Book Reviews : An Ecumenical Introduction. Texts and Contexts of Global .

Edited byF.J. Verstraelen (gen.ed.i.A. Camps, L. A. Hoedemaker, and Marc R. Spindler. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 1995. Pp. vii, 498. Paperback $24.99.

The Dutch have always had a particular ship between and the world" (p, 4). the time of Columbus and Vasco da Gama genius for missiology. This ecumenical Both the mission of God and the sentness (1492) to the twentieth century. Ecumeni­ introduction, an updated and revised En­ of the church must be examined in close cal mission begins with the IMC integra­ glish translation of the 1988 Dutch origi­ relation to biblical and systematic theol­ tion into the WCC (1961) and Ecumenical nal, demonstrates our continuing indebt­ ogy. An "ecumenical" approach recog­ CouncilVatican II (1962-65). "Missionary edness to ground-breaking contributions nizes the plurality of perspectives vitality" is shown by newer contextual by Dutch missiologists. An integrated held by missiologists as well as the diver­ in Africaand Asia, and by Latin missiological handbook could probably sity of geographic, cultural, religious, and American liberation . American have been produced only in the Nether­ other missionary contexts. We cannot yet Protestant missions and current evange­ lands, where Reformed and Catholic speak of an "ecumenical missiology" (p. listic efforts in Russia are examined. missiologists have closely collaborated for 437), but the authors hope for a "shared The conclusion outlines the genesis decades. The result is a systematic work of conversion to the essentials" of a common of a common missiology in the Nether­ Continentalscholarship-comprehensive, missiology. lands and reviews currenttrends. Today's balanced, and analytic-which offers The survey opens with sketches of leading missiological options are said to correctives to the more pragmatic and the"experience of Christianity" in several be church growth, theology of dialogue, results-oriented efforts of North Ameri­ geographicregions: the MiddleEast, Neth­ and liberation theology. Catholic, ecu­ can missiologists. erlands, China, Ghana, Indonesia, and menical Protestant, and evangelical mis­ An opening query about the mean­ Brazil. These demonstrate the polycentric sion movements are analyzed. ing of missiology first evokes an unquali­ diversity of global Christianity and the With the rise of polycentric global fied negative answer-it is not the study unique forms, problems, and yearnings Christianity, missiology has the task of of Christian expansion from the West­ peculiar to each region. Six essays explore fostering cross-cultural communication then a more tentative reply. It is a disci­ the meaning of unity and diversity occa­ and of beingthe "initiatorand mediatorin pline "searching for a new working self­ sioned by "appeal to one holy scripture as dealing with the new challenge that theol­ definition" (p. 2). Missiology examines the focus of unity in a complex and di­ ogy will face on every side" (p. 467). the multiplicity of processes in which verse Christianity" (p. 121). Missiology Missiology's contribution toward main­ Christianity is involved globally, both must re-examine the biblical foundations taining the unity of global Christianity planned and unplanned. It studies the for the why, how, and what of mission; will lie in making sense of Christian plu­ "movement of Christianity," using in­ address questions ofbiblicalhermeneutics ralism. Readers will be challenged by sights from church history, cultural an­ in various interpretive contexts; and de­ many propositions put forward here. thropology, , or sociol­ velop a theological model for the Chris­ -James A. Scherer ogy, but always from a "faith perspec­ approach to people of other . tive." A historical sectiontraces missionary James A. Scherer is Professor Emeritus, Lutheran "Mission is ... the dynamic relation- motives, methods, and relationships from School of Theology at Chicago.

Arab and Christian? Christians in ture and economic theory rather than for the Middle East. the spirit of the risen Christ. Even when Protestant missionaries worked hard at By Anton Wessels. Kampen: KokPharos Pub­ conversion, they found that members of lishingHouse,1995. Pp. 255. Paperback DFI ancient Christian communities (e.g., Ar­ 59. menian and Greek Orthodox) were more open to their evangelical invitations than It is clear that AntonWessels is a historian. Arab and Christian? also is a study of either Muslims or Jews. Even when he deals with the future of the mission, for Wessels looks carefully at The translation of Wessels's book is church in the Middle East, he approaches efforts to spread the Gospel in the lands sometimes awkward and ambiguous. It is the question with a scholarly look at the where the Good News first was preached. such an important work that one hopes the past. He shows, for example, that the de­ Throughout the book he looks at mission rough places will be made plain English in cline of the church in the Middle East strategies that failed largely because they later editions. This excellent book is made predates the rise of ; in large parts of were long on enthusiasm and short on even more helpful by thorough endnotes the region the decline occurred because understanding. And he demonstrates that and a full index and by a very extensive Christianity was essentially Roman and the enthusiasm of the nineteenth-century bibliography of works published in En­ failed to become indigenous. missionaries often was for Western cul­ glish, French, German, Dutch, and Arabic.

January 1997 31 In a time when Christians in Europe to the building of a more humane world. A of : and North America as well as advocates Then, says Wessels, "one will be able to The Rainbow of Faiths. for the Gospel in other lands must deal speak in the third millennium of both with Islam and , this volume pro­ Arab and Christian." By John Hick. Louisville, Ky.: Westminster/ vides a thoughtful analysis of the interac­ -J. Martin Bailey John KnoxPress, 1995. Pp.x, 160.Paperback tions among the Abrahamic faiths in the $14.99. Middle East. The author's careful treat­ J. MartinBailey, a volunteer in mission serving the ment of the rise of fundamentalism in all Middle East Council ofChurches underappointment One Earth Many Religions: three faiths is especially noteworthy. oftheCommon Mission Board oftheUnited Church Multifaith Dialogue and Global In the end,Wessels iscautiouslyhope­ ofChrist andtheDisciples ofChrist, works primarily Responsibility. ful. If the church becomes what Jean withtheArabChristian community inPalestine and Corbon calls "the community of God and Israel. Healso serves ascommunication consultant By Paul F. Knitter. Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis Arabs," it will make a unique contribution to churches throughout theMiddle East. Books, 1995. Pp. xiv, 218. Paperback $16.95.

Both of these books represent what has come to be known as the pluralist position regarding Christianity's relation to other religions. Both are lucid and respond to various criticisms made of the pluralist THE PEW CHARITABLE TRUSTS approach. They are also similar in eventu­ ally arguing that the truth of a is known by its ethical fruits. However (like Research Advancement Grants for Projects good pluralists), they are dissimilar in on Christian Mission and World Christianity their route to this common goal: Hick via a Kantian-type philosophical framework and Knitter via a ecopolitical-liberationist The Religion Program of The Pew Charitable Trusts invites route. The commonality in their dissimi­ proposals for large-scale projects that will enhance team lar routes lies in their highly problematic research and publication in studies of Christian Mission and (to this reviewer), non-Trinitarian non-Western Christianity. Grants will be made on a and reductive . Hick's book opens with an excellent competitive basis for two- to three-year collaborative projects summary of what he calls his pluralist that will contribute significantly to the advancement of hypothesis, developed in his magisterial scholarship on cross-cultural mission and/or the development Interpretation of Religion (1989). The fol­ of Christianity in the southern and eastern continents. Grants lowing four chapters are written in a dia­ will range from $50,000 to $100,000 (U.S.) per year. logue form, with Hick being questioned philosophically (by "Phil") and theologi­ cally (by "Grace"). One might say that Projects should be directedby one or more established scholars, Hick, while being respectful to Phil and have access to appropriate research facilities, involve scholars Grace, overcomes both-and Grace is a from two or more regions of the world, and contribute to the more subdued figure than I would have preferred. Footnotes indicate the real-life intellectual and cross-cultural vitality of the global Christian critics, and the main text deals with issues. movement. Projects that are interdenominational and The four main contentious topics are interdisciplinary and that elicit significant contributions from postmodern critiques and truth claims, the non-Western world are particularly welcome. Two or three the knowability of the Real, (note the ordering), and mission and dia­ grants will be awarded at the end of 1997, subject to the quality logue. ofproposals received and the availability offunds. I would register two responses. First, this book is useful for a summary of Hick The deadline for receiving initial proposals (maximum four and for highlighting key issues in the de­ pages) for 1997 Research AdvancementGrants is May 1, 1997. bate. Second, Hick's position still seems driven by a problematic epistemology, For further information and instructions please contact: which means that "" is always controlled by philosophical presupposi­ Geoffrey A. Little, Coordinator tions (basically agnostic Kantianism), Research Advancement Grants Hence, not only Christians but "ortho­ Overseas Ministries Study Center dox" members of other traditions might 490 Prospect Street well find his global interpretation of all religions yet one more particular vantage New Haven, Connecticut 06511-2196 point claiming priorityoverall other truth U.S.A. claims. Perhaps pluralism conceals an Tel: (203) 865-1827 exclusivism! Fax: (203) 865-2857 Knitter's book is part 1 of a two-vol­ E-mail: [email protected] ume study. It is prefaced by a moving and interesting autobiography in which Knit­ ter plots his conversion from exclusivism to inclusivism to pluralism. The latter is also charted from theocentricism (in No

32 INTERNATIONAL BULLETIN OF MISSIONARY RESEARCH OtherName? 1985), where God was seen as the center of all religions, to what Knit­ Fifteen Outstanding Books of 1996 ter calls a "multi-normed, soteriocentric" approach (p. 17). The latter position is for Mission Studies based on two maininfluences: (1)Knitter's reading of liberation theology, whereby The editors of the INTERNATIONAL BULLETIN OF MISSIONARY RESEARCH have selected the the alleviation of the suffering of the following books publishedin 1996for specialrecognitionof theircontributionto mission marginalized is the norm for salvation studies. We have limited our selection to books in English, since it would be impossible (from whereverit comes), and (2)ecologi­ to consider fairly the books in many other languages that are not readily available to us. cal theology, which posits that redemp­ We commend the authors, editors, and publishers represented herefor theircontribution tion must also foster and sustain the to the advancementof scholarshipin studiesof Christianmissionand worldChristianity. interconnectedness of all created life. Itisdifficult not to agreewithKnitter's Bickers, Robert A., and Rosemary Seton,eds. sentiments, but the basis for these senti­ Missionary Encounters: Sources and Issues. ments and their utilization in his argu­ Richmond, Surrey, England: Curzon Press. Paperback £19.95. ment are theologically problematic. "Al­ Bays,Daniel H., ed. leviation of suffering" is unquestionably Christianity in China: From the Eighteenth Century to the Present. important, but what constitutes "suffer­ Stanford, California: Stanford Univ. Press. $55. ing" and its "alleviation" are exactly what is at stake, and here the genuine plurality Hiebert, Paul G., and Eloise Hiebert Meneses. of definitions and practice shows no clear Incarnational Ministry: Planting Churches in Band, Tribal, Peasant and consensus. Nor do they show, contrary to Urban Societies. Knitter's claim, that when one gets down Grand Rapids, Mich.: Baker Books. Paperback $19.99. to suffering and its alleviation, experience is only thinly mediated by interpretation. Hunsberger, George R., and Craig Van Gelder, eds. Alleviatingsufferingis no straightforward The Church between Gospel and Culture: The Emerging Mission in North task! Knitter is also curiously Pelagian in America. failing to consider the problem of action Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans Publishing Co. Paperback $26.00. being the determinative criteria of salva­ Irvin, Dale T., and Akintunde E. Akinade,eds. tion, not least because all "action" is al­ The Agitated Mind of God: The Theology of Kosuke Koyama. ways theory laden. Second, Knitter's use Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis Books. Paperback $20. of the earth (this time mediated by sci­ ence, not the religions), as proclaiming a Karotemprel, Sebastian, et al., eds. salvific interrelatedness, has the effect of Following Christ in Mission: A Foundational Course in Missiology. defining salvation prior to any religious Boston, .: Pauline Books and Media. Paperback $19.95. mediation. This is surely questionable. The gaia hypothesis is precisely that: a Kraft, Charles H. hypothesis; and whether science ought to Anthropology for Christian Witness. dictate what theologians think is also con­ Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis Books. Paperback $25. troversiaL Interrelatedness as a mark of Krummel, John W., ed. salvation is more properly a Trinitarian A Biographical Dictionary of Methodist Missionaries to Japan: 1873-1993. insight and one that could then creatively Tokyo: Kyo Bun Kwan. Available from Cokesbury, P.O. Box 801, Nashville, interact with various scientific hypoth­ Tenn. $85. eses. Knitter seems to run the arguments the wrong way round. Miguez Bonino, Jose. A playful critic might suggest that Faces of Latin American . Knitter is simply a modern liberal-leftist Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans Publishing Co. Paperback $16. "pagan" with universalist leanings! And without the second volume, which prom­ Newbigin, Lesslie. ises to deal with Christology, it is difficult Truth and Authority in Modernity. to respond to this comment. But this pre­ ValleyForge, Pa.: Press International. Paperback $8. cise methodologicalorderingof his project Saayman, Willem, and Klippies Kritzinger, eds. fuels my concern. The logic of the present Mission in Bold Humility: David Bosch's Work Considered. book is that one can arrive at such radical Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis Books. Paperback $25. conclusions from within Christianity and then subsequently move to examine Sanneh, Lamin. Christology (and no doubt find Piety and Power: Muslims and Christians in West Africa. Christological endorsement for already Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis Books. $25. established conclusions). Another case of philosophicalpresuppositionscontrolling Van Engen, Charles. theology? Mission on the Way: Issues in Mission Theology. -Gavin D'Costa Grand Rapids, Mich.: Baker Books. Paperback $24.99. Walls, Andrew F. GavinD'Costa, Senior Lecturer in Theology, Uni­The Missionary Movement in Christian History. versityofBristol, England, isadviser tothebishops Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis Books. Paperback $20. of the Roman Catholic Church and the Anglican Church in the United Kingdom on theology and Woodberry, J. Dudley,Charles Van Engen, and Edgar J. Elliston, eds. otherfaiths. He is currentlywriting a book on the Missiological Education for the Twenty-first Century. Trinity andotherreligions. Maryknoll, N.Y.: OrbisBooks. Paperback $15.

January 1997 33 Concise Dictionary of Religion. of discipleship, or will they become in­ By IrvingHexham. Downers Grove, Ill.,and creasinglycultic? Finally, will olderChris­ Leicester, England: InterVarsityPress, 1993. tian movements be able to move into posi­ Pp.245. Paperback $16.99. tive relationships with such churches in orderthateach mightlearnfrom the other? In searching for a criterion or two appro­ MacLaine (lithe Madame Blavatsky of the This bookis significantand shouldbe priate for the review of this dictionary, I late twentieth century," p. 141) but not studied by all who long to see churches on became acutely aware of the importance Gustavo Gutierrez or Louis Farrakhan? every continent reach those outside their of perspective. Hexham is quite open about There are actuallysomereal surprises, traditional boundaries. his own(1)undergraduate religious stud­ despite one's respect for Hexham's per­ -Paul E. Pierson ies, (2) Christian orientation, and (3) con­ spective. The article on Roman Catholi­ servative outlook (e.g., lithe old liberal cism is so distorted as to be embarrassing, Paul E. Pierson, Dean Emeritus and Professor of approachis an anachronism," p. 241). And and the one on racism makes no allusion no doubt that perspective accounts for at all to its effects in the United States. HistoryandMissionandLatinAmerican Studiesat some (to me) curious dimensions of his Teilhard de Chardin, with all respect to the School of World Mission of Fuller Theological choices about what to include among the Hexham, is more worthy of note for his Seminary, Pasadena, California, served as a mis­ sionary in Brazil (1956-70) andinPortugal (1971­ more than two thousand entries covering vision of the universe (a la Col. 1:15-20 73). all the world's great religions and much and Eph. 1:3-14) than for his relation to more. (My own perspective is that of a Piltdown Man or his alleged pro-Fascist liberal, Catholic,]esuit priestwithdecades sympathies! Contrary to Hexham, the Ro­ ofseminary,refugee,and missionarywork man Catholic Church claims Christ, in the Middle East and Africa.) not Peter, as its founder. There is no doubt that Hexham has Some of my remarks may be quib­ admirably accomplished what he set out bling, others perhaps not. But they illus­ Historiography of the Chinese to do. The book is a genuinely handy trate that the value and utility of this com­ Catholic Church: Nineteenth and quick-reference tool for young students pendium do indeed depend on one's ba­ Twentieth Centuries. often woefully ignorant of their own reli­ sic perspective. gion, let alone the religions of others -Simon E. Smith, S.]. Edited by [eroom Heyndrickx, C.I.C.M. throughout the world. One admires his Louvain: Ferdinand Verbiest Foundation, discipline while wondering, sometimes 1994. Pp.510. BF1,400. bemusedly, at his criteria for inclusion. Simon E. Smith S.J., is currentlystaffingRefugee Immigration Ministry in Boston, which provides For example, why is Hans Kling included With this volume the Ferdinand Verbiest pastoral andsocial services to detainees of the U.S. but not]ohn Paul II (or PaulVI or any Pius Foundation, located at the Flemish-lan­ Immigration Service. but IX)?Why George Orwell and Shirley guage segment of what was once Louvain University in Belgium, has grandly launched its series LouvainChineseStud­ ies. The foundation's research program focuses on lithe history of relations be­ tween the Low Countries and China" and, Spontaneous Combustion: Grass within that scope, focuses on the mission­ Roots Christianity, Latin America ary enterprise in China (p. 5). This book Style. ranges morewidely,however. It publishes papers from a conference of 1990 and re­ By Clayton L. (Mike) Berg and Paul Pretiz. ports on projects touching Catholic mis­ Pasadena, Calif.: William Carey Library, 1996. sionaries from several European coun­ Pp. 296. Paperback $9.95. tries as well as North America. It also calls for more work presenting the circum­ This important book by two veteran mis­ styles of leadership and are dif­ stancesand perspectivesofChineseCatho­ sionaries of the Latin America Mission ferent from typical Protestant churches. lics and manages to include some ex­ describes the new family of churches Most affirm all the biblical gifts of the amples. (Francoise Aubin shows, in her emerging in Latin America, which are Spirit but differ from traditional Pente­ fascinating account of Catholic practice now a worldwide phenomenon. Such costals. Some relate positively to the from the point of view of Chinese believ­ churches constitutethe most rapidlygrow­ broader Protestant movement, and some ers, what can be gleaned anthropologi­ ing Christian communities in most parts are extremely sectarian and exploitative. cally from European ecclesiastical ar­ of the world. While classification cannot There are both positive lessons and chives.) be precise, the authors suggest the follow­ dangers in these movements. The book Merely to list the fifty articles of the ing: those that have no history of being a raises manyissues thatrequiremorestudy. volume would tax the space limits of this product of a missionary organization or One is the question of spirits in a continent review. Perhaps the book is best consid­ an established foreign denomination, where various forms of spiritism consti­ ered a sort of encyclopedia on its topic, those that have become decidedly free of tute the most widely practiced religion. At offering capsule histories of the modern foreign influence and have adopted au­ whatpointdoes contextualizationbecome mission experience in China of a number thentic national characteristics, and those syncretism? A second is that of leader­ of Catholic missionary orders and societ­ plantedby missionariesfrom anotherLatin ship. As the founding, often authoritarian ies, as well as selected topical essays on American country. leaders pass from the scene, who will take the experience of some Chinese Catholics. They range from churches among the their places? How will they be selected In addition, the articles report usefully on very poor,meetingin warehouses, to those and trained? Third, will those churches projects under way all over the world, on among middle-class professionals. Most move into the mainstream of evangelical previously published work, and on ar­ flourish in growing urban centers. Their Christianity and a deeper understanding chives of use to future researchers. The

34 INTERNATIONAL BULLETIN OF MISSIONARY RESEARCH book, however, is not intende d to be com­ for King George's War includes discus ­ vania, and Herrnhut, Germany. He is also pr ehensive. Not only are major compo­ sion of the natu re of wa rfare according to well acquainted with the appropri ate sec­ nents of the Catholic mission en ter prisein Europea n and Native American under­ onda ry material. China in the nineteenth and twenti eth standings, the meth ods of wa rfa re ofboth Westmeier's book is a valua ble con­ centur ies not well represented, but the peoples, and Moravian pacifist atti tudes. tributio n to the field of Moravian mission contributors to the volume arekeenl y con­ Althoug h at times a cumbe rsome device, stu d ies and to th e w ider a re a of scious of th e scholarly road still to be this approach do es provide a more thor­ missio logica l research. traveled . ough understan d ing of the mission effort - Dav id A. Scha ttschneider In a collectio n of essa ys of such diver­ than a trad itional historical account alone. sity, it is striking how prominent in the Westmeier, who teaches at the Alli­ David A. Schattschneidcr is Dean and Professor of historiography are the religiou s orders ance TheologicalSemi nary in Pue rto'Rico, theHistory ofChristiallity at Ivumniia n Theological and missionary societies as boundaries of has mad e extensive use of Morav ian ar­ Seminaru, Bethlehem, Pennsuioania. research and thereby bar riers to a general chiva l materials in Bethlehem , Pennsyl­ view. These d ivisions in Ca tholicism ap­ pear as difficult for scholars to breac h as Protestant denom inations, perhap s more so.The turn to study of the Chinese Ca tho­ lics has some potent ial for ove rcoming the blinder of the orders.The effects on schol­ ars of the provin cialism of the orders might also be tackled from quite the other end . THE FOUNDATIONS Robert Carbo nnea u points to the puzzle of the Vatica n, that "a grea t contribution O F to th e hi storiography of th e Ca tholic Churc h in China wo uld be the unravelin g HISTORICAL of the 'Roman mentalit y' rr (p. 78). -Ernest P. Young UNDERSTAN DINC

Ernest P. Young is ProfessorofHistory, Uniuersitv Robert Eric Fryk enberg of Michigall, Alln Arbor, Michigall.

'T h is is a thou gh tful treat ise in the rea lm between histo ry and philoso phy, the product o f mature reflecti o n on The Evacuation of Shekomeko and the part o f a histori an who has him self the Early Moravian Missions to struggled for decad es with the issues Native North Americans. o f histo rical under standing and wr iting By Kl7r l-Wilhelm Westmeier. Leiois ion, N .Y.: hon est history. . .. T his book reinfor ces eloq ue ntly the trut h that deep ­ Edunnb/iellen Press,1994. Pp.ix444. $109.95; seated religiou s or ideol ogical bel iefs inform th e very co nce ptua liza tio n paperback $89.95. o f h istory and are inext ricably int ertwined wit h hi storica l un derstanding." In 1740 Moravian mission aries began a - DANIEL H . BAYS work amo ng Native Americans in south­ wes tern colonialNe w York atShekomeko. "T h is imp o rtant new work provides a pe net ratin g guide to histori cal This effor t was beset by a host of difficul­ knowledge and its str uc ture and limits.. .. [It] g ives us o ne o f the best ties from its inception until it was finally int rod uct ion s that we have to the relat ionship bet ween know led ge, be lief, given up in 1746. Westmeier has written and faith in histo rical stud y, help ing to elucidat e th e historical gro unding the most compre hensive study of thiswo rk ever to appear and has don e so from a of and search for meaning." un iqu e perspective. -STANLEY C. PAY NE The difficulties the Morav ian s en­ countered were in relation ship to var iou s "Build ing up on four decad es o f his ow n sc holarl y work in the field o f local civil au thorities. Westmeier has iso­ history, Frykenberg presents a no tab le ach ievemen t for clarifyin g the lated eight specific incid ents of this typ e rich overlap between facts and theo ry, evide nce and belief, histo ry and and uses them to form the fra mework of the book. He approaches his task with a religion, East and West. H e deserves to be commend ed." method he labels "missiological .. . that is, - LAM IN SANN EH research from the persp ective of the inter­ cultural communication of the Christian faith " (p. iv), Thus while tellin g the his­ ISBN 0 -8028 -0739-9 • 383 pages • Paperb ack • $27.00 tory, he also ut ilizes extensive material of At your bookstore, or call 800 -253-7521 • Fax 6 16-459-6540 an anthropologica l and sociological na­ ture to provide helpful contextualiza tion for the events he is describing. So, for 60431~ WM. B. EERDMANS PUBLISHING CO. example, the description of the conflict 255 JEFFERSON AVE. S.E. / GRAND RAPIDS, MICH IGAN 49503 provoked over British recruiting efforts _ I'"

January 1997 35 Winds of Change: Rapidly Growing Religious Groups in the religious groups are growing while the Pacific Islands. mainline churches are declining. Ernst that the appeal of these new reli­ ByManfredErnst. Suva, Fiji: Pacific Confer­ gious groups "seems to lie in meeting the enceof Churches, 1994. Pp. xvii, 357. Paper­ very fundamental needs of individuals in back $15. rapidly changing societies" (p. 248). It is also noteworthy that without exception, In this comprehensive study Manfred New Zealand, and Hawaii. He surveys as far as his research is concerned, all the Ernst, a social scientist with wide experi­ four categories of religious movements: new religious groups have their basis and ence in research and writing and field­ (1) the most widespread and well-estab­ majority of adherents in the urban areas. work in the Caribbean and Latin America lished new religious groups (the Assem­ This well-written book is especially during the 1980s,documents the invasion blies of God, the Baha'i faith, the Mor­ useful because of the inclusion of many of new religious movements into the Pa­ mons, the Jehovah's Witnesses, and the tables, maps, charts, section summaries, cific region, primarily in the last thirty Seventh-day Adventists); (2) the most re­ statistical appendices, glossaries, and an years, and discusses their affect on the cent arrivals (nine churches discussed); index. It should serve as a standard refer­ established "mainline" churches. The pat­ (3) breakaway new religious groups (six ence work for many years to come, and I tern is clear: the percentage of Pacific Is­ churches studied); and (4) evangelical­ commend it highly. land Christians in the historic mainline fundamentalist parachurchorganizations -Darrell L. Whiteman churches has dramatically declined dur­ (eight organizations analyzed). ing the past two decades, while some of Following this excellent descriptive the newreligious groupsare growingrap­ survey, Ernst presents case studies of six Darrell L. Whiteman, Professor ofCulturalAnthro­ idly. Pacific Island nations, documenting how pology in the E. Stanley Jones School of World Ernst's three-year study sponsored the new religious groups are interacting MissionandEvangelism atAsbury Theology Semi­ by the Pacific Conference of Churches with and affecting the historic mainline nary in Wilmore, Kentucky, has had mission and spans the Pacific, excluding Papua New churches. Part 3 of the book attempts a research experience incentral AfricaandMelanesia. Guinea,the MarianaIslandsin Micronesia, sociological analysis of why these new

Bamboo Stone: The Evolution of a hospitals throughout China, especially in Chinese Medical Elite. the field of dentistry. Bamboo Stoneis a valuable addition to By Karen Minden. Toronto, Ontario: Univer­ the history of missionaryactivityin China, sityofToronto Press,1994. Pp.xio,201.$45. a tribute to the fortitude of the "medical elite," and an acknowledgmentof the need My heart skips a beat! A history of "my" themselves upon an unwilling Sichuan for deep roots to counterinevitablestorms. university-butwhata strangetitle. Open­ Province in the early years of the twenti­ -William W. Small ing the book, I find it is the name of a Qing eth century-and faced the first of many dynasty poem: "Cleavingto the mountain storms. The idealistic pioneers eventually never letting go / Roots sunk deeply in succeed in attracting youth from a conser­ jagged stone / Still standing strong and vative, Confucian society to a Western­ firm after many storms / No matter what ized Christian campus community pro­ direction the wind blows." My mind moting science and technology. The Mainline Church's Funding flashes back to the eleven years I worked Japanese occupation drives four Crisis: Issues and Possibilities. at the West ChinaUnionUniversity (1941­ more-advanced universities to seek ref­ 52) and to my eight visits since 1973;Bam­ uge on the West China campus. Competi­ By Ronald E. Vallet and Charles E. Zech. boo Stone is indeed a suitable title. tion is intensebuteventuallyenhances the Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 1996. Pp. The author's extensive research and status of the university. The moderate xxv, 170. Paperback $16. understanding of Chinese history enable winds of change after 1949 are followed her to reflect with candor and insight on by hurricanes; doctors and dentists be­ "Ron Vallet and Charles Zech tell us what the many storms affecting the life of the come pariahs for many years until the we in the mainline church have been re­ university. Bamboo Stone goes beyond in­ wind shifts its direction yet again when luctant to admit. The numbers do not lie," teresting facts and figures; in it, history the "medical elite" receives official bless­ says William Willimon in the foreword of comes to life, paradoxes and conflicts are ing. The Mainline Church's Funding Crisis. In­ graphically portrayed. Assessing the outcome at the end of a deed, the authors bring the kind of cre­ Uninvited, zealous American, Brit­ storm-plagued era, Minden reflects on dentials to this study that encourage the ish, and Canadian missionaries thrust failure and success. The missionaries' vi­ reader to focus on the issues without sus­ sion of meeting the medical needs of the pectingthatbiases or self-servingassump­ William W. Small is the retired Vice-President, then ten million people of the Sichuan tions dictate the outcomes. YorkUniversity,Toronto, Canada. A missionary of plain was not realized. However, eventu­ Vallet offers a description of the mis­ the United Church of Canada, appointed by the ally the university was named one of the sion-funding crisis, including evidence UnitedBoard forChristian Colleges in China, New six key medical universities (out of 112)in drawn from surveys and reports from York, he was bursar of the West China Union China. Its alumni have served on policy­ churchsources as well as secular and pub­ University (1941-51) and lecturer in English and making bodies, given leadership in col­ lic media. Zech looks at the funding crisis instructorin physical education (1951-52). leges andinstitutes,andprovidedstafffor through the lens of theories based in social

36 INTERNATIONAL BULLETIN OF MISSIONARY RESEARCH science, follo wed by a focu s on the issu es Joseph Prem are, S.)., and the substantial However, it should be noted that none of that are germa ne to the crisis. Vallet con­ u npublished writings of Antoin e d e the articles provides much informationon cludes the study with sections on the life Beauvollier, S.J., reveal the complex na­ the ada ptation of Christian beliefs and of the church in mod ernity and on the ture of the Rites Contro ve rsy . pr actices by ord ina ry Chinese to indig­ future of church an d denominati on in a Special mention must be ma de ofErik enous popular culture. pos trnodem wo rld. Zurcher's rem arkabl e contribut ion, for it Most of the essays are very well re­ In their su m mary the authors ac­ is one the very few cha pters that conside rs sea rched and provide muchnew informa­ knowledge that the crisis is real, but the the essentially European Rites Controversy tion on and new insights int o a brief but socia l science theories did not yield any from a Chinese persp ective. Zurcher pr e­ highl y significant episode ofthe protracted clear-c ut causes or solu tions . Nonethe­ sents a fascina ting int erpretation of early Chinese Rites and TermCont roversy.Since less,both authors claim hop e for the church Chinese Christianity as an "indigenous there is as yet no definitive or com prehen­ if "it takes serious ly the assumptions and margin al religion," a hyb rid crea ted by sive history, this scholarly w ork affo rds a household rul es of the Bible and theologi­ converted Chinese lower-fringe literati. useful introduction to the tragic struggle, cal reflection," ar ticu lated in the last chap­ ter. That hop e, how ever, is based on imagi­ nation that faces the future instead of nos­ talgia that backs into the future. Mea nwhile, in the tran sition to the future, congregations will fare better than denominations. Ha ving said that, the au­ thors believe denom inations will remain, Special Price: $59.95 although they give no suggestions as to The Fifth Bound Volume of what a viable denom inati onal struc ture wo uld look like in the futu re. Pastors, lay lead ers, and missions-relat ed personnel SSIONARY would he we ll served to struggle honestly with the rea lities revealed through thi s GOLD study . It is more than an antidote for ei­ INTERNATIONAL B ULLETIN OF ther myopia or denial. It is a call to re­ MISSIONARY R ESEARCH. 1993- 96 newal of a bibli cal kingd om agenda for Limited edi tion . 274 Contributors the church in the twenty-first century. Only 300 bou nd volumes 299 Book Reviews -William R. O'Brien available . Each volume ·175 Doctoral Dissertations is indi vidua lly numb ered and signed personally William R. O'Brien is the Director of the Global by the editors . Center of Samford University's Beeson Divinity ere is more gold for every theolog­ Sehoul, Birmingham, Alaba ma.He is aformermis­ H ical library and exploring scholar of sionary in Indonesia. mission studies- with all 16 issues of 1993- 1996- bound in red buckram. with vellum finish and embossed in gold lettering. It matches the earlier bound volumes of the Occasional Bulletin ofMissionary Research, 1977-1980 (sold out), and the International Bulletin ofMissionary Research, 1981-1984 (sold out), 1985- 1988 (sold out). and 1989- 1992 (a few copies left). At your fingertips, in one volume : David Barrett's Annual Statistical Table of Global The Chinese Rites Controversy: Its Mission, the Editors ' annual selection of Fifteen Outstanding Books, and the History and Meaning. four-year cumulative index.

DE Mungello.Neiteial:SteylerVerlag,1994. Special Price: $59.95 until WHILE THEY LAST Pp. .r , 356. $40, OM 60. December 31, 1997 1989-92 volume $64.95 after J anuary 1, 1998 for $54.95 The essilys in this volume were first pr e­ Send me bound volume(s) of the International Bulletin of Missionary sented in 1992 by Chinese and Western Research, 1993-96 at $59.95 and bound volume(s) of 1989-92 at $54. 95. scho lars at a symposium coinciding with Orders outside the U.S.A. add $7.00 per volume for postage and handling. the three hu nd red th anniversary of the Payment must accompany all orders. Pay in U.S. dollars only by check drawn Kan gxi emperor's Edic t of Toleration for on a U.S. bank, International Money Order, or VISA/MasterC ard. Allow 5 Chri stia nity. They inclu de a superbana ly­ weeks for delivery within the U.S .A . sis of th e repercu ssions of C ha rles • Enclosed is my check in the amount of $ made out to "International Maigrot's fate fu l man dat e ag ains t th e Bulletin of Missio nary Research." Chinese rites of 1693, which forma lly in­ • Charge $ to my VISA or Mas terCard : aug urated the most dram at ic phase of the long -simmering controversy between the Ca rd # Expire s _ jesuits and their mainly mendicantadver­ Signature _ saries over the accom modation between Christianity and Con fucian ism, Chinese • Name religion, and the worship of ances tors. Addres s Another valuable contribution sheds new light on the "fa tal clas h of wills" in 1706­ 7between Rom e's pleni potentiary,Ca rdi­ Mai l to: Publications Office, Ove rseas Ministries Study Center, 490 Prospect Street, New Haven. CT 065 11 U.S.A . nal de Tournon,and the Chinese em peror. The two essays on the Figurist ideas of

January 1997 37 which agitated the church for several cen­ Now you can visit OMSC on the World Wide Web! turies. D. E. Mungello of Baylor Univer­ sity, an expert on early mod ernSino-West­ http://www.OMSC.org ern cultural exchange, is to be congratu­ o Our 1996-97 Study Program lated for a well-edited volume . - R. G. Tiede ma nn o International Bulletin of Missionary Research o Doane Missionary Scholarships o Senior Mission Scholars R. G. Tiedemann teaches modem Chinesehistoryat theSchoolofOrientaland African Studies, Univer­ Overseas Ministries Study Center sity of London. He is currently engaged in research 490 Prospect St., New Haven, L:T 06511 leading towarda history of the Chinese Christian Church.

Charismatic Christianity as a Global Culture.

Edited by Karla Poewe.Columbia:University of South Carolina Press, 1994. Pp. xiv, 300. $34.95. > ~ T oW theverybestofth~ ...... The worldwide growth of Pent ecosta l! charism atic Christianity has long merited 0i i !Jtr~!~!~;~s :~~;r~~ extensive research and analysis.Yet infor­ · c mation has usu all y co me only from ...· tive, durabl~hardbackfrom Orbis . .• Euramerican mission agencies through publications that report on successes and B6okk. lricl\lded are the founders .. assure hom e constituencies that related ··•.••· ~ rid 1l16~ t p~o m i nent i~ aders of t:h e ..•.•. overseas churches conform to their doc­ Christianmission~u J' inovemen t: .. .. trinal and ecclesias tical standards. Unfor­ tunately, this limitation has the effect of fr6 mth ei~ t:e 1 8 th c erifury to the .. presenting charisma tic Christianity as a .• presellt:] Jhri R. Mott, PopePi~sXI ; monolithic movem ent. Karla Poewe, pro­ fessor of anthropology at the Unive rsity . >RuthRouse, William Carey, Francis of Calgar y, and the other contributors ·....·.·. X. Ford; Roland Allen, I-Iendiik · . challenge this portrayal. · ···· Kraem er; S ~ephe n Neill ; E; Siariley ..•... Hardly unifor m, Pentecostal and charis matic Christianity transcends eth­ .•.... Jones,Joseph Schlllidlin, Wilhelm .. nic, racial, and class boundaries to consti­ •. •.••••..•••Schmidt, Alan R 1:'ippett,Max . tute a "global culture:' produced by its . " '-: :::':, >:,:."::::.:,':-<-::,:-:::-::::>::::::":.:,:::":.;:::>:.'::->.--­.. :" ::"':" . . "experiential, idealistic, biblical, and op­ Gerald H.>Anderson . . Warren, Helen Barnett . positional" dimensions (p. xii). Although -:, ,':'.'." ...- . .-" ... ' , ,' , ' ,,' ,' ,' , , . -, . ' ... ' ..'. RobertT.Coote .. .. Montgomery, Lucy Waterbu ry .. it lacks a sing le integrating sys tem of the­ Phi~p,David ology and liturgy, prominent features in­ · · · · · · / Nor~ aIl A. Horner · .. ·. Peabody,John .•.•...• . clud e a believer's person al relationship . " ." " " , . Sim~on;al1d • James M. Phillips •. Livingstone, Charles .••... with God, love of one's neighbor, and . many more.AuthJrs ofthesebio­ holistic religious experience.To study the . editors magnitude of this culture, Poewe gath­ .•...... > ·i ••. graphic ~lsketchesare a verit: ~ble ered experts in socio logy, anthropo logy, history,and religious studies to share their 0~88344.,.964: ..':who's wbo"ofcburchhistorians; .ISBN 1 insights; am ong them were such well­ $36.50 Cloth ... · .... inc1uditigDana R6bert,]ohri C. . known scholars as Walter Hollenweger, ....•..... Bennett, Karl Muller, SVD, Lesslie David Martin, and Russell P. Spittler. tions, Turning Oralit y into Literary Na r­ theological library and on theb6o~ •.• rativ e-the Making of Pent ecostal and Holy Spirit Hi story, and Charismati c shelf of e~erystu4ent ()fWorld .• Christian Thought. .. Christiariityarid fuission. • . The emphasis on the seemingly un ­ ending diversity ofcharisma tic Christian­

38 I NTERNATIONAL B ULLEl IN OF MISSIONARY R ESEARCH ity loads the term "charismatic" with so much assorted baggage that it fails to rec­ ognize adequately the unity of millions of Pentecostalsand charismaticsin theircon­ World Mission fession of evangelical faith. While much work remains to be done, Poewe's in­ sightful volume nevertheless is a signifi­ Rethink your understanding of mission. Prepare to work in other cant contribution to the study of global cultures or at the very edges of your own. Earn a degree or spend Christianity. a productive sabbatical. Study with the imaginative and resourceful ---Gary B. McGee missionaries and missiologists on Catholic Theological Union's faculty.

GaryB.McGee, a contributing editor, is Professor Claude-Marie Barbour John Kaserow, MM of Church Historyat the Assemblies of GodTheo­ logical Seminary, Springfield, Missouri. He co­ Stephen Bevans, SVD James Okoye, CSSp edited theDictionary of Pentecostal and Charis­ Eleanor Doidge, LoB Jamie Phelps, OP matic Movements (1988). Gary Riebe-Estrella, SVD Ana Maria Pineda, RSM Archimedes Fornasari, MCCJ Robert Schreiter, CPpS Anthony Gittins, CSSp Roger Schroeder, SVD

Transforming Health: Christian CONTACT: Eleanor Doidge, LoB Approaches to Healing and 5401 South Cornell Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60615 USA Wholeness. 312.753.5332 or FAX 312.324.4360 Edited by EricRam.Monrovia,Calif. MARC Publications, World Vision International, 1995.Pp. 344. Paperback $21.95. Catholic Theological Union This book is a collection of twenty-three essays contributed by Christian health Member ofthe Chicago Center for Global Ministries workers from around the world. Its pur­ pose is to describe and promote a holistic view of health from the Christian perspec­ tive. An introduction by the book's editor, Eric Ram, director of Global Health Pro­ grams of World Vision International, pro­ MARYKNOLL LANGUAGE INSTITUTE vides the reader with an overview of the RESPONDING TO THE CHALLENGES OF MISSION IN THE 90s material organized in four sections. The five essays in part 1, "Healing The basic aim of the Maryknoll Language Institute is and Wholeness," provide the basic bibli­ to assist Church personnel in the acquisition of cal and conceptual background for holis­ communicative proficiency in language skills in the tic health care. To achieve true wholeness context of mission. and health, we must learn from the ex­ ample of Christ and treat not only the • Basic Courses: Spanish, Quechua, Aymara body but also the mind and spirit, not only 22 weeks starting every January and July. the individual but also the community in • Intermediate/Advanced Courses: which he or she lives. Sickness is a result of 6 weeks six times a year. microbes, but it is also a result of social • On-going Orientation Program: Pastoral vision poverty, mental ignorance, moral weak­ ofChurch documents ofCELAM: Latin American ness, and spiritualemptiness. Part2,"Mak­ history, culture; basic Christian communities; ing Health a Reality," is a collection of role ofwomen in Latin America. nine essays that describe practical efforts • Rich Liturgical Life. by Christians in large and small projects to • Pastoral Theological Reflection Groups; transform individuals and communities .~ pastoral situations; involvement with local people: in a holistic fashion. Part 3, "Building orphans, street children, homeless women in Healing Communities," focuses on the Cochabamba. importance to health of an individual's • Professional Staffwith mission experience; well trained Bolivian instructors. sense of community and provides ex­ • Living QuartersIHousing with Bolivian families or local religious communitiesin amples of supportive Christian commu­ which target languages are spoken. nities. Part 4, "Breaking New Ground," presents Christian perspectives on con­ LOCATION: COCHABAMBA, BOLIVIA IN THE HEART OF LATIN AMERICA troversial forms of treatment suchas those For further information and a brochure write to: based on African traditional medicine, Registrar herbal cures, pranic healing [from prana, Instituto de idiomas Sanskrit for "vital principle"], and home­ Casilla 550 opathy. As one would expect, not all of the Cochabamba, BOLIVIA essays in the book will awaken the same Tel. (011) 591-42-41521 level of interest in the reader, nor do they Fax (011) 591-42-41187

January 1997 39 all fit neatly under thei r assig ned sections. Christianity and the Religions: A But in Transforming Health, Dr. Eric Ram of World has put together a very useful, theoretical, Religions. and practical overview of holistic medi ­ cine from a Christian standpoint. Edited by Edward Rommen and Harold - Tom Frist Netland. Pasadena, Calif.: WilliamCarey Li­ brary, 1995. Pp. 274. Paperback $9.95. TomFrist,PresidentoftheInternational Federation of Anti-Leprosy Associations (ILEP), worked for "They have Hindus as their neighbors, probl ems and concern which face any eighteenyears in Brazil, Tanzania, India ,andViet­ their childre n go to school with Muslims. Christian" (p.10).So Gordon T.Smithsets namwith UN, university,andmissionary associa­ Religious pluralism is a fact of their lives, the scene for this welcome volume by tions in disability, health, refugee,and educational and these people seem to be dece nt, ordi­ memb ers of the Evangelical Missiological activities. nary people who wrestle with the same Society. The first section consists of essays from biblical schola rs. They provid e rich material for discussion, but there are un ­ resolved herm eneuti cal issues. The reli­ gious pluralism that the biblical writers ate knew is hardl y the pluralism that Gordon rch at Smith describes, yet we get here only a biblical theology of the religions of the d."* ancient world. 1wonder how helpful that is to contem porary American laypeople. Missionaries have a betterappreciation of what it felt like to be Paul in Athens, Corinth, or Ephesus than do purely bibli­ cal scho lars. See, for example, Don Howell's brilliant discussion of Paul's at­ titudes from within a Japan ese context. A less helpful sectio n entit led "Historica l and Doctrinal Perspec tives" contains nev ­ ertheless a stimulating essay by Charles Van Engen, "The Uniq ueness of Christ in Missio n Theology." Some serio us editorialomissions mar he list of suggested readings add this book's usefulness. There is no index f the twenty-eight essays is the and no indication of who the contribu tors are. There are errors and omissions in the lWmi,bliography of current viewpoi bibliographies. A word-processing pro b­ missions that I have seen , and lem has peppered some pages with intru ­ enough to recommend the bo sive hyphens. Gordon Smith sums up one of the , and anyone else wh book's abiding themes. He writes, "dia­ ns regard their glo logu e can also includedebate, when this is , " -SAMUEL HUGH MOFF und erstood in the broad sense of gra­ cious, reasoned contention-conversation that enables people to think clearly , and wrestle with the human predicament" (p. 20).Not only is this helpful to understand­ ing interreligious activi ty, it could also 21st Centu presage a new dialogue bet w een eva ngelicals and ecumenicals on the the­ ology of religion. an Mission - Kenn eth Cracknell Kenneth Cracknell,a BritishMethodist, is Research SM. PHilLIPS • ROBERT T. COOTE • Professorin Theology andMissionat BriteDivinity School, Fort Worth , Texas. Heserved forfive years as a missionary in Nigeria . ISBN 0-8028-0638-4 Paper, $24.99

t your bookstore, or call 800-253-7521 FAX 616-459-6540 331 I~WM. B. EERDMANS PUBLISHING CO. _ 255 JEFFERSON AVE. 5.E. I GRAND RAPIDS. MICHIGAN 49503

40 INTERNATIONAL BU LLETIN OF MISSIONARY R ESEARCH Recognize the Spiritual Bonds wide variety of themes: history of Mus­ Which Unite Us: Sixteen Years of lim-Christiandialogue,early pioneers,role Christian-Muslim Dialogue. of the popes, the Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue, youth, dialogue Edited by Thomas Michel and Michael in the church's mission, praying together, Fitzgerald. Vatican City: Pontifical Council worldwide dialogue initiatives, and dia­ for Interreligious Dialogue, 1994. Pp.142.No logue in the Abrahamic tradition. The price given. reader thus develops a sensitivity and solid appreciation of the central impor­ The attractive, colored cover of this book original documents, biographical vi­ tanceof dialoguein today's worldchurch. clearly signals its central theme: Muslim­ gnettes, plus colored (over 100)and black­ The book is thoroughly helpful in Christianinterfaithdialogue. Two pictures and-white photographs. providing a panoramic perspective of dia­ appear on the cover: the painting of the The title of this volume is selected logue in its many forms. Readers will have sixteen-century Islam emperor Akbar from a reflection by John Paul II in An­ their appetites whetted to explore in (shown presiding over an interreligious kara, Turkey, in 1979, when the pope greater depth the role that dialogue with discussion among Catholic priests and asked: "I wonder whether it is not urgent all religious traditionsnecessarilywill play Muslim scholars) and a 1992 photo of .... to recognize and develop the spiritual in the Christian church of the third millen­ Muslim leaders and Pope John Paul II in bonds which unite us" (p. 15). Similarly, nium. dialogue in a mosque in Dakar, Senegal. on a 1980 African visit the pope declared -James H. Kroeger, M.M. Edited by two Islamic experts of the in Nairobi, Kenya: "On my part I wish to Vatican's Pontifical Council for Interreli­ do everything possible to help develop gious Dialogue, this volume highlights the spiritual bonds between Christians James H. Kroeger served asa Maryknoll missioner in the Philippines and Bangladesh for over two the numerousinitiativesofMuslim-Chris­ and Muslims" (p. 18). Clearly, mutual tian dialogue from 1978 (the year of John spiritual convictions lie at the root of all decades; he is now the Asia-Pacific AreaAssistant Paul II's election) until 1994. An inviting Muslim-Christian dialogue, and this faith on the Maryknoll General Council. Orbis Books format of presentation is employed; each perspective repeatedly emerges in the recently published hislatestwork,Living Mission. chapterconsists ofa narrative, generously book. interspersed with selected quotes from Individual chapters invitingly treat a

Mill Hill Fathers in West nia, Los Angeles, and is currently a pro­ Cameroon: Education, Health, and fessor at the University of Ottawa in Development, 1884-1970. Ontario, Canada. It is unfortunate that the author was By Bernard F.Booth. Bethesda, Md.:Interna­ unable to revisit the Cameroon in order to tional Scholars Publications, 1995. Pp. xvi, update his work. His book might also 284. $64.95; paperback $44.95. have benefited by reference to more re­ cent studies of Cameroon. The title is a bit Bernard Booth has written a well-re­ tion, health care, and development. misleading in using the dates 1884-1970. searched study of the contribution made The book's more impressive contri­ The first Catholic Pallotine missionaries by the St. Joseph's Missionary Society of bution, aside from the author's many im­ arrived only in 1890, Mill Hill Missionar­ Mill Hill to the people of Cameroon, espe­ portant insights gained during his field ies in 1922. cially' the English-speaking former West research for a Ph.D. twenty-fiveyears ago, -Robert J. O'Neil, M.H.M. Cameroon. His sources include records at are the individuals he interviewed. With­ Rhodes House, Oxford, and the mission out Booth's fieldwork the oral testimony archives at Mill Hill, and in Cameroon at of Fathers Staats, Jacobs, Woodman, the archives of the Buea Diocese in Soppo. Nielen, andNabbenandofMotherCamilla To these he has added splendid oral and and many others would be lost. For ex­ Trailblazers for Translators: The written testimony to argue that, despite ample, Simon Staats developed into one Chichicastenango Twelve. their flaws, Mill Hill missionaries deserve of best education administrators the great credit for their service to the West church had in Nigeria and the Cameroons By Anna Marie Dahlquist. Pasadena, Calif.: Cameroon before independence and for between 1935 and independence. William Carey Library, 1995. Pp. x, 159. the decade after. In his opinion, they had James Nielen, the "idealist" of St. Paperback $8. a major role in preparing the Cameroon Augustine's College, is still in Cameroon. people for entry into the English-speak­ He wrote me in December 1995 that he is Today's generation of missionaries, ing world because of their work in educa- living at Njinikom, "just being a priest." trained to think in terms of Booth's story of the beginnings of St. contextualization and "unreached Augustine's shows how conflicts among peoples," may find it difficult to imagine Robert J. O'Neil, a priest and member of the Mill church people and between the church a time whenconventionalmissionarystrat­ Hill Missionaries, worked for fifteen years in and the state arise and are often resolved. egy called for the assimilation of tribal Cameroon. He is the author of Mission to the The founder of the Mill Hill Mission­ peoples into national languages and cul­ British Cameroons (1992)andCardinal Herbert aries in 1866was HerbertVaughan. When tures in order to facilitate their evangeli­ Vaughan (1995).Currentlyheisanassistant atSt. he was bishop of Salford, he began St. zation. Mary'sChurch, New York'slower eastside, andis Bede's College, Manchester (Bernard This book focuses on a three-day preparing a book on Mill Hill Missionaries in Booth's own school). Booth went on to meeting held in 1921 that challenged and Uganda. earn a Ph.D. at the University of Califor­ ultimately led to the reversal of that strat­

January 1997 41 egy. Gathered in an obscure mountain The prefaceand twoappendixes merit village located in the mountains of Guate­ special mention. The preface traces the mala, twelve young men laid the ground­ pre-Chichicastenango roots of the Bible work for a seismic shift in missiological translation movement which include the thinking: tribal languages are to be taken Bible societies, the Student Volunteer seriously as crucial to mission efforts, and Movement, and the victorious life move­ C E N T R 0 people groups, rather than geographic ment. The first appendix contains the re­ areas, are to be the focus of mission effort. cently rediscovered minutes of the his­ KA.I RC=>S Anna Marie Dahlquist, author of this toric meeting, and the second an analysis study, is the granddaughter of Paul Bur­ of the discussion with commentsby Ralph gess, the dominant figure at the D. Winter. A suggested list for further Kairo~ Chichicastenangomeeting. Anothermem­ reading adds to the value of this thin The (enter ber of the group, William Cameron volume. Di~ciple~hip Mi~~ion Townsend, wasdestined to buildthe ideas This important book should be read for and growing out of this seemingly insignifi­ by anyone teaching the history of mis­ (Bueno~ Aire~) cantgatheringintoa global enterprise, the sions. Bible translators and mission strat­ Wycliffe Bible Translators. egists would benefit by it. It belongs in the In ten readable chapters, this book library of all schools with more than a chronicles the birth and early develop­ casual commitment to the global mission announces its seventh annual ment of the Bible translation and of the church. Well written, it makes fasci­ Latin America Seminar "unreached peoples" movements. nating reading for anyone interested in Dahlquist introduces the participants of knowing more about missions. the Chichicastenangoconference,explores -Kenneth B. Mulholland its significance, describes the various or­ PARTNER~"IP ganizations that developed out of it, and Kenneth B. Mulholland is Dean and Professor of IN traces howthe missionagencies thenwork­ Missions atColumbia Biblical Seminary andGradu­ ing in Guatemala came to incorporate its ate School of Missions of Columbia International MI~~ION vision into their strategy. University,Columbia, South Carolina. 21 July -14 Augmt 1qq7

For church leaders, mission personnel, community work­ Cardinal Herbert Vaughan. ers, university students, teach­ ByRobert O'Neil.Tunbridge Wells: Burns& ers and other professionals Oates, 1995. Pp. viii, 520. No price given.

A skillful, critical historian and a Mill Hill undertake the conversion of Africa. Later, The program include~ lecture~, vi~it~ to Missionary, Robert O'Neil has written a in 1889, Vaughan appealed to Cardinal project~, interview~ thoroughly convincing, rounded account Gibbons that American Catholics should community with men of the achievements, limitations, and es­ take the lead in foreign missions, and his and women from different church sential greatness of the founder of his example and admonition were recalled society. He shows first how Vaughan's when Maryknoll was founded. Vaughan background~ and walk~ of life, and aone­ missionary vocation was rooted in his was unable to devote single-mindedly his re~idential native soil on the borders of England and talentsto his missionarysociety. As bishop week field trip to the interior Wales. Through three centuries of dis­ of Salford and then cardinalarchbishop of of Argentina. crimination and persecution, his family of Westminster, he was called to the conver­ landownershad retainedits Catholicfaith. sion of England, and this study embraces The church was central to their identity, his many activities. It uses many unpub­ Advice is also available and mission was an integral part of the lished sources, thoughit could be enriched regarding further travel and church's life, generations of children be­ andextendedby consultingthe documents ing offered in its service. Vaughan wanted in the Vatican and at Propaganda Fide. volunteer opportunities. to become a missioner to Wales; instead, Yet it admirably succeeds in revealing the after ordination he found himself soon spirituality and humanity of a priest who For further information write to: called by Wiseman and Manning to serve sometimes appeared to contemporaries the church in England. Vaughan still saw as intolerably grim and narrow. foreign missions as vital for the church. In -Richard Gray The Kairos (ommunity 1863 he visited California and Latin America to collect funds for a missionary JoseMarm61 1734 college at Mill Hill, and the author brings Richard Grayis Professor Emeritus ofAfricanHis­ (1602)Florida, out clearly how Vaughan repaid this debt. toryat the School of Oriental and AfricanStudies, Buenos Aires The first work undertaken by ordinands Universityof London. Argentina from the college was among Afro-Ameri­ Tel/Fax (54-1 )796-3306 cans. Vaughan and his missionaries chal­ e-mail: [email protected] lenged the racial antagonisms of that ep­ och and hoped thatAfro-Americans might

42 INTERNATIONAL BULLETIN OF MISSIONARY RESEARCH Spiritual Power and Missions: Rais­ ing them, it will hop efully lead to an ongo­ ing the Issues. ing d iscussion that can help churc hes and missionar ies deal wi th and sin within Editedby Edward Rommen. Pasadena, Calif.: the larger message of Go d establishing his WilliamCarey Library, 1995. Pp.163. Paper­ reign over all crea tion. back$7.95. - Paul G. Hiebert

Much has been wri tten in th e pas t few the place of sp iritual wa rfare in mission Paul G. Hiebert is Associate Dean of Academic years in eva nge lical missiologica l circles outreac h. Wha t is not at question for any Doctoral Studies and ProfessorofMissionAnthro­ on the subject of spiritual power and min­ of the wr iters is the rea lity of Sata n, d e­ pology and South Asian Studies, Trinity Evangeli­ istries such as exorcisms, spiritual wa r­ mons, and evil in the wo rld . This book cal Divinity School, Deerfield, Illinois. fare, and dealing with territorial spirits, does not solve these qu esti ons, but in rai s- most of it by practitioners in the field. There havebeen few carefulstudieson the subject on the basis of theological or em­ pirical ana lysis . This volume raises key questions that must be answered and pro­ vides a preliminary response to the cri­ Get the tique . In an exten ded cha pter, Robert Pries t and his associates raise critical bibli cal, Research Advantage ontologica l, an d practical issu es regard­ for world mission ing the current movement, citing wide ly from the curre nt literature in the field . They are concerne d that the movem ent Get the International Bulletin of Missionary Research can become a form of Ch ristian animis m based on pragm atism , noting that too of­ "Fo r anyone interested in mission ten practitioners in spiritual warfare do studies, the IBMR is a must. " not distingu ish between ph enomenologi­ - Jocelyn Murray cal reali ties reported by people and onto­ East African Revival historian logical reality as defined by a biblical "Essential for documenta tion and wo rldview. Priest, raise d in the Bolivian interpretation ofmission. " Amazon, where his parents were mission ­ - Ralph Winter aries, and trained as an anthropologist in U.S. Center for World Mission traditional religions, is deepl y aware of "I have been inspired and instructed persisting animistic practices in young by the International Bulletin. " - Bishop James M. Ault (ret.) churches aro und the wo rld and of the United Methodist Church transfo rming power of the Gosp el that delivers peopl e from the spirits. "The most distinguished journal in its field. " In response, Cha rles Kraft describes - George G. Hunter III his discovery of the importance of spiri­ Asbury Theological Seminary tual warfare in Scriptures and Chr istian "Keeps me abreast with missions minist ry and defends his explorations in throughout the world. " the areas of exorcism and exercising the - Bishop Theophilus Sekondi authority Chris t gives us. Kraft, a profes­ Ghana sor at Michigan State and later at Fuller "It's the journal I read first. " Theologica l Seminary, is aware of the su­ - Paul E. Pierson pernatural / natural dualism that has secu­ Fuller Theological Seminary larized mu ch of everyday life in ma ny "The best source for research on North Ame rican Christians and is con­ mission issues. " cerne d that missionariesbe able to pr esent - Joan Chatfie ld, M.M. the Gospel wi th power to overcome the Chaminade University, Honolu lu attacks of Satan and his followers. r------, In a third cha pter, Patrick Johnston e Yes! Please enter my order for a subscription to the International Bulletin of : calls for careful reflection and mod erati on Missionary Research. I in the areas of spiritual wa rfare and calls o One year, 4 issues $18 0 Two years, 8 issues $33 0 Three years, 12 issues $49 : missionaries and the church back to o New 0 Renewal 0 Payment enclosed 0 Charge my VISA or MasterCard : as the greatest power that they can exer­ Card # Expires: cise in the global outreach of the church. Signature : Several importantissuesemerge from Name : the debate: the bibli cal teachings regard­ Address : ing evil spirits and their powers over ------: people, including committed Christians; I the relationship between human phenom­ Make check payable and mail to: INTERNATIONAL BULLETIN, Subscription Dept., :

P.O Box 3000, Denville, NJ 07834 U.S.A. ~I enologica l rep orts and ontological reali­ L ties; the relationsh ip of human experience Visit our web site at hUp:/Iwww.OMSC.org to divin e revelation;the Christian resp onse to dem ons and demon possession; and

Januar y 1997 43 TeachinginWartime China:A Photo­ teacher, learned of the intricacies and Memoir, 1937-1939. subtleties of Chinese society in his two years' teaching at Yali.Those interested in By Edward V. Gulick. Amherst: Univ. of other American mission schools abroad, Massachusetts Press, 1995. Pp. xiv, 281. for example in the Middle East, can read $29.95. this discussion with profit. Of interest to China historians is This memoir of a young Yale graduate observations and insights are useful in Gulick's description of the wartime con­ teaching at Yali, the Yale-in-China boys' two areas. As part of his discussion of the text. His first year of teaching was at the middle school in central China, at the school, its curriculum and activities, he regular campus, with the Japanese invad­ outset of the war withJapan is both enter­ depictsfrankly the tepidreligiosityin what ers coming closer; in the fall of 1938, the taining and insightful. It entertains be­ had become an academically top-flight schoolmovedseveralhundred miles west. cause it truly is a "photo-memoir." The middleschool. In this school founded soon We get here a rare detailed account of one young Gulick (who later became a re­ after 1900 by evangelicals of the Student institution's experience in this great exo­ spected diplomatic historian at Wellesley Volunteer Movement, Gulick and his col­ dus. Finally, this volume lacks an index. College), who was an excellent photogra­ leagues were "agnostics with a religious -Daniel H. Bays pher, returned from China in 1939 with temperament" (p. 212);yet he viewed it as over 1,000prints; about 150 appear inthis still a distinctly "Christian" school. More volume. The photos themselves consti­ important (because more unique among Daniel H. Bays is Professor and Chairman of the tute a perceptive and shrewd set of obser­ such memoirs), Gulick describes the Sino­ Department ofHistoryat theUniversityofKansas, vations on the school, Gulick's American foreign dynamics of the school, including Lawrence, Kansas. Heiseditorofavolumeoftwenty and Chinese colleagues, the students, and relationships among faculty and between essays, Christianity in China: The Eighteenth life around them. foreign faculty and Chinese students. He Centuryto the Present(Stanford University Press, For students of missiology, Gulick's shares frankly what he, a novice foreign 1996).

Touching the Soul of Islam: Sharing Crusaders Against Opium: Protes­ the Gospel in Muslim Cultures. tant Missionaries in China, 1874­ 1917. By BillA. Musk. Crowborough, EastSussex, U.K.: MARC Monarch Publications, 1995. By Kathleen L. Lodwick. Lexington: Univ. Pp. 256. Paperback £8.99. Press of Kentucky,1996. Pp. xi, 218. $29.95.

Written against the background of many formation of Muslim cultural patterns to­ The export of opium from British India to years' Christian service in Arab cultures day. Insisting that missionaries "need de­ China, forced on China under military of the Middle East, with several mission liberately to leave to the Holy Spirit the duress in the mid-nineteenth century, be­ agencies andthe Anglicanchurchin Egypt, prerogative of deciding where each [cul­ came a great obstacle to Christian mis­ this bookmarks BillMusk's mostinterest­ tural] circle might be broken open" (p. sionarywork in the country, bothbecause ing contribution to evangelical literature 208), he appeals for greater intercultural all foreigners were tainted in Chinese eyes on Islam. His image of "the soul of Islam" sensitivity, particularly on the part of by association with the iniquitous trade, is gleaned from the cultural patterns of Westerners living in Muslim societies. and because opium addicts-who num­ Muslimpeoplesandsocieties in the Middle Musk offers the vision of a Christian rela­ beredin the millions-wereputeffectively East. In ten chapters he selects a variety of tionship with Arab Muslims that is bibli­ out of reach of conversion by the habit. cultural factors that contribute to tradi­ cally inspired by the Semitic character of It is not surprising, therefore, that tional Arab societies. These range from Christian and Muslim (and Jewish) tradi­ missionaries became active in agitating gender and family relationships to issues tions of faith. In this regard Musk recog­ against British involvement in the opium of honor, hospitality, time, language, nizes that Western Christians have much trade. In this book, Kathleen Lodwick, brotherhood, and resignation, each of to learn from Arab Christians. professor of history at Pennsylvania State which Musk discusses in terms of what he Challenging as Musk's vision is, it University, traces the development of sees to be its tension with competitive needs to be set in a more radicalanalysis of opposition to the trade, first among the values: for example, the tension between the internaldynamicsof change, which, in missionary body in China, then among female and male, between individual and the estimation of this reviewer, make con­ churchmen in Britain. Medical missionar­ family, between violence and hospitality. temporary Arab societies more diffusely ies in China played a particularly crucial He wends his way through these cultural and dangerously complex than Musk's role by accumulating the first systematic variables by personal observation and occasionallysentimentaldescriptions sug­ medical evidence on the damaging effects anecdotes, backed up by Arab proverbs, gest. of drug addiction. In Britain the Society excerpts from various genres of Arab -David A. Kerr for the Suppression of the Opium Trade, imaginative literature in English transla­ founded in 1874 and made up chiefly of tion, and some scholarly anthropology. members of the nonconformist churches, On the premise that "the Bible comes DavidKerris Professor ofChristianityin theNon­ worked with China missionaries to publi­ Western World in the Faculty of Divinity at the to us in the guiseofSemitic thought-forms" cize the facts about Britain's role in the (p. 152), Musk finds biblical equivalents UniversityofEdinburgh, where hedirects theCen­ opium trade and the harm wrought by it Western for each of his contemporary subjects and trefortheStudy ofChristianity in theNon- in China. offers brief interpretations of the biblical World. Hewasformerly professor ofIslamic studies As Lodwick shows, however, the and Christian-Muslim relations at Hartford Semi­ cases as suggestions of how God's action opium trade was supported by powerful nary,Hartford, Connecticut. might be discerned in the inward trans­ interests in Britain, in India, and among

44 INTERNATIONAL BULLETIN OF MISSIONARY RESEARCH nonmissionary foreigners in China. In Opium Trade disbanded in 1917. U.e and Learn Britain, missionaries and their supporters Based mostly on published sources at the labored against a popular perception that in English, Crusaders Against Opium is an they were sensationalists whose reports informative and readable book on a fasci­ of the numbers and degradation of Chi­ nating topic. A considerable portion of it OYerseas Ministries nese opium addicts were exaggerated. focuses more on Britain than on China, Nevertheless, by the 1900s they had suc­ and it could be a useful basis for further Stud, center ceeded in swaying public opinion in Brit­ work on such issues as the impact of mis­ ain, including Parliament, against the sionaries on their home societies and the trade. The new climate of opinion in Brit­ place of the anti-opium movement in ain coincided with the emergence of a Christiansocial activism in Victorian Brit­ strong public consensus within China ain. against the opium habit, sparked not by -Ryan Dunch missionary reform efforts butby develop­ ing Chinese nationalism. The British gov­ Ryan Dunchrecently completed aPh.D.in modern ernment officially terminated the export Chinese historyat YaleUniversity. He teaches East of opium from India to China in 1913,and Asian Historyat Calvin College in Grand Rapids, -and find renewal for the Society for the Suppression of the Michigan. world mission Fully furnished apartments and Continuing Education Missionary Encounters: Sources and program of weekly seminars Issues. Write for Study Program and Edited by Robert A. Bickers and Rosemary Application for Residence Seton. London: Curzon Press, 1996. Pp. vi, Overseas Ministries 255. Paperback £19.95. Distributed in the UnitedStatesby UniversityofHawaiiPress, Study Center Honolulu. 490 Prospect Street New Haven, Connecticut 06511 This bookis a collection of ten papersfrom and education in South Africa; and Rose­ the Workshop on Missionary Archives maryFitzgerald, howwomenwhotrained sponsored by the School of Oriental and to be missionary doctors led the way for African Studies, London, in July 1992.Jus­ British women generally to receive medi­ CIRCULATION STATEMENT tin Willis's paper is republished from Past cal training. Statement required by the act of August 12, 1970, section and Present, and Rosemary Seton's "Ar­ Chaptersby J. D.Y.Peel, PaulJenkins, 3685. Title 39, United States Code, showing ownership, chival Sources in Britain for the Study of Dick Kooiman, Geoffrey A. Oddie, and management, and circulation of INTERNATIONAL BULLETIN OF MISSIONARY RESEARCH. Published 4 times per year at 490 Mission History" (INTERNATIONAL BULLETIN Robert A. Bickers address the importance Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511. OF MISSIONARY RESEARCH, April 1994) is an ofmissionaryarchivesfor anthropologists, Publisher: Gerald H. Anderson, Overseas Ministries Study appendix. The authors all have firsthand missionary attitudes toward the indig­ Center,490 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut06511. knowledge of missionary archives and enouspeoples,the impactofmission-spon­ Editor:Gerald H.Anderson, Overseas Ministries Study Center, 490 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511. demonstrate both the potential and limi­ sored education, missionaries as social Managing Editor: James M. Phillips, Overseas Ministries tations of these sources. StephenMaughan commentators, and missionary photogra­ Study Center, 490 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut, 06511. The owner is Overseas Ministries Study Center, 490 shows how English denominational mis­ phy in the nineteenth century. Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511. sionary societies organized to raise funds The approach to mission history a The known bondholders, mortgagees, and other security for their work in the nineteenth century. century ago by Eugene Stock and Richard holders owning or holding one percent or more of total Brian Stanley recounts his recent experi­ Lovett has been superseded by a more amounts of bonds, mortgages or other securities are: None. ence of writing a major one-volumebicen­ critical approach. Ifanything,this requires tennial history of the British Baptist Mis­ even closer attention to the original Average no. Actual no. of sionary Society, including problems of sources. As these essays show, thesources of copies copies of each issue single issue controland preservation of archival mate­ are rich and plenteous. during pre- published rials in Africa and Asia. -Wilbert R. Shenk ceding 12 nearest to Several chapters treat aspects of the months filing date experience of women missionaries: Rose­ Wilbert R. Shenk is Professor of Mission History Total no. copies printed 7,255 7,650 mary Seton, the reasons women applied and Contemporary Culture, School of World Mis­ Paid circulation: sales to London Missionary Society between sion,Fuller Theological Seminary, Pasadena, Cali­ through dealers, carriers, street vendors, and 1875and 1914;DeborahGaitskell, women fornia. counter sales 0 0 Mail subscriptions 6,278 6,327 Total paid circulation 6,278 6,327 Free distribution 460 460 Total distribution 6,738 6,787 Copies not distributed: 517 863 office use, left over, unaccounted, spoiled after printing Returns from news agents 0 0 Total 7,255 7,650 Percent Paid and/or Requested Circulation 93% 93%

I certify that the statements made by me above are correct and complete. (signed) Gerald H. Anderson

January 1997 45