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John Bartlam's Porcelain at Cain Hoy, 1765-1770 Stanley South University of South Carolina - Columbia, [email protected]

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John Bartlam's Porcelain at Cain Hoy, 1765-1770 Stanley South University of South Carolina - Columbia, Stansouth@Sc.Edu University of South Carolina Scholar Commons Archaeology and Anthropology, South Carolina Faculty & Staff ubP lications Institute of 2007 John Bartlam's Porcelain at Cain Hoy, 1765-1770 Stanley South University of South Carolina - Columbia, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/sciaa_staffpub Part of the Anthropology Commons Publication Info Published in Ceramics in America 2007, ed. Robert Hunter, 2007, pages 196-202. http://www.chipstone.org/ © 2007 by the Chipstone Foundation This Book Chapter is brought to you by the Archaeology and Anthropology, South Carolina Institute of at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty & Staff ubP lications by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Industry;' in Ceramics inAmerica, edited by Robert Hunter (Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England for the Chipstone Foundation, 2004.), pp. 60--77- 4. Stanley South, John Bartlam: Staffordshire in Carolina, South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology Research Manuscript Series 23I (Columbia: University of South Carolina, W04); Bradford L. Rauschenberg, "John Bartlam, Who Established 'new Pottworks in South Carolina' and Became the First Successful Creamware Potter in America;' Journal ofEarly Southern Decorative Arts I7, no. 2 (I99I): I-66. 5. Stanley South, The Search for John Bartiam at Cain Hoy: American's First Creamware Potter, South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology Research Manuscript Series 2I9 (Columbia: University of South Carolina, 1993). 6. South,fohn Bartlam, pp. 27-30. 7. Ibid., p. 157· • 8. Alfred Coxe Prime, comp., TheArts and Craft; in Philadelphia, Maryland and South Caro­ lina, I72I-I78S: Gleanings frrim Newspapers ([Topsfield, Mass.]: Walpole Society, I929), p. n6. 9. Philip M. Hamer, ed., The Papers of Henry Laurens, I6 vols. (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press for the South Carolina Historical Society, 1968-2003), vol. 8, Oct. IO, I77I-April 19, 1773 (I980), p. 55. ro. Prime, Arts and Crafts, p. I20. Stanley South John Bartlam, a Staffordshire master potter, immigrated to the Charleston "' area in South Carolina area sometime about 1763 to establish a manufac­ tory of refined pottery. 1 Bartlam's first attempt to produce ceramics in America began in a settlement in St. Thomas Parish known in the eigh­ John Bartlam's teenth century as "Cain Hoy" (now Cainhoy), on the north bank of the Wando River, north of Charleston. This summary of the project introduces Porcelain at Cain the events that led to the recovery of examples of Bartl am's ceramics made at his Cain Hoy enterprise, including the unexpected discovery of evidence 2 H .T , 1765-1770 of his soft-paste porcelain. John Bartlan1's South Carolina factory was significant enough to concern • Josiah Wedgwood, who saw it as an attempt to take over the earthenware market in the American colonies from England. 3 Bartlam found good clay at Cain Hoy and was beginning to establish his operation in 1765. On Sep­ tember 28,1765, the South Carolina Gazette reported that John Bartlam had promised "To make every kind of earthenware that is usually imported from England."4 In May 1768 he mortgaged his factory to further finance the undertaking, and within a year advertised for young Mrican Americans to work as apprentices in the new business. By 1771 he claimed to be mak­ ing "Queens Ware" and "china" at a manufactory located on Old Church Street in Charleston, and advertised for six apprentices.s By 1773 his factory had failed and his foreman, William Ellis, went to Salem, North Carolina, where he taught the potter Rudolph Christ how to make queensware and tortoiseshell ware as well as salt-glazed stoneware.6 By 1774 Bartlan1 had moved his factory to Camden, South Carolina, and was exporting to Charleston his "Queen's Ware," which was said to be "equal in quality and appearance, and can be afforded as cheap, as any imported from England7'7 He died in 1781, and his property in Camden was seized and sold for debts in 1788.8 In the 1960s I carried out excavations, assisted by Bradford L. Rauschen­ berg, in the Moravian settlements ofBethabara and Salem, North Carolina, 196 STANLEY SOUTH and found examples made in the 1780s of the type of mold-made cream­ ware Ellis had taught Christ to make in 1773.9 This ware caused something of a sensation among ceramic scholars because no examples of the type of tortoiseshell ware and cream ware made by Bartlam and Ellis were known to exist.IO In 1968 Bradford Rauschenberg found a pottery mold with the initials "R.c." on the back.II This mold was used for making floral sprigs to deco­ rate pottery, such as that being made in the Leeds factory in England at the time. This indicates that Rudolph Christ was making some of the English­ style pottery I found in Salem. In 1969 I went to South Carolina and began to see cream-colored and multicolored tortoisehell-glazed earthenware on archaeological sites of the Revolutionary War period, at inety Six, Fort Watson, and Camden. 12 Because the wares could not be identified as made by either Bartlam, Ellis, or Christ, we came to call them, generically, "Carolina creamware." This type of cream ware has a darker cream color than the British creamware so well known from eighteenth-century British colonial sites. As I expected, when Kenneth Lewis excavated at Camden he found many Carolina-made earthenware fragments, 651 in all, and described the types. But the kiln site where John Bartlam worked beginning in 1774- has not yet been located.'3 In 1972 George Terry, now vice provost for university libraries and collec­ tions at the University of South Carolina, researched the documents relat­ ing to the Cain Hoy site of Bartlam's factory. As a result; he visited the location and found a number of Carolina cream ware bisque sherds, indi­ cating that Bartlam's kiln at Cain Hoy was likely not far away. He found these clues to Bartlam at a site on St. Thomas Point, just west of the road to a boat dock. There had been some surface bulldozing, perhaps to obtain soil for the road or to fill a swimming pool once located nearby. The collection made by George Terry is in the McKissick Museum, and a number of the fragments have been discussed and illustrated by Rauschen­ berg. One example was decorated with great skill using what appears to be Figure I Teabowl fragments, John Bartlam, Cain Hoy, South CaIOlina, 1765-1770. Sofr-paste porcelain. (Courtesy, South Carolina Instirute of Archaeology and Anthropology; photo, Stanley South.) This painted decoration occurs on several teabowls and was dubbed "Bartlam on the Wando." A sherd from a similar tea bowl is overlain for comparison, to show the sim­ ilarities in the painted design. 197 JOHN BARTLAM a one-hair brush. to delicately execute a Chinese-style figure in a curved­ bow boat (fig. 1).1+ Other sherds found by Terry reveal a variety of wares apparently made by John Bartlam in his Cain Hoy factory. In September 1990 George Terry, Chester DePratter, and I visited the St. Thomas Point site and discovered that it was under development and lots were being sold for homesites. The opportunity to conduct survey and testing on the site immediately became more urgent. DePratter found a shell midden not far from the place where Terry had found the bisque sherds many years before, and it seemed, from other artifacts pres­ ent, that the midden dated to the third quarter of the eighteenth century. Of particular interest was the discovery of a number of broken but mend­ able bisque ware sherds from the base of a cream paste vessel, the type of ware expected to be recovered in the vicinity of Bartlam's kiln. The inter­ pretation of the piece was that it had been taken into a household located at the shell midden during the time the Bartlam factory was in operation, 1765-1770. It was conjectured that this household might have been that of Bartlam, who had stated that he lived at his factory at this time. The unfinished base suggests that perhaps the kiln was not far away, since such pieces normally have no practical use and usually are discarded near the kiln. At George Terry's suggestion, Richard Brooks and David Crass, archae­ ologists with the Savannah River Archaeological Research Program at the South Carolina Institute ofArchaeology and Anthropology (SCIAA), Uni­ versity of South Carolina, visited the St. Thomas Point site in March 1991. They drew a sketch, excavated some test units into the shell midden area, and conducted additional surface collection of artifacts. They concluded that the site postdated 1750 but was not Bartlam's kiln site, even though it was of the right period to have been his residence. A desire to locate the kiln was the primary focus of interest generated by Terry'S pieces of bisque cream ware. In August 1991 the site was placed on public record for the first time and a research proposal and design was written. The primary goal of our joint project was to learn more about the pot­ tery made by John Bartlam at Cain Hoy between 1765 and 1770 and to find evidence of Bartlam's factory, kiln site, or waster dump. A secondary goal was to relate Bartlam's ware, as it could be determined at Cain Hoy, with fragments of such ware found on other archaeological sites in South Car­ olina, if any could be identified. To carry out this phase of the project, col­ lections at the SCIAA, as well as those in the Charleston Museum, were searched for sherds possibly made by Bartlam.
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