Model-Based Analysis of Postcranial Osteology of Marsupials from the Palaeocene of Itaboraí (Brazil) and the Phylogenetics and Biogeography of Metatheria

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Model-Based Analysis of Postcranial Osteology of Marsupials from the Palaeocene of Itaboraí (Brazil) and the Phylogenetics and Biogeography of Metatheria Model-based analysis of postcranial osteology of marsupials from the Palaeocene of Itaboraí (Brazil) and the phylogenetics and biogeography of Metatheria Frederick S. SZALAY Anthropology, and Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, City University of New York, Hunter College, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10021 (USA) [email protected] Eric J. SARGIS Doctoral Program in Anthropology, City University of New York and NYCEP, Hunter College, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10021 (USA) Currently Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520 (USA) Szalay F. S. & Sargis E. J. 2001. — Model-based analysis of postcranial osteology of mar- supials from the Palaeocene of Itaboraí (Brazil) and the phylogenetics and biogeography of Metatheria. Geodiversitas 23 (2) : 139-302. ABSTRACT Over 130 specimens of metatherian bones (predominantly long bones, one scapula, and several innominates and unguals) from the Palaeocene Itaboraí fissures of Brazil are described and analyzed from a functional-adaptive per- spective, in order to 1) understand the adaptations of species they represent; 2) obtain taxonomic properties of the species taxa they represent; and 3) esti- mate their phylogeny within the Metatheria. To provide context for the analysis, the descriptions are preceded by a survey of postcranial variation in the extant Didelphis virginiana Kerr, 1792, together with an examination of a number of heritage and habitus properties in several extant species designated as models. The study of extant models served as the basis for explanations of locomotion-related form-function features that predict a range of positional behaviors ranging from arboreal to terrestrial in the fossils. The purpose of such adaptation-oriented character analysis is to differentiate causally-related adaptive aspects of a species in its realtime (the entire life history of the indi- vidual organisms) from features retained from its ancestry, i.e. those that were contingent in the past of its lineage. Such level-specific primitive attributes, while fully adaptive, are less directly related to the more recently acquired adaptive strategies of the species taxa analyzed, the derived attributes. This procedure allows the ordering and polarization of lineage- and taxon-specific properties. As a cornerstone of our methodology, prior to the analyses of didelphid variation, the model species, and the fossils, we examined 1) the general theoretical issues that relate to adaptations in fossils; 2) some of the competing views of what functional biology is supposed to be in relation to GEODIVERSITAS • 2001 • 23 (2) © Publications Scientifiques du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris. www.mnhn.fr/publication/ 139 Szalay F. S. & Sargis E. J. phylogenetic analysis; and 3) the connections between a broad concept of functional biology and phylogenetic analysis. Model construction for charac- ter state evaluations, using extant marsupials, was a basic part of our method- ology. The medium-sized models employed were the didelphids Caluromys derbianus (Watrhouse, 1841) and Metachirus nudicaudatus (Demarest, 1817) and the small models were the microbiotheriid Dromiciops gliroides Thomas, 1894 and the caenolestid Rhyncholestes raphanurus Osgood, 1924. In each group the former species are arboreal and the latter terrestrial. The attributes of the models were explained in the light of locomotor and myological attrib- utes, joint mechanics, as well as substrate preference. The various attribute- related hypotheses were tested by comparisons with the extant Didelphis virginiana and Monodelphis domestica (Wagner, 1842), as well as behaviorally less well-known species of Marmosa Gray, 1821, Micoureus Lesson, 1842, Chironectes Illiger, 1811, and Lutreolina Thomas, 1910. This permitted us to ascertain and extend, and thus generalize in a metatherian context: 1) the close causal association of many of these attributes with similar or divergent adaptations in other taxa in addition to the models; 2) their consolidation into robust character complexes; and 3) an understanding of which are primi- tive or advanced didelphid, didelphimorph, or didelphidan and/or sudameridelphian characters. In addition to the living species, the nearly complete skeletal remains of early Palaeocene Tiupampa Pucadelphys Marshall & Muizon, 1988 and Mayulestes Muizon, 1994 provided complete skeletal comparisons and therefore increased confidence in the evaluation of isolated fossil bony element, although fossils are not proper tests of the models, as there is no direct information about their habits. Following description and analysis of the extant and fossil specimens, a variety of phylogenetic proposals KEY WORDS based mostly on genetic and molecular evidence have been examined in light Metatheria Palaeocene, of the morphological evidence. Together with an examination and critique of Itaboraí, the recent contributions of Kirsch et al. (1997) and Springer et al. (1998) on Brazil, functional analysis, metatherian phylogeny and biogeography, some aspects of the nature of mor- adaptations of fossil species, phological and fossil evidence are highlighted, and marsupial suprafamilial extant models, relationships outlined. Biogeographic implications of the phylogeny present- Marsupiala, phylogeny, ed are also detailed, particularly the Gondwanan distribution of lineages and biogeography. taxa and their various possible interpretations. RÉSUMÉ Analyse modélisée du squelette postcrânien des marsupiaux du Paléocène d’Itaboraí (Brésil) et la phylogénie et biogéographie des Metatheria. Plus de 130 pièces osseuses de métathériens (essentiellement des os longs, une omoplate, plusieurs bassins et des phalanges terminales) provenant des fissures d’Itaboraí du Paléocène du Brésil ont été décrites et analysées dans une perspec- tive d’anatomie fonctionnelle. Notre but était 1) de comprendre leurs adapta- tions ; 2) de repérer les caractéristiques taxonomiques des taxa qu’ils représentent ; et 3) d’évaluer leur position phylogénétique au sein des métathé- riens. La description de ces pièces est précédée d’un bref exposé de la variation existant au niveau du postcrânien chez l’espèce actuelle Didelphis virginiana Kerr, 1792, ainsi que de l’examen d’un certain nombre de caractères hérités ou acquis chez plusieurs espèces actuelles choisies comme modèles. L’étude de mo- dèles actuels a servi de fondement à l’explication de complexes forme-fonction reliés à la locomotion chez les fossiles, qui prédisent une gamme de comporte- ments répartis entre arboricoles et terrestres. Le but d’une telle analyse de carac- 140 GEODIVERSITAS • 2001 • 23 (2) Adaptations and phylogenetics of marsupials from Itaboraí tères liés à l’adaptation est de distinguer les caractères adaptatifs d’une espèce déterminés par son mode de vie des caractères issus d’un ancêtre commun, contingents au passé de la lignée. De tels caractères, primitifs pour l’espèce, bien que pleinement adaptatifs, sont moins directement reliés aux stratégies adapta- tives acquises plus récemment par les espèces des taxa analysés qui représentent les caractères dérivés. Cette procédure permet d’ordonner et de polariser les ca- ractères taxonomiques et spécifiques aux lignées. Comme fondement de notre méthodologie et avant l’analyse de la variation chez les didelphidés, des espèces- modèles et des fossiles, nous avons examiné 1) les conclusions générales théo- riques relatives aux adaptations observées chez les fossiles ; 2) certains points de vue concurrents portant sur ce que la « biologie fonctionnelle » est censée être d’un point de vue phylogénétique ; et 3) les relations existant entre la biologie fonctionnelle et l’analyse phylogénétique au sens large. La construction de mo- dèles ayant pour but l’évaluation des états de caractères et reposant sur les didel- phidés actuels a représenté une part fondamentale de notre méthodologie. Les modèles de taille moyenne employés ont été les didelphidés Caluromys derbia- nus (Watrhouse, 1841) et Metachirus nudicaudatus (Demarest, 1817), et les modèles de petite taille ont été le microbiotheriidé Dromiciops gliroides Thomas, 1894 et le caenolestidé Ryncholestes raphanurus Osgood, 1924. Dans chaque groupe, la première espèce citée est arboricole et la seconde est terrestre. Les caractéristiques de ces modèles ont été expliquées fonctionnellement à la lu- mière d’études portant sur la locomotion, la myologie et la mécanique articu- laire, et ont été associées sans équivoque à un substrat et à un mode de locomotion préférentiels. Les différentes hypothèses reliées à ces caractéris- tiques ont été testées en comparant les espèces actuelles Didelphis virginiana et Monodelphis domestica (Wagner, 1842), ainsi que les taxons au comportement moins bien connu, Marmosa Gray, 1821, Micoureus Lesson, 1842, Chironectes Illiger, 1811 et Lutreolina Thomas, 1910. Cela nous a permis de constater et de généraliser à l’ensemble des métathériens : 1) l’association étroite entre cer- taines de ces caractéristiques et des adaptations similaires ou divergentes exis- tant dans des taxa autres que les modèles choisis ; 2) le regroupement de ces caractères en complexes robustes ; et 3) dans le même temps, cela nous a permis de comprendre quels caractères de didelphidé, didelphimorphe ou didelphi- dien et/ou sudaméridelphien étaient primitifs ou dérivés. Outre les espèces vi- vantes précédemment décrites et analysées, les restes squelettiques très complets des marsupiaux du début du Paléocène de Tiupampa, Pucadelphys Marshall & Muizon, 1988 et Mayulestes Muizon, 1994,
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