Interacción Célula Sinovial-Fibrina Como Mecanismo Patogénico Y Oportunidad Terapéutica En Artritis Reumatoide

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Interacción Célula Sinovial-Fibrina Como Mecanismo Patogénico Y Oportunidad Terapéutica En Artritis Reumatoide UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS QUÍMICAS DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOQUÍMICA Y BIOLOGÍA MOLECULAR I TESIS DOCTORAL Interacción célula sinovial-fibrina como mecanismo patogénico y oportunidad terapéutica en artritis reumatoide MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR Antonio Gabucio López DIRECTORA Olga Sánchez Pernaute Madrid, 2017 © Antonio Gabucio López, 2016 Universidad Complutense de Madrid FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS QUÍMICAS TESIS DOCTORAL Interacción célula sinovial-fibrina como mecanismo patogénico y oportunidad terapéutica en artritis reumatoide PRESENTADA POR Antonio Gabucio López Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Directora Olga Sánchez Pernaute I A todos los que me han ayudado por hacer la vida más fácil y a todos los que me han “des”-ayudado por enseñarme a ser más fuerte II III AGRADECIMIENTOS A la Dra. Olga Sánchez Pernaute, directora del estudio, por su incansable apoyo y asesoramiento científico. Al doctor Gabriel Herrero-Beaumont Cuenca, jefe de servicio de reumatología de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz, por su insustituible apoyo y sin el cual, esta tesis no hubiera sido posible. A los pacientes anónimos, objeto y objetivo del estudio, sin cuya existencia y solidaridad nada de esto tendría sentido. A la Sociedad Española de Reumatología, por el apoyo prestado en el origen de este proyecto. A la Fundación Conchita Rábago de Jiménez Díaz por su soporte financiero. A todas aquellas personas que de una u otra manera han contribuido al desarrollo de esta tesis doctoral. IV V ÍNDICE RESUMEN / ABSTRACT............................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCCIÓN............................................................................................................. 7 1. Relevancia clínica e impacto de la artritis reumatoide................................................... 9 1.1. Epidemiología.......................................................................................................... 9 1.2. Repercusión socioeconómica.................................................................................. 10 1.3. Etiopatogenia.......................................................................................................... 10 1.4. Autoinmunidad....................................................................................................... 12 1.5. Clínica y tratamiento............................................................................................... 12 2. La sinovitis reumatoide................................................................................................... 15 2.1. Histología de la membrana sinovial normal............................................................ 15 2.2. Cambios que se producen en el tejido durante la enfermedad............................. 16 3. Fisiopatología de la AR.................................................................................................... 20 3.1. Mecanismos inductores.......................................................................................... 20 3.2. Mecanismos de perpetuación................................................................................. 21 3.3. Mecanismos de progresión..................................................................................... 23 HIPÓTESIS Y OBJETIVOS.......................................................................................... 27 MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS........................................................................................ 31 1. Obtención y manejo de tejidos....................................................................................... 33 1.1. Población del estudio. ............................................................................................ 33 1.2. Cultivos celulares..................................................................................................... 33 1.3. Muestras histológicas.............................................................................................. 34 2. Diseño experimental....................................................................................................... 34 2.1. Polimerización in situ de fibrin̠͙͙͙͙͙͙͙͙͙͙͙͙͙͙͙͙͙͙͙͙͙͙͙͙͙ͶͶ͙͙ͶͶ 34 2.2. Citrulinación de fibrina y fibrinógeno...................................................................... 35 2.3. Experimentos de bloqueo....................................................................................... 36 2.4. Experimentos de silenciamiento (siARN)................................................................ 36 2.5. Ensayos de viabilidad celular................................................................................... 37 2.6. Controles para descartar contaminación mediada por lipopolisacáridos.............. 37 3. Análisis proteicos. ........................................................................................................... 37 3.1. Inmunohistoquímica................................................................................................ 37 3.2. Estudios de inmunofluorescencia............................................................................ 38 3.3. Homogenización de fibrina para estudios de proteínas.......................................... 38 VI 3.4. Western blot/inmunoblot e inmunoprecipitación.................................................. 39 3.5. Medida de liberación de citoquinas........................................................................ 39 3.6. Confirmación de la eficiencia de la citrulinación..................................................... 39 4. Análisis de ácidos nucleicos............................................................................................. 40 4.1. Extracción de ARN................................................................................................... 40 4.2. Retrotranscripción.................................................................................................. 40 4.3. PCR cuantitativa...................................................................................................... 40 4.4. Microarray de expresión génica.............................................................................. 41 4.5. Ensayos de cambio de movilidad electroforética (EMSA)....................................... 42 5. Obtención y análisis de datos.......................................................................................... 42 RESULTADOS.................................................................................................................. 45 1. La fibrina es un estímulo proinflamatorio para los fibroblastos sinoviales de pacientes con artritis reumatoide................................................................................................... 47 1.1. Estudio del transcriptoma inducido por fibrina en cultivos de FSAR....................... 47 1.2. La fibrina induce la expresión de las citoquinas proinflamatorias IL8 e IL6 en los FSAR......................................................................................................................... 48 1.3. La fibrina induce la expresión de ciclooxigenasa 2 por los FSAR............................. 51 1.4. Confirmación de la inducción de otros genes proinflamatorios y moléculas reguladoras por fibrina en FSAR mediante estudios de qPCR................................ 54 1.5. Resumen sección 1.................................................................................................. 57 2. ̠͜ ͆ͻ̭ΪͻΔ̠ ̠̮θͻϞ̠ ̠΍ ̠̮͆θΛΪ ̸̼ θΪ̠Δή̮ΪͻΧ̮ͻΝΔ ͣFΡ ̠ θΪ̠Ϟ̾ή ̸̼ ΍Λή Ϊ̼̮̼ΧθΛΪ̼ή ΂͜͸4 ̼Δ ΍Λή FSAR................................................................................................................................ 57 2.1. !̮θͻϞ̠̮ͻΝΔ ̸̼ ͣFΡ ̼Δ Fͼ!͸ ͻΔ̮ϓ̸̭̠Λή ̮ΛΔ ͆ͻ̭ΪͻΔ̠................................................. 57 2.2. La incubación con fibrina produce una activación de las quinasa intracelulares activadas por mitógeno en FSAR............................................................................. 60 2.3. Estudio de los receptores putativos de fibrina en FSAR, mediante silenciamiento postranscripcional con sondas siRNA...................................................................... 61 2.4. Estudios para descartar contaminación por lipopolisacárido................................. 65 2.5. Resumen sección 2.................................................................................................. 65 3. La citrulinación aumenta el efecto de la fibrina sobre la expresión y síntesis de las citoquinas proinflamatorias............................................................................................ 66 3.1. Eficiencia de la citrulinación de la fibrina con las peptidilarginín deiminasas (PAD) 2 y 4............................................................................................................... 66 3.2. Ensayo de viabilidad celular en FSAR incubados con fibrina citrulinada................. 67 3.3. Expresión génica de IL8 e IL6 en FSAR incubados con fibrina citrulinada en comparación con fibrina nativa............................................................................... 68 VII 3.4. Niveles de IL8 e IL6 en los sobrenadantes de FSAR incubados con fibrina citrulinada en comparación con fibrina nativa........................................................ 69 3.5. Estudios para descartar contaminación por lipopolisacárido del medio y las enzimas citrulinantes............................................................................................... 69 3.6. Resumen sección 3.................................................................................................
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