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CHALLENGES FACED in OVERCOMING INDIGENOUS DIGITAL DIVIDE in BRAZIL Isis Valle Rodríguez Da Costa / Fernando Oliveira Paulino

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CHALLENGES FACED in OVERCOMING INDIGENOUS DIGITAL DIVIDE in BRAZIL Isis Valle Rodríguez Da Costa / Fernando Oliveira Paulino COMMONS nº 3 COMMONS - Revista de Comunicación y Ciudadanía Digital Publicación bianual Volumen 2, Número 3 ISSN 2255-3401 Noviembre 2013 CHALLENGES FACED IN OVERCOMING INDIGENOUS DIGITAL DIVIDE IN BRAZIL Isis Valle Rodríguez da Costa / Fernando Oliveira Paulino Fecha de envío: 01/09/2013 Fecha de aprobación: 11/11/2013 Challenges faced in overcoming indigenous digital divide in brazil 92 CHALLENGES FACED IN OVERCOMING INDIGENOUS DIGITAL DIVIDE IN BRAZIL DESAFÍOS ENCARADOS PARA SUPERAR LA BRECHA DIGITAL COMMONS INDÍGENA EN BRASIL. Isis Valle Rodrigues da Costa Fernando Oliveira Paulino Resumen Abstract El objetivo de este trabajo es identificar el nivel de This paper’s objective is to identify the level of digital inclusión digital realizado por el programa brasileño inclusion made possible by Brazilian digital divide program de inclusión digital Gobierno Electrónico - Servicio de Electronic Government – Citizen Attention Service (Governo Atención al Ciudadano (Governo Eletrônico - Serviço de Eletrônico – Serviço de Atendimento ao Cidadão – Gesac) Atendimento ao Cidadão - Gesac) en tierras indígenas. Nos on indigenous lands. We are guided by Brazilian sociologist guiamos por el sistema de inclusión digital del sociólogo Bernardo Sorj’s five level digital inclusion system: 1) the brasileño Bernardo Sorj, quien identifica cinco niveles: 1) existence of physical transmission infrastructure, 2) the la existencia de una infraestructura física de transmisión, availability of equipment/connection, 3) training in the 2) la disponibilidad de equipamiento/conexión, 3) use of computing tools and the internet, 4) the intellectual capacitación en el uso de herramientas informáticas e ability and social integration, and 5) the production and internet, 4) la capacidad intelectual e la integración social, use of specific content. e 5) la producción y uso de contenidos específicos. Our hypothesis is that, despite an official discourse Nuestra hipótesis es que, a pesar del discurso oficial aligned with the discussions on the knowledge societies, alineado con los debates sobre las sociedades del in practice, Gesac is still operated by a technological conocimiento, en la práctica, Gesac todavía está operado determinism. To test this hypothesis, we performed the por un determinismo tecnológico. Para probar esta observation of the internet access point in the indigenous hipótesis, realizamos la observación del punto de acceso school Pamáali, of Baniwa and Coripaco ethnicities, located a internet en la escuela indígena Pamáali, ubicado en la in the northwestern area of the Brazilian Amazon. We also zona noroccidental de la Amazonia brasileña. También discussed and conducted interviews with actors involved hemos discutido y llevado a cabo entrevistas con los in the implementation of digital inclusion programs aimed actores involucrados en la implementación de programas at indigenous peoples: ministries and Indian National de inclusión digital dirigida a los pueblos indígenas: los Foundation (FUNAI) officials, representatives of the third ministerios y funcionarios de la Fundación Nacional del sector and indigenous themselves. Indio (FUNAI), representantes del tercer sector y los propios indígenas. The challenges we identify lead to the conclusion that indigenous digital divide is just one of the several divides Los desafíos que identificamos llevan a la conclusión de to which indigenous groups are subjected since colonial que la brecha digital indígena es sólo una de las varias times, being one more consequence of these divides at brechas a que los grupos indígenas son sometidos the same time that it also accentuates them. As long as desde tiempos coloniales, siendo una consecuencia más Brazilian government’s digital inclusion actions aimed de estas divisiones a la vez que también las acentúa. at indigenous peoples are not created and implemented Mientras las acciones de inclusión digital del gobierno as part of a broader indigenous policy and do not take brasileño dirigidos a los pueblos indígenas no se hagan into consideration the specificities of these groups, these e implementen como parte de una política indígena más initiatives will be limited to providing internet connection amplia y no tengan en cuenta las especificidades de estos and donating equipment that shall either remain underused grupos, estas iniciativas se limitaran a brindar conexión a or will rapidly deteriorate. internet y la donación de equipos que serán subutilizados o se deterioran rápidamente. Palabras clave Keywords Brecha digital indígena, brecha digital, Gesac, Indigenous Digital Divide. Digital Divide. Gesac. movimientos indígenas, TIC. Indigenous Movements. ICT. 1. Introduction Brazilian indigenous peoples living in their own lands have late access to Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). Internet access started to be available in indigenous lands only in 2003, almost ten Revista Comunicación y Ciudadanía Digital - COMMONS Challenges faced in overcoming indigenous digital divide in brazil 93 COMMONS lackyears of after interest commercial of telecommunication internet was implemented companies in in developing the country infrastruc in 1995.- tureDue into thesetraditional regions, peoples’ internet low access economic implementation potential andin indigenous the consequent lands points located in indigenous communities are provided under the Ministry was only possible through state intervention. Most of the internet access- - of Communications’ digital inclusion program Electronic Government – Ci tizen Attention Service (Governo Eletrônico – Serviço de Atendimento ao Ci anddadão isolated – Gesac) regions. and are Internet not for service private is use. provided Gesac directlyoffers free by internetthe Ministry access of mainly by satellite link; which makes it possible to serve the most distant- pal, third-sector or even private entities’ initiatives. Communications itself or in partnership with other federal, state, munici By the end of the 1990’s, Brazilian government, in face of the enormous- disparity in the deployment of ICT in the country, especially on telephone and internet networks, begins to acknowledge the need for a digital divi de policy. The will to engage in the universalization of ICT is made official with the launch of the Information Society Program, with the objective to- “integrate, coordinate and stimulate actions towards the use of information- and communication technologies, in a way that contributes to the social in clusion of all Brazilians in the new society” (Ministério da Ciência e Tecno 1. Reaching an exact number is difficult due to logia, 2000, p. 10). Gesac is first thought of in the context of this program, the low specificity of the which ends up been unofficially discontinued seven years later. In 2001, the records made available in the Gesac Web site, which document General premises on the digital inclusion of Brazil’s electronic does not make an exact government states that the right of access to the digital world includes two distinction between villages/ spheres: a technical/physical one (awareness, contact and basic use) and an communities in indigenous lands and rural zone. intellectual one (education, training, knowledge generation, participation and creation). With the evolution of the Electronic Government Program in See Gesac Web site: the 2000’s, access to the internet is officially advertised as a tool to promote http://www.gesac.gov.br/ citizenship and thus social inclusion. By the beginning of the 2010’s, the administracao-de-pontos/ localizacao-dos-pontos-de- Gesac Point Manual (2011) argues that “the challenge of building a bridge presenca-em-operacao. between the simple access to information – the first step of the knowledge society – and true digital inclusion passes through connection” (p. 9). Renesse (2011) also points out the extreme and digital inclusion, almost ten years after the arrival of the internet in fragmentation of programs indigenousDespite official lands, discourse access points around are informationstill limited inand numbers knowledge and operate societies in and actors, ambiguous records and lack of access points’ tracking, which does - not allow to differentiate very precarious conditions. A partial survey carried out by anthropologist whether a given point was . approved or deployed. Nicodème de Renesse pointed out around 111 internet access points loca1 ted in indigenous villages in 2010, most of them implemented after 2007 On the 2010 Census, 817,963 Brazilians (less than 0.44% of total Brazilian COMMONS - Revista Comunicación y Ciudadanía Digital Challenges faced in overcoming indigenous digital divide in brazil 94 COMMONS - population) declared themselves to be Indians. They belong to 238 diffe rent peoples, speaking 180 different languages. Almost two thirds of them live in the countryside, which comprehends indigenous lands. According to Instituto Socioambiental (ISA), a Brazilian Public Interest Civil Society- Organization, there are 682 indigenous lands in different stages of official recognition by the end of 2012 in Brazil. They represent 13% of the Bra zilian territory. For all practical purposes, we can assume that 13% of the Brazilian territory, 112,870,218 hectares – more than the area of France and Spain put together –, are covered by only 111 internet access points that should serve more than 500,000 people. Furthermore, from data collected on the 1st Indigenous Symposium on the- Uses of Internet in Brazil (1° Simpósio Indígena sobre Usos da Internet no Brasil),
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