Repräsetationen Von Männlichkeiten in Schwuler Pornographie – Eine Forschungsfeldanalyse

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Repräsetationen Von Männlichkeiten in Schwuler Pornographie – Eine Forschungsfeldanalyse Repräsentationen von Männlichkeiten in schwuler Pornographie Eine Forschungsfeldanalyse Representations of Masculinities in Gay Pornography A systematic review of the research field M A S T E R A R B E I T Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Kultur-, Sozial- und Bildungswissenschaftliche Fakultät Zentrum für transdisziplinäre Geschlechterstudien Erstgutachterin: Prof. Dr. Silvy Chakkalakal Zweitgutachter: Dr. Benedikt Wolf Simon Herchenbach Gender Studies (M.A.) Matrikelnummer: 572653 [email protected] DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/20318 Eingereicht am: 21.12.2018 Mit vielen Dank an die Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung für die freundliche finanzielle und ideelle Unterstützung. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 EINLEITUNG ............................................................................................................... 2 1.1 FORSCHUNGSVORHABEN ................................................................................................... 4 1.2 METHODISCHES .............................................................................................................. 5 1.3 AUFBAU......................................................................................................................... 6 1.4 BEGRIFFLICHKEITEN .......................................................................................................... 8 2 GESCHICHTLICHES ................................................................................................... 13 2.1 SCHWULE PORNOGRAPHIE .............................................................................................. 13 2.2 DAS FORSCHUNGSFELD ................................................................................................... 21 3 FIGUREN VON GEWICHT .......................................................................................... 26 3.1 FIGURATIONEN VON SCHWULER MÄNNLICHKEIT .................................................................. 26 3.1.1 Der effiminierte Mann ..................................................................................................... 27 3.1.2 Der hypermaskuline Mann............................................................................................... 31 3.1.3 Der heterosexuelle Mann ................................................................................................. 34 3.1.4 Der HIV-positive Mann ..................................................................................................... 44 3.1.5 Der rassifizierte Mann ..................................................................................................... 55 3.1.6 Der Transmann ................................................................................................................ 62 3.1.7 Resümee: Der schwule Mann .......................................................................................... 65 3.2 DIE BEDEUTUNG VON SCHWULER PORNOGRAPHIE ............................................................... 67 3.2.1 Moralpolitische Wertung ................................................................................................. 68 3.2.2 Wirkungsgrad .................................................................................................................. 72 3.2.3 Rezeption der Bildebene .................................................................................................. 77 3.2.4 Abschließende Gedanken: Pornographiekompetenz ....................................................... 79 4 FAZIT ....................................................................................................................... 81 4.1 FORSCHUNGSLÜCKEN UND SCHWERPUNKTE ........................................................................ 82 4.2 SATURATED MASCULINITY ............................................................................................... 83 4.3 POST PORN .................................................................................................................. 84 4.4 AMATEUR .................................................................................................................... 85 LITERATURVERZEICHNIS .................................................................................................. 90 PRIMÄRQUELLEN ....................................................................................................................... 90 SEKUNDÄRLITERATUR ............................................................................................................... 101 „Porno ist Teil des schwulen Lebens und der schwulen Geschichte. Damals wie heute. Was kann man sich mehr wünschen?” [Kevin Clarke 2013: 229] „Pornography is an act of insurrection against the dominant order.” [„The Missandrists” (2017) von Bruce LaBruce] 1 Einleitung Ein junger Latino sitzt rauchend auf einer Mauer eines Berliner U-Bahn-Eingangs. Er hat einen athletischen Körperbau, kurze Haare, kurz-getrimmter Bart, ein paar Tattoos auf den Armen, Turnschuhe, lange Sporthose, blaues T-Shirt. Vorbei kommt ein etwa gleichaltriger Mann, von der Statur etwas schmächtiger, ebenfalls Latino, dunkler Schnurrbart, Kleidung und Habitus deutlich schwul kodiert. Sie halten Blickkontakt, mustern sich, fassen sich in den Schritt und gehen aufeinander zu. Sofort deutet der auf der Mauer Sitzende vor sich auf den Boden, der andere kniet sich hin und bekommt Füße und Schuhe ins Gesicht, wird auf den Boden gedrückt, an den Haaren gezogen und sein Kopf in den Schritt des anderen gedrückt – er wird dominiert. Die Szenerie setzt sich so die nächsten 23 Minuten im U-Bahn-Eingang, am Bahnsteig und schließlich in einem Waldstück fort, der Dominierte leckt Füße, wird angespuckt, ins Gesicht geschlagen und oral und anal penetriert. Das Ganze endet schließlich mit dem Samenerguss des Dominanten unter sehr tiefem Stöhnen in das Gesicht des anderen – von dem den ganzen Clip über kaum ein Ton zu hören ist. Das hier Beschriebene ist eine Szene aus dem aktuellsten Film des Berliner Schwulenpornolabels Cazzo, Berlin Sneakers von Felix Kamp (2016)1 mit den Darstellern Macanao Torres und Rick Lous. Torres repräsentiert in dieser Szene den straight-acting Jock, also einen stereotyp athletisch-maskulinen schwulen Mann, der sich jedoch von 1 Auf dem DVD Cover wird der Film mit folgendem Statement beworben: „German pigs wear sneakers. On the Berlin Metro, on roof terraces, in clothing shops and outside in nature they lick sport shoes, sniff worn socks and suck their sneakers!” Die Abbildungen zeigen verschiedene Szenen aus dem Film, jeweils Darsteller in Sportoutfits, Turnschuhe scheinen dabei das wichtigste Accessoire sowie auch das Objekt der Begierde zu sein. Am oberen Rand prangt der Schriftzug „BERLIN SNEAKERS“, wobei das erste „E“ als stilisierte Deutschland-Flagge dargestellt ist. 2 jeglichem schwulen Habitus abgrenzt. Seine körperliche Überlegenheit wird durch Körperhaltung, Körperbehaarung und Stimmlage betont und inszeniert. Lous repräsentiert den stereotyp Schwulen, leicht effiminiert, Kleidung komplett von einer bekannten schwulen Fetischmarke, keine Körperbehaarung, seinem Gegenüber körperlich deutlich unterlegen, mit anderen Worten: Der im Schwulenporno prototypische „,feminized’ man who is thin, young, hairless, subordinate, and ready to serve the ,real’ man” (J. Poole 2014: 287). Susanna Paasonen merkt zur Analyse von Heteropornographie an, dass es „little analytical effort“ benötigt, um pornographische Bilder „as stereotypical and repetitive or their chosen terminology as predictable“ zu erkennen, „since the circulation of standard types and stock characters is the stuff that porn is made of” (Paasonen 2011: 159). In Hinblick auf die Szene des Cazzo-Films fällt auf, dass Paasonens Analyse auch auf schwule Pornos angewendet werden kann: Es wird nach wenigen Sekunden deutlich, dass es sich bei der Szene um eine Reproduktion heteronormativ-sexistischen Sexualverhaltens handelt; die damit einhergehende Rollendichotomie von aktiv/passiv, dominant/untergeordnet ist auch sofort erkennbar.2 Die beiden Darsteller spielen also stereotype Figuren von schwulen Männern, die in den meisten Pornofilmen wiederzufinden sind – John Mercer (2012a) würde hier von „prototypical porn bottom“ und „prototypical porn top“ sprechen. Bis hierhin benötigt es tatsächlich „little analytical effort“, um das Gesehene einzuordnen. Paasonen merkt jedoch weiter an: „[A]nalyses of pornography’s lexicon or iconography should not be limited to literal cataloguing […] Instead, one should ask whether there is more to these choreographies in terms of the overall modality of porn […] that needs to be accounted for.“ (2011: 159) Erweitert man die obige enge Lesart der oben erwähnten Szene um Paasonens Einwand, kommt schnell die Frage auf, warum 2 Nach Linda Williams (1989) basiert Heteropornographie auf den Rollenzuschreibungen von Männern als sadistisch, dominant und machtvoll, Frauen hingegen als masochistisch, unterwürfig und machtlos. Schwuler Pornographie wird oftmals vorgeworfen, diesen Dualismus zu reproduzieren (Kendall 2004b; Burke 2016a; Brennan 2018a). In der schwulen Subkultur wird für diesen Dualismus, insertiv/rezeptiv, das Begriffspaar Top/Bottom genutzt, welches, wertneutral die Positionen beim Analsex beschreiben soll (auf Deutsch am ehesten aktiv/passiv), jedoch vielfach auch als Identitätskonzept genutzt wird. Personen, die beide Rollen einnehmen, bezeichnen sich demzufolge als Versatile. Siehe im Detail dazu Kapitel 3. Siehe im Detail zu Macht und schwulem Analsex Kippax und Smith (2016). 3 hier, in einem schwulen Pornofilm,
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