḿǺŌ᪂าâ^ֲơՈ ƿ└4ń8â੥ˊ„9ज़ǧǷϧᡅ᪂าƿ└Ոâzֲơ ńƅϦՈȷǛአřọō8ʒ ɳ9ʁÐ ϢȒń·ŌՈʒɳȭ᪡˂řϧ8ƿ└9ʃੂ dz·Ō8ƿ└9ọ-ť ΞĚ 8.2 ¤߾4 ń8ƿ└9ọ-ťՈ8᪃⒲ƿ└9ọ-ඈ Ϧr᪩âՈ¤ƅ້3â¤ƅ້¤ńඈ ʐ͢ÂϬ›Ոᪿ3΅ʐËᜐƿ└4ᡅ̿Νǜ͢ƿ└ dzÑỞẋńּàՈ[ĭ˂ọō8dzɡ׏ ÂǚΝͱǭ938dzɡ׏ͱǭ9z8ࡅǶ94 Ǫ̲ dzřϧ8ʌ൫ƿ└9ŭ⍲·Ō8ʌ൫ƿ└9ȭ᪡˂ ΞĚ 8.3 ¤߾4 ń8᪃⒲ƿ└9ọ-ඈƅYĽȞʃȣՈ̩ọ˂᪂า UID3᪂า GID ʐଡ଼ɳ ẝ‡ âzֲơՈĽȞƿ└4͢ȯ5Ξ[4» 1 ᪂า UID4ȭdzËᜐâ ᆩọ8᪂า UID9 Ⱥâ¤ƅ້ՈËᜐƿ└Ո᪂า Ĺᜬ߾t sƟŌȳËᜐƿ└r z SƟ͟⒱Ëᜐƿ└r 4ŷᜬŠƟ᪩âᝯËᜐrȺîẟ ࣏Ո¤ƅ້᪂า&᪩âՈ¤ƅ້4

136 Linux ̱ňிඣ‑า^੥ˊ

Ě 8.2 8ƿ└9ọ-ť

Ě 8.3 8ʌ൫ƿ└9ȭ᪡˂

ŷΞ ȳ᪂dzËᜐâ test.out Ոâ¤ƅ້« John ƣǡՈƿ└&8rwxrw-r--9 ŷ᪩ âǮƅ¤ƅ້ͣƅËᜐƿ└ ໐͢ÂϬ›]࿁Ëᜐ᪩â4ΞȘɴńȺ test.out âՈ8᪂า UID9ọ ͢ƿ└ǜ&8rwsrw-r--94ὧ4Ɵ͢ÂϬ› David Ëᜐ test.out âr ிඣɥĆ ņּàՈẟ࣏ ÂȺ᪩ẟ࣏Ո¤ƅ້ David ᪂าtdzËᜐâ test.out Ո¤ƅ້ Âͣƅ᪩ â¤ƅ້Ոּàƿ└4 ϵǸdzᢅ ƅ s Ոƿ└ɥdz࿁Ćʼnƅ8Ľƿ9 Ľ/«ƟdzËᜐâՈ¤ƅ້« root Ϭ›

੥ˊ 137֜ޅ^ৰ 8 ত âிඣ

ǖඓ„Ć-Ϭẝ࢑ƿ└ȭிඣẟᜐΟϧ4¤Ñ ńϘிඣĽ/« root ƨᵯᡅ᫬Κڅ r ȭâ᪂า s ƿ└4 2 ᪂า GID4ȐʳՈƣKỆϬz᪂า GID Ǯ]ẋȺâ¤ƅ້ǜtrâ¤ƅ້ ¤ńՈϬ›ඈ4ᆩọ8᪂า GID9 Ⱥâ¤ƅ້¤ńඈՈËᜐƿ└Ո᪂าĹᜬ߾t sƟ ŌȳËᜐƿ└r z SƟ͟⒱Ëᜐƿ└r 4ŷᜬŠƟ᪩âËᜐrȺîẟ࣏Ո¤ƅ້¤ń ඈ᪂า&᪩â¤ƅ້¤ńඈ4 Ⱥ͢ÂϬ›ՈËᜐƿ└Ո᪂าĹᜬ߾t tƟ ଡ଼ɳ4ȭâzֲơᆩọ8 ଡ଼ɳ9 3 4ଡ଼ɳ͛ɷ؄᪩âzֲơǮƅ͢¤ƅ້±dzÑ z TƟ͟⒱Ëᜐƿ└r ŌȳËᜐƿ└r $┨ ŷūɌȐඈϬ›ͣƅʐ¤ƅ້Ȑ਍Ոƿ└4 ]ŷΞ ᆩϬ ls -l ʁÐɡ׏/tmp ֲơՈ᪪ඊǍʻΞ drwxrwxrwt 13 root root 4096 02-13 23:52 tmp ᩨȺ/tmp ֲơՈ͢ÂϬ›ՈËᜐƿ└᪂& t4ϵzிඣՈ/tmp ʐ/var/tmp ֲơڌ<ிඣ dzƇ¤ƅϬ›ǎàϬ࣏Û rƌ΢â çŁϬ›῁dzʼnƅǀϘՈƿ└ẟ͑᪩ֲơ4üǸ Ξ Ș]₋ǚּàՈȎ9 çŁϬ›῁࿁$┨͢Ոâ ẝĆඝ͢ÂϬ›rǡŵ┭4IJ«Ɵඝ/tmp ʐ/var/tmp ֲơ᪂าr8ଡ଼ɳ9ẝ-ĽȞƿ└Ȓ ƌ΢ń͢Ոâɥ±̭᩼͢¤ƅ້$┨3 ࢿ¬ ẝɥὃ̹r͢ÂϬ›ՈɎÔ4 2Møh chmod ʑLJȷ)ɻ
ʲdzĝ+˳ ܲǎrPâՈ᪃⒲ƿ└Ȓ Ϭ›dzÑ-Ϭ chmod ʁÐǡₑ,᪂ǎ]ȐՈ᪃⒲ƿ└4 ʵǒƿ└Ո]Ȑᜬ߾5ś chmod ʁÐƅ࢑Ϭͩ P࢑«ĉȯƋɡʐ̱ň৪ᜬẂśՈƋ᪂ ǎͩǪP࢑«ĉȯϔƋՈϔƋ᪂ǎͩ4 1 Ƌ᪂ǎͩ4 ʁÐʸśchmod [ọ-] [̱ňȭᬥ] [̱ň৪] [ƿ└] âzֲơȑ ʁÐȈ-Ոȯ5& ọ-„ϬՈọ-'ᡅ«-R ᜬ߾ỖƞΝǜֲơǎ͢ƄֲơՈƿ└4 ̱ňȭᬥ̱ňȭᬥdzÑ«[ẴƋɡՈçPz້ȈƋɡՈඈȌ4 9 ŷâzֲơՈ¤ƅ້4 u ᜬ߾8Ϭ›user   g ᜬ߾8Ȑඈgroup Ϭ›9 ŷâ¤ƅ້¤ńඈՈȐඈϬ›4  o ᜬ߾8͢Âothers Ϭ›94 ᩨȨ4ڌϬ›9 Ʒ«ிඣ a ᜬ߾8¤ƅall  ̱ň৪ȭƿ└ẟᜐ᪂ǎ4  + ᜬ߾§¤Ɍƿ└4  - ᜬ߾ǚ4Ɍƿ└4  = ᜬ߾ᰏtūǎƿ└Âǚ4ƣƅՈƿ└4 ƿ└᪂าƿ└dzϬ[ẴƋɡՈç͛ඈȌ4  r ᜬ߾dzᪿ4  w ᜬ߾dz΅4  x ᜬ߾dzËᜐ4  s ᜬ߾ńâËᜐrîẟ࣏Ո¤ƅ້z¤ƅ້¤ńඈ᪂า&᪩âՈ¤ƅ້z⤠ƅ້¤ńඈ48u+s9᪂าâՈ UID & s 8g+s9᪂า GID & s4

138 Linux ̱ňிඣ‑า^੥ˊ

 t ᜬ߾ଡ଼┈4  u ᜬ߾^â¤ƅ້ʼnƅPʳՈƿ└4  g ᜬ߾^â¤ƅ້¤ńඈՈϬ›ʼnƅPʳՈƿ└4  o ᜬ߾^͢ÂϬ›ʼnƅPʳՈƿ└4 ?ŷ 8.1@ūϬ chmod ʁÐՈƋ᪂ǎͩǚΝâ text Ո᪃⒲ƿ└ Ëᜐ඗ȘΞ[¤߾ [John@RHEL5 ~]$ ls -l text -rw-r--r-- 1 John John 0 02-13 23:59 text // ᪂ǎ¤ƅϬ›ȭâ text ͣƅᪿʐËᜐՈƿ└ [John@RHEL5 ~]$ chmod a+rx text [John@RHEL5 ~]$ ls -l text -rwxr-xr-x 1 John John 0 02-13 23:59 text // ᪂ǎâ text Ո¤ƅ້ʐȐඈϬ›΅Ոƿ└ ͢ÂϬ›$┨Ëᜐƿ└ [John@RHEL5 ~]$ chmod ug+w,o-x text [John@RHEL5 ~]$ ls -l text -rwxrwxr-- 1 John John 0 02-13 23:59 text 2 ϔƋ᪂ǎͩ4 ʁÐʸśchmod [ọ-] [ƿ└] âzֲơȑ ϔƋ᪂ǎͩ«^Ƌ᪂ǎͩ£࿁਍ãՈ᪂ǎ5ͩ ŷϬϔƋᜬ߾ƿ└4ϔƋᜬ߾ՈʒɳՈ ȯ5&0 ᜬ߾̵ƅƿ└ 1 ᜬ߾dzËᜐƿ└ 2 ᜬ߾dz΅ƿ└ 4 ᜬ߾dzᪿƿ└ ϢȒȺּ͢ ¤4¤ÑϔƋʒɳՈʸśà& 3 º 0^7 Ո͗ẟ:ϔ ͢.Û«u 3g 3o ͢Â^ Ƌ᪂ǎͩȖƨPႸ4 dzȭ+ᜬ 8.7 ᩥਜ਼͗ẟ:Ոƿ└Ȩ4

ᜬ 8.7 ᩥਜ਼͗ẟ:Ոƿ└Ȩ

â¤ƅ້u ȐඈϬ›g ͢ÂϬ›o r w x r w x r w x 4 2 1 4 2 1 4 2 1

/⍌ȭâ¤ƅ້3ȐඈϬ›ʐ͢ ūϬᜬ 5.8 dzÑ5ƫŌᩥਜ਼ϦּàՈƿ└Ȩ Ǯᡅ Ϭ›îּàƿ└[☦ՈϔƋּ¤ŷdz4 ŷΞ â myfile ͣƅẝʳՈƿ└ r w - r - - r - - 4+2 4 4 îּàՈƿ└ŤȭàՈȨ¤ńP᰻ ɥ« 6444 ?ŷ 8.2@ūϬ chmod ʁÐՈϔƋ᪂ǎͩ᪂ǎâ text Ո᪃⒲ƿ└ Ëᜐ඗ȘΞ[¤߾ // ᪂ǎâ¤ƅ້ᪿʐ΅Ոƿ└ ȐඈϬ›ʐ͢ÂϬ›ᪿƿ└ [John@RHEL5 ~]$ chmod 644 text [John@RHEL5 ~]$ ls -l text -rw-r--r-- 1 John John 0 02-13 23:59 text // ᪂ǎâ¤ƅ້ᪿ3΅ʐËᜐՈƿ└ ¤ƅ͢ÂϬ›ᪿՈƿ└ [John@RHEL5 ~]$ chmod 744 text [John@RHEL5 ~]$ ls -l text

੥ˊ 139֜ޅ^ৰ 8 ত âிඣ

-rwxr--r-- 1 John John 0 02-13 23:59 text ͼ͛źuɻ
ĝƖuŀͿ root h̴u+øh chmod ʑLJ Νǜâ^ֲơՈ¤ƅ້ʐ¤ƅ້¤ńඈ 8.3.3

Pჰ̑Ρ[ â¤ƅ້3â¤ƅ້¤ńඈ« ņârϬ›ʐϬ›¤ńඈ4PbϬ› ʼnƅɌâ ɥdzÑΝǜƷՈ¤ƅƿ îƷՈ¤ƅƿඝǪ̲P/etc/passwd âƌńՈ ȌͩϬ›4ńΝǜPâՈ¤ƅƿr ּàՈ suid KȺᝯ±┨ ẝ«Ϧzƽ͔ɳՈ໇ᔕ4 Ǯƅâ¤ƅ້ʐ root Ϭ›dzÑΝǜâՈ¤ƅƿ4PbȺâՈ¤ƅƿඝǪ̲PϬ› Ǯƅ˖­zிඣ੥ˊɜr4 Ո◄ᡅẝʳɆףɥ\ͩ͹ₑ,ΚúƷՈ¤ƅƿ4ΞȘ 1Møhɻ
ʭŨΦȷ)ɻ
ʲdzĝƖu+ ńâ੥ˊ„ज़ǧ·ŌâzֲơՈʒɳȭ᪡˂ ϢȒřϧ8ƿ└9ʃੂ ·ŌΞĚ 5.10 ¤߾Ո8ƿ└9ọ-ť4 ń8ƿ└9ọ-ťՈ8¤ƅ້9ọ-ඈ /ń8Ϭ›9ʐ8๨ඈ9ȭàՈƨ˂ṗ ƅ້ʐ¤ƅ້¤ńඈ ɥdzΝǜ᪩âzֲơՈ¤ƅ້3¤ƅ້¤ńඈ4¤͑ 2Møh chown ʑLJȷ)ɻ
ʲdzĝƖuŀ ࿁ȳẴ᪩ʁÐϬzΝǜɌâzֲơՈ¤ƅ້ʐ¤ʒՈඈ ŷdzÑȕɌϬ›Ǭ£ ƿ ūÂǜtūǎâzֲơՈ¤ƅ້z້Νǜâ¤ʒඈ4 ʁÐʸśchown [ọ-] Ϭ›ʐϬ›ඈՈඈȌ âzֲơȑ ʁÐȈ-Ոȯ5& ¤ọ-„Ϭọ-'ᡅ«-R ᜬ߾ỖƞŌΝǜūǎֲơ[Ո¤ƅâǎƄֲơՈâ  ƅ້3â¤ƅ້¤ńඈ4 Ϭ ›ඈdzÑ«Ϭ›ඈ UIDۅϬ›ʐϬ›ඈՈඈȌϬ ›dzÑ«Ϭ›ȑzϬ›ʃ᪊  4͢ඈȌ5śƅ÷࢑ Ξᜬ 8.8 ¤߾4 GIDۅȑzϬ›ඈʃ᪊

ᜬ 8.8 Ϭ›ʐϬ›ඈՈඈȌ5ś

ඈȌ5ś ᪸Š Ϭ› ǮΝǜâ¤ƅ້ :Ϭ›ඈ ǮΝǜâ¤ƅ້¤ńඈ Ϭ›: ΝǜâՈ¤ƅ້ Â_Ⱥâ¤ƅ້¤ńඈΝ&Ϭ›¤ńඈ'ᡅඈ Ϭ›:Ϭ›ඈ ΝǜâՈ¤ƅ້3â¤ƅ້¤ńඈ

ŌՈ◄ᡅᝯΝǜՈâzֲơȑᜬ ΓťỞ‑৪4 âzֲơȑdzÑ«Ñाʸ  ᪸ŠǸʁÐǮƅâ¤ƅ້z root Ϭ›±ƅƿūϬ4 ŷ 8.3@ūϬ chown ʁÐȺ/home/John/myfile ֲơ[Ո¤ƅâʐƄֲơՈ¤ƅ້Ν? &Ϭ› John ¤ƅ້¤ńඈΝ&Ϭ›ඈ users Ëᜐ඗ȘΞ[¤߾ [root@RHEL5 ~]# ls -l /home/John ʇᩥ 20 drwxr-xr-x 2 John John 4096 02-13 22:01 Desktop drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 02-14 00:06 myfile -rwxr--r-- 1 John John 0 02-13 23:59 text [root@RHEL5 ~]# chown -R John:users /home/John/myfile

140 Linux ̱ňிඣ‑า^੥ˊ

[root@RHEL5 ~]# ls -l /home/John ʇᩥ 20 drwxr-xr-x 2 John John 4096 02-13 22:01 Desktop drwxr-xr-x 2 John users 4096 02-14 00:06 myfile -rwxr--r-- 1 John John 0 02-13 23:59 text 3Møh chgrp ʑLJȷ)ɻ
ʲdzĝƖuŀƖÝȆ ʁÐʸśchgrp [ọ-] Ϭ›ඈ âzֲơȑ ʁÐȈ-Ոȯ5& ¤ọ-„Ϭọ-'ᡅ«-R ᜬ߾ỖƞŌΝǜūǎֲơ[Ո¤ƅâǎƄֲơՈâ  ƅ້¤ńඈ4 4 GIDۅϬ›ඈϬ›ඈdzÑ«Ϭ›ඈȑzϬ›ඈʃ᪊  ŌՈᡅᝯΝǜՈâzֲơȑᜬ ΓťỞ‑৪4 âzֲơȑdzÑ«Ñाʸ  ǸʁÐǮƅâ¤ƅ້z root Ϭ›±ƅƿūϬ4 ŷ 8.4@ūϬ chgrp ʁÐȺ/home/John/myfile ֲơ[Ո¤ƅâʐƄֲơՈ¤ƅ້¤ń? ඈΝ&Ϭ›ඈ John Ëᜐ඗ȘΞ[¤߾ [root@RHEL5 ~]# chgrp -R John /home/John/myfile [root@RHEL5 ~]# ls -l /home/John ʇᩥ 20 drwxr-xr-x 2 John John 4096 02-13 22:01 Desktop drwxr-xr-x 2 John John 4096 02-14 00:06 myfile -rwxr--r-- 1 John John 0 02-13 23:59 text 8.4 Ȗƈ„õ

·ľ੄ ֜ܰ 8.4.1

ľ«Pɨṇǭᩭ!ƚ້᯽ᢧՈŌ54Linux ᢈǎ ɣPܰ֜᪂̣ż̶ Linux Ո ľʐ ľǻ ŷPܰ֜Ո' ľKᡅŤP' Íʉ ľ ľȯÍʉ Ǯ࿁ƅ÷' Íʉ ľʇϔż̶&÷4 ' ľՈĭˊৰP«ľ0 ☦ 0 ἗ 1 «ľ «šȰ«ľ ƌ΢ƅ MBR'šȰᩴơ ͢ ňϬɥ«šȰ¤ṁ̱ňிඣ4໐ỿṕ ľ̵ƅ MBR Pჰ«Ϭǡƌ΢ϔǒƟϢ' ľKϬ ǡƌ΢ϔǒ Ǯ]ẋ MBR Ĺz͢Z 4ẝɥ«' ľʐÍʉ ľǎỿṕ ľՈż̓ľ/4ń ūǎƽញšȰ Linux Ո boot loader r ῁ȑ/ūǎញń' ľZ4 4ŷΞৰP IDE ܰ֜ՈۅŤϬ 1^16 ՈQ 4 ǻ ľ ľz້Íʉ Linux ᢈǎ' ' ľz້Íʉ ľ ɥĆŤϬ hda13hda23hda33hda4 ໐ỿṕ ľŤϬº hda5 4 hda16 ľ4Ǫ̲ Linux ẜᢈǎỿ  Ոm[ 12 ǻ4ϵǸdzᢅ Linux ிඣɣųܰ֜ʇ͝ż̶ƅ 16 ṕ ľȑ/ņএńÍʉ ľ໐]«' ľ7Z4ẝɥ«&¬4ᕁϢÍʉ ľ࿁̻ȴƇŰ̡ϏՈ ľµś IJŸ]࿁šȰ¤ṁ̱ňிඣՈƣü4 ᪊ ້ᪿżΙɡ׏ϵɏᲳ๨νǬ'ේ3ک܄ľՈȖ ň້ńẝₐƆʹņᩲ ƅ͟zܰ֜3 ඗Ȁ4֜ޅęˈ-ˈϹϦČࠂϦČՈ9ᩥਜ਼ƶ҉ɦƣˊǎ⓶ᇇäƫ:PRৰxত ₐ☦º ľ͹4âிඣ ῁ƅ☢„᪪ඊúcՈ᩶ᢧ᪸Š4

੥ˊ 141֜ޅ^ৰ 8 ত âிඣ

ľ ūϬ fdisk ẟᜐܰ֜ 8.4.2

fdisk «PČඣՈ੥ˊ ľՈ1ͣ4◄ᡅͼ͛Ո« MS-DOS ʐ Windows [Kƅ fdisk £࿁K:]̶ IJ« Linux fdisk ՈỆϬ☦ŰË dzÑϬƷȺ ľՈିƧŰΝtPՂ̶࢑ିƧ4 ʁÐʸśfdisk [-b < ľ̓Ƀ>][-uv][̲Đ᪂̣Ïǻ] fdisk [-l][-b < ľ̓Ƀ>][-uv][̲Đ᪂̣Ïǻ...] fdisk [-s < ľේǻ>] ľՈâிඣ4 ľūǎ ᆩ¾ľ ȐrK࿁&ɣ& ֜ޅʁÐ᪸Šfdsik ࿁Ⱥ ◄ᡅͼ͛Ո« Linux fdisk ₋ϬrČඣՈ⒲ਘśА☦ ໐☢ିĨ DOS fdisk Ո cfdisk ~¬ś̱ ňА☦4!Ƶȉᢪ້ĆüǸᢍǣūϬ]ƫ IJ͢£࿁ᡅẠẠƆz DOS fdisk4 džϔ᪸Š  -b< ľ̓Ƀ>ūǎɣ ľՈ̓Ƀ4  -lϦūǎՈ̲Đ᪂̣Ո ľᜬźΡ4  -s< ľේǻ>ȺūǎՈ ľ̓ɃṗϦ4ʃβṗϦZ řĹ&ľų4 ľՈ᰻ϧŌŜ4 ľϔֲǚÏɭ☦ϔֲ ǡᜬ߾ɣ uʑ‑8-l9džϔᜬ ĆϬ-   -vº߾ČƨǍʻ4 ľᜬ̑Ρ ŷ 8.5@ɡ׏ƟQ̲Đ᪂̣Ո? fdisk -l ඗ȘΞĚ 8.4 ¤߾ ͣĿ̑ΡĆüȈǴƶ„ɳʟ໐]Ȑ4

Ě 8.4 ɡ׏ƟQ̲Đ᪂̣Ո̑Ρ

142 Linux ̱ňிඣ‑า^੥ˊ

ẝₐº߾ՈǍʻŅ ǀ̣ ᢧᪿΞ[ Disk /dev/hda: 80.0 GB, 80026361856 bytesܰ֜ʇǭₓ 80G4   ľ 9729» 63 ☦ޅ heads, 63 sectors/track, 9729 cylinders᪩ܰ֜ƅ 255 255  ɭ☦4  Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytesǭₓ« 8225280 bytes=8225.280 ඗Ȁ⒲L͹ƵȌሔ້ᪿⓉᪿ֜ޅK=8.225280M ͢ 512B &P«ľՈ̓Ƀ4ƅ͟ 9ᩥਜ਼ƶ҉ɦƣˊǎ⓶ᇇäƫ:PR4  Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System … /dev/hda10 7752 9729 15888253+ 83 Linux … ľ᪸Š4Linux ிඣՈỞϬᜬ߾ͩ& hd*x z sd*x ͢  *=a3b3c Ո֜ޅ» ẝPᾬ x=13233… hd Pჰ«ū IDE ܰ֜ sd Pჰ& SCSI zࢿ¬ƌʔ᪂̣4 8.5 ȳƈȱQ

·Q੄‑֜ޅ 8.5.1

Qᆵ& quota Ƌ☦ȯ5&└QՈ͛ɩ4ń Linux  quota ՈϦɴ«&rඝɣ‑֜ޅ ाⒸՈ̓Ƀ4֜ޅ‑dzϬ ›Ϭ ϵz Linux ிඣ«̶Ϭ›̶ç¥Ո ǔ̶rȅĆϦɴ̶¦͝ϬPܰ֜Ո̑Ρ4ΞȘ͢ ȑϢȰႸ͢ÂūϬ້ՈाⒸĆüǸ┑ĺ ơǧr¦ƿ֎4 ƅɌ‡ūϬ້Ϭǭǔ̶ܰ֜ाⒸ ‑ிඣᰈļ4 Ñ੥ˊɜà᪩ỆƟŌŌ΢ܰ֜Ոƿ└ඝͣĿūϬ້ Ȍˊ¤ :└quota ń Linux Ϭǡ੥ˊܰ֜ाⒸ4Ʒ«Pிඣµų ūϬr◄ᡅͼ͛Ñ[Yͥ 1 quota µųńẔᜐẋ࣏ĆȭϘ partition ľ Z⏅4ŷΞ ƅPϬ›Ո/dev/hda1 Ɵ quota Ẕᜐr Ϙ/home [Ո¤ƅֲơ῁ĆǛ4ȐʳՈ└:4 Ŧṁń/home [ 2 ]«¤ƅČƨՈ Linux ῁Γť quota ͢ͱʴȑ/Γť quota µų±࿁ūϬƷ4]ẋ ᩨŌ΢ڌ dzÑỞẋͱʴÍʉǡǒɴńɣ Linux ƶZ῁Ẕᜐ quota4Mandrake Linux ɨṇΙ ՈŌף◄ᡅϬ›Ⴎᜐේ᪕ͱʴ4ේ᪕ẋ࣏PǎᡅĽ/Н͛«Ȫ>ඓquota µų4ΞȘ̵ƅ ΢r quota µų4 QϕᜐՈ,Č Linux ǕOČ Ξ Mandrake 9.03Red Hat 8.0 ਍῁«ūϬՈ Kernelֲ 3 2.4.xx ͱʴ ƷΓť quota µų ͢‑าâ aquota.user3aquota.group «ϵ໅ČƨՈ quota.user3 quota.group ŋ൫໐ǡ4ƟϢ ŷūϬ›ūϬՈ«໅ČƨՈ quota KdzÑϬ convert quota ࣏Û ŋ൫4,ՈČƨ ͨ͢ǭɳ☢„Ι4 quota Ո└:ͱǭ'ᡅƅÑ[ό 1 soft limitƅɳǭₓ└:dz᱉ẋ 4ẝ└:ඝūϬ້P෗ΞrⒸ ń෗Ξƛͱ ाⒸ₎΢Ϧǡ ȺͥϬₓ֜ޅdzÑūϬ soft ȨՈाⒸ IJ«ȑ/ᡅń෗ΞrⒸẂ4QȺŤϬՈ ┑ĺႷ soft Ȩ7[4 2 hard limitɳǭₓ└:]dz᱉ẋ 4Pჰ hard limit ᪂ǎᡅʌz soft limit ẝ hard ࿁·۸Ո4᪂าƷՈňϬńzȴ⁖ūϬ້]ᡅ᱉ẋ‑Q4ɨΞ‑Qƅ 100M[»:└

੥ˊ 143֜ޅ^ৰ 8 ত âிඣ

limit Pჰɥ᪂ǎ& 100M ȳ᪂ soft limit & 75M ƟūϬ້Ϭǭr 80M r ிඣɥĆǕϦ ᨪɎ4ūϬ້Κ4ᨪɎǍʻȒɥᡅń෗ΞrⒸͱȺŤϬₓ┑ĺႷ 75M Ñͱ4 3 ෗ΞrⒸ෗ΞrⒸՈňϬZ☦>ඓȳẴǣ☢„±ϖr4ƟūϬ້ūϬՈाⒸ·z ाⒸ┑ĺ4 soft֜ޅsoft limit ʐ hard limit 7Ⓒr ń᪂ǎՈ෗ΞrⒸͱ ȑ/̿¢ͩȺŤϬՈ ाⒸŤϬ᱉ẋ soft limit ෗ΞrⒸᩥr„ɥĆႮ¬ȳ¬ ໐ƟाⒸŤϬ֜ޅlimit Ñͱ4Pb ┑4 soft limit Ñͱ ẝᩥr„ɥႮ¬ỄϦẔᜐ ਍Ǒ[PƅɳrⒸՈ4ǡ4

֜ޅา‑ 8.5.2

ɡ᪦£࿁ ƅ quota3 &̓ି ϬՈɥ« quota ʁÐK4quota ʁÐK֜ޅา‑ quotacheck3quotastats3warnquota3repquota ේṕ£࿁ ƅ edquota3setquota4[☦ɥż „ϬՈόʁФÑ᪸Š4 1Mquota ʑLJ ʁÐʸśquota [-guvs] [user,group] ʁÐ᪸Šº߾ƟQɌ๨ඈz້ɌūϬ້Ո quota └Ȩ4 džϔ᪸Š  -gº߾ group ๨ඈ  -uº߾ user  -vº߾ quota ՈȨ sÑ inod zܰ֜ाⒸǡº߾-  ŷ 8.6@º߾ֲQūϬ້Ո quota Ȩ? quota -guvs ?ŷ 8.7@º߾ūϬ້ user Ո quota Ȩ quota -uvs user 2Mquotacheck ʑLJ ʁÐʸśquotacheck [-auvgm] /yourpath ńẔᜐrĆƅâ̓ɃՈΝǜ̑ΡϦɴ֜ޅՈ quota ाⒸ4ϵz֜ޅʁÐ᪸ŠÏȳɌ üǸdz࿁ϦɴÏȳ඗Ș⏝᪳4&ᢧΟẝ⒲L ƟūϬ quotacheck ʁÐr ᝯÏȳľǻȺ Ⴎ¬᪂&Ǯᪿʒɳ4ÏȳǀtȒ Ïȳ඗ȘȺĆ΅͑᪩«ľż*঳4ΞȘ«!ƵÏȳ Ïȳǀ tȒƓϣ aquota.user3aquota.group â ΢ń/home/aquota.xxx ֲơ[4ΞȘ>ņএ quota ǮŰ,ẝâ4Ǹ̲ᡅĽ/ͼ͛Ո«ƟẔᜐ quota r ΞȘᡅₑȳ ɥȑ/̴͟ ⒱ quota Ñ̹Ǖϣ͛̿]4Ո⒲L4 džϔ᪸Š ֜ޅaÏȳ¤ƅń/etc/mtab >ඓ mount Ոͣƅ quota ΓťՈ-  uÏȳūϬ້Ոâ^ֲơ-   -vº߾Ïȳẋ࣏ gÏȳ๨ඈūϬՈâ^ֲơ-   -mƆ:ẟᜐ quotacheck Ľ/᪸Š ΞȘݴ4\ͩǀt quotacheck ̱ňՈ̑Ρ ẝ«ϵz,ČՈ Linux ǕOČń quota µųZՈ᪂ᩥ⒲LȰႸ4ᢧΟ5ͩǔ੄ř Ǯ◄ᡅϬ›¯1ņএ quota file ŷdz4

144 Linux ̱ňிඣ‑า^੥ˊ

3Medquota ʑLJ ʁÐʸśedquota [-u user] [-g group] [-t] z edquota -p user_demo -u user ʁÐ᪸ŠේṕūϬ້zūϬ້ඈՈ quota Ȩ4Ϭ edquota -u username z edquota -g groupname ǡ᪂า quota Ȩ«ż„ϬՈ4IJ«ΞȘϬ›ǔ̶ úǔ̶¦zඈՈ quota Ȩ῁Pʳ ẝʳ¯1PP᪂าǔഅ˔ z«ɥƅr̩:ͩ ŷȺɌ¦zඈՈ᪂ǎΙՈ quota Ȩ̩:4͢ ¦zඈZ4 džϔ᪸Š  -uේṕ user Ո quota Ȩ  -gේṕ group Ո quota Ȩ  -tේṕ෗ΞrⒸ  -p᪂ǎȨ̩:̱ň ?ŷ 8.8@ȺūϬ້ test Ո soft limit ʐ hard limit /᪂& 0.75M ʐ 1M edquota -u test ඗ȘΞĚ 8.5 ¤߾4

Ě 8.5 ẟ͑᪂ǎ

᪂า└:Ȩ ͼ͛]ᡅǚΝ blocks Ȩ ΞĚ 8.6 ¤߾4

Ě 8.6 ᪂า quote Ȩ

ȭĚՈόϔȨ᪸ŠΞ[ »filesystem ľ partition ŷᡅ᪂าՈाⒸᲳǐ ƨŷɥ«/dev/hda34 »blocksƟQūϬ້ƨŷ& test ͢Ϭ›ǻ uid=501 ń partitionƨŷ&/dev/hda3 ाⒸ řĹ& K4ẝϔȨϵ quota Ⴎ¬ᩥਜ਼ǣ4 ]ᡅǚΝ4֜ޅŤϬՈ¤ »soft ^ hardZ☦>ƅ᪪ඊ᩶Ẵ ͼ͛ϔȨՈřĹ« K4  inodesƟQŤϬՈᅆͥźɍ K«ϵ quota Ⴎ¬ᩥਜ਼ǣ4 ]ᡅǚΝ4 ?ŷ 8.9@Ⱥ user1 Ո quota Ȩ̩:ඝ user2 edquota -p user1 -u user2 ?ŷ 8.10@Ⱥ෗ΞrⒸ᪂& 2 Ƀr edquota -t ඗ȘΞĚ 8.7 ¤߾4

੥ˊ 145֜ޅ^ৰ 8 ত âிඣ

Ě 8.7 ᪂า෗ΞrⒸ

Ǯ◄ᡅȺ[☦Ո 0minutes Ν& 120minutes ŷdz4 4Mquotaon ʑLJ ʁÐʸśquotaon [-a] [-uvg directory] ʁÐ᪸Šȳ¬ quota4ẝūЫỞẋȳ¬ aquota.group ʐ aquota.user ẝâZ ☦ƅ᩶ᢧ ǒɴՈ üǸΞȘᡅϬ quotaon ʁÐ ɥȑ/̴ËᜐႷɅPƵ qutoacheck̿̿& ¬4 4 džϔ᪸Š  -aȳ¬¤ƅՈ quotaிඣႮ¬ȯâ/etc/mtab Ո᪂ǎ  -uȳ¬ūϬ້Ո quota ᪂ǎ  -gȳ¬ඈՈ quota ᪂ǎ  -sº߾Ǎʻ ?ŷ 8.11@ǮɬϏ/home [ՈūϬ້Ո quota ᪂ǎ ໐]ɬϏ group Ո᪂ǎ quotaon -uv /home 5Mquotaoff ʑLJ ʁÐʸśquotaoff -a ʁÐ᪸Š͟⒱ quota Ո└:4 džϔ᪸Š -a͟⒱¤ƅՈ quota ᪂ǎிඣႮ¬ȯâ/etc/mtab Ո᪂ǎ 4 8.6 2ƌ4ϣ ϑ(ƯƌŸ‡ΝŪ 0

˖◄ֲ- Linux ̱ňிඣ íɜ1̑Ρ ȕᩱTTr1 ¦Ÿᰈļᾬɜ1 h13ɜ1 h2 ᯦¥ᾬɜ1 f13ɜ1 f2 Tr1 XƗȭ¦Ÿᰈļᾬʐ᯦¥ᾬȈႮϒϦՈȑɜ1ẟᜐƅ͟âʐֲơƿ└Ոȕᩱ Ϣ ȒᩭÂØú4ƨᾬ⒬Ȓ͹ƿČǬඝ͢ÂȐw4ɴń Linux ń͘Ǽ>ඓt&r'ϕ̱ňிඣ IJ«ƽ͔⒲L¹ϢrrČÔ؄ Tr1 üǸÂᢍǣƅȑᡅɆẝȕᩱ4 ᢧΟ5˄ ˖Ϭ ls ʁÐ‑-l džϔɡ׏ֲơͱՈ̑Ρ ẝ«żȖƨᡅ̴ 1 ls -l

146 Linux ̱ňிඣ‑า^੥ˊ

඗ȘΞĚ 8.8 ¤߾4

Ě 8.8 ƟQிඣ¤߾̑Ρ

└ ɴńᡅȺ TEST1 Ոƿ â TEST1 Ոƿ└« 644úȒP[ΞŁᩥਜ਼کºẝ඗Șdz Ν& 777 chmod 777 TEST1 ɡ׏Ëᜐ඗Ș ls -l ńƟQֲơ[dzÑ׏4ΞĚ 8.9 ¤߾Ո඗Ș4

Ě 8.9 TEST1 Ոƿ└ᝯt£ǚΝ& 777

ǔŠºdzÑ׏4â TEST1 Ոƿ└>ඓᝯt£ǚΝ& rwxrwxrwx ŷ 7774 ẜdzÑȭâ¤ZĽȞƿ└ ẝrɥᡅϬ4 4 ĹϔƋ IJ « ਜ਼ͩẜ«PʳՈ4ĽȞƿ└Ո ȭàϔȨ& s z SSUID ȭà 44 s z SSGID ȭà 24 t z Tȭà 14 ɴńȺ TEST1 Ոƿ└͹ƵǚΝ&-rwS--S--T ṗ͑ chmod 7600 TEST1 ls -l ńƟQֲơ[dzÑ׏ᢅΞĚ 8.10 ¤߾Ո඗Ș4

੥ˊ 147֜ޅ^ৰ 8 ত âிඣ

Ě 8.10 ĽȞƿ└ǚΝt£ └ẜdzÑʌάŌPƵɳǚΝϘƟQֲơ[¤ƅâՈƿ└ ϞႷĉŐƄֲơՈâƿ KdzÑPƵɳǚΝ ẝɥᡅϬ4-R džϔ -R ϬǡỖƞ᪂า4 Ⱥ/home/user ֲơՈƿ└᪂า& rwxrwxrwx [root@localhost ~]# chmod 777 /home/user \ά4]ẋdzZ☦ՈɆͩ±±Ǯȭ/home/user ֲơՈâƅά ΞȘₐ☦ẜƅƄֲơ &ÑϬ[☦Ո5ͩẢȐϘ/home/user ֲơ^͢ՈâʐƄֲơՈƿ└῁PƵɳ᪂า rwxrwxrwx4 [root@localhost ~]# chmod -R 777 /home/user ūϬʁÐ chown ΝǜֲơzâՈ¤ƅƿ4 2 â^ֲơႮᵯՈƿ└ՈǚΝ5ͩZ☦>ඓƅ᪪ඊՈ᪸Š [☦·එȭâʐֲơՈ¤ƅ ƿǎ¤ʒϬ›ඈՈǚΝ5ͩ4 ẜ«̴Ëᜐ ls -l ׏׏ֲơ̑Ρ PǎᡅͧtẝΙL̻ ls -l ¤ dzÑ׏4ΞĚ 8.10 ¤߾Ո඗Ș4ẝ඗Ș±ϖᜬŠâ TEST1 Ո¤ʒϬ›ඈ& root ƅ້& root4ɴńᡅȺ TEST1 Ո¤ƅƿḰࢿ4Ϭ› user4 chown user TEST1 dzÑ׏4ΞĚ 8.11 ¤߾Ո඗Ș4

Ě 8.11 Ḱࢿ¤ƅƿඝϬ›

ẜdzÑḰࢿ TEST1 Ո¤ʒඈ4ඈ usersͼ͛]« user  chown :users TEST1

148 Linux ̱ňிඣ‑า^੥ˊ

඗ȘΞĚ 8.12 ¤߾4

Ě 8.12 Ḱࢿ¤ƅƿඝඈ

-R džϔ¹ϢdzÑϬzỖƞǚΝ Ñȴʌ1ňάɋ4

1 /᪸᪸ ext23ext33sysfs3/proc ʐ swap ՈĽͥǎàϬᇇĐ4 ֜ܰ¬2ΞŁញṁʐżṁPࢿ 3ƿ└ՈϔƋᜬ߾ͩ«ɚʳᩥਜ਼Ո 4ΞŁūϬ chmod ʁÐǡǚΝƿ└ 5quota ʁÐՈūϬ5ͩƅˮ‡