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Language Contact in Australia The University of Manchester Research Language Contact in Australia Link to publication record in Manchester Research Explorer Citation for published version (APA): Hoffmann, D. (2008). Language Contact in Australia. Universität Konstanz. Citing this paper Please note that where the full-text provided on Manchester Research Explorer is the Author Accepted Manuscript or Proof version this may differ from the final Published version. If citing, it is advised that you check and use the publisher's definitive version. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the Research Explorer are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Takedown policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please refer to the University of Manchester’s Takedown Procedures [http://man.ac.uk/04Y6Bo] or contact [email protected] providing relevant details, so we can investigate your claim. Download date:27. Sep. 2021 Universität Konstanz Fachbereich Englische Sprachwissenschaft Language Contact in Australia Wissenschaftliche Arbeit für das Lehramt an Gymnasien Im August 2007 vorgelegt von: Dorothea Hoffmann Steinstraße 17 78467 Konstanz Email: [email protected] Matrikelnummer: 01 / 523664 Language Contact in Australia Contents 0. LIST OF FIGURES 6 O.1. Note 6 I. INTRODUCTION 7 I. 1. Australian Indigenous Languages 10 I. 2. Language Situation at Arrival of the First Fleet 12 I. 3. Language Situation Today 13 II. LANGUAGE CONTACT IN AUSTRALIA 16 II. 1. Preconditions of Contact Situations 16 II. 2. Kinds of Contact Situations 17 II. 3. Social Settings 20 II. 3. 1. Homogenous Communities of Monolinguals 21 II. 3. 2. Heterogenous Communities 21 II. 3. 3. Intimate Inter-Community Contact 22 II. 4. Results of Contact-Induced Language Change 23 II. 4. 1. Borrowing 24 II. 4. 2. Probabilities of Contact-Induced Language Change 26 II. 4. 3. Speakers‟ „Attitudes‟ 27 II. 5. Mechanisms of Contact-Induced Language Change 30 II. 5. 1. Code Switching 30 II. 5. 2. Code Alternation 31 II. 5. 3. Passive Familiarity 31 II. 5. 4. „Negotiation‟ 32 II. 5. 5. Second-Language Acquisition Strategies 32 II. 5. 6. Bilingual First-Language Acquisition 32 II. 5. 7. Deliberate Decision 33 II. 6. Language Shift - Language Death? 33 III. MISSIONARY WORK IN AUSTRALIA 36 III.1. Dieri Missions 38 III.1.1. Missionaries and Mission Periods 38 III.1.2. Missionaries‟ Impressions and Cultural Notions 40 III.2. Missionary Linguistics 41 III.2.1. Linguistic Procedures of the Missionaries 42 III.3. Dieri as Lingua Franca 43 IV. LITERACY 47 IV.1. Writing Indigenous Languages 47 IV.1.1. Writing Religious Texts 48 Page 2 of 164 Language Contact in Australia Contents IV.2. The Impact of Literacy 49 IV.3. The Impact of Literacy on Dieri 52 IV.1. Conditions for the Introduction of Literacy 56 IV.2. Richard Lepsius’ Standard Alphabet 57 V. THE DIERI LANGUAGE: LINGUISTIC DATA 65 V.1. Schoknecht 65 V.1.1. Phonology 66 V.1.2. Nouns 69 V.1.3. Adjectives 70 V.1.4. Pronouns 70 V.1.5. Numerals 72 V.1.6. Verbs 72 V.1.7. Adverbs 75 V.1.8. Postpositions 76 V.1.9. Conjunctions 76 V.1.10. Interjections 76 V.2. Reuther 77 V.2.1. Phonology 77 V.2.2. Nouns 80 V.2.3. Adjectives 81 V.2.4. Numerals 81 V.2.5. Pronouns 81 V.2.6. Verbs 84 V.2.7. Adverbs 86 V.2.8. Postpositions 87 V.2.9. Conjunctions 87 V.2.10. Interjections 87 V.3. Austin 88 V.3.1. Phonology 88 V.3.2. Pronouns 92 V.3.3. Nominals 94 V.3.4. Verbs 96 V.3.5. Numerals 98 V.3.6. Location nominals 98 V.3.7. Interjections 99 VI. COMPARISONS AND ASSUMPTIONS BASED ON THE LINGUISTIC DATA 101 VI.1. Conceptual Changes 101 VI.1.1. The Concept of Time 102 VI.1.2. The Concept of Space 102 VI.2. Influences on the lexicon 103 VI.2.1. Animates 103 VI.2.2. People, Mythical Beings, and Religious Terms 105 VI.2.3. Seasons and Weather Phenomena 108 VI.2.4. Body parts 109 VI.2.5. Food 110 VI.2.6. Language 110 VI.2.7. Loan Words and Loan Translations 111 VI.3. Grammar 112 VI.3.1. Phonology 112 Page 3 of 164 Language Contact in Australia Contents VI.3.2. Nominals 114 VI.3.3. Pronouns 117 VI.3.4. Numerals 118 IV.3.5. Verbs 118 VI.3.6. Interjections 119 VII. CONCLUSION 121 VIII. BIBLIOGRAPHY 125 VIII.1. Web sources 128 VIII.2. Lectures 129 IX. INTERNET SOURCES 130 XI. 1 Internet Source Number 1 130 XI.2. Internet Source Number 2 132 XI.3. Internet Source Number 3 133 XI.4. Internet Source Number 4 134 IX.5. Internet Source Number 5 134 XI.6. Internet Source Number 6 138 IX.7. Internet Source number 7 139 X. APPENDIX 1 142 XI. APPENDIX 2 163 Page 4 of 164 Language Contact in Australia Contents Page 5 of 164 0. List of Figures FIGURE 1: SPEAKERS OF AUSTRALIAN LANGUAGES. ..........................................................................................14 FIGURE 2: TYPES OF BORROWING. ....................................................................................................................25 FIGURE 3: BORROWING SCALE. .........................................................................................................................26 FIGURE 4: LEPSIUS VOWEL PYRAMID 1. ............................................................................................................59 FIGURE 5: LEPSIUS VOWEL PYRAMID 2. ............................................................................................................59 FIGURE 6: KEMP VOWEL PYRAMID 1.................................................................................................................59 FIGURE 7: KEMP VOWEL PYRAMID 2.................................................................................................................60 FIGURE 8: EXAMPLES OF PRONUNCIATION OF VOWELS. .....................................................................................60 FIGURE 9: CONSONANTS OF THE GENERAL ALPHABET. ......................................................................................61 FIGURE 10: EXAMPLES OF PRONUNCIATION OF CONSONANTS. ...........................................................................62 FIGURE 11: KAURNA. .......................................................................................................................................63 FIGURE 12. SCHOKNECHT CONSONANT CHART..................................................................................................67 FIGURE 13. SCHOKNECHT VOWEL CHART. ........................................................................................................68 FIGURE 14. SCHOKNECHT DECLENSION OF NOUNS. ...........................................................................................69 FIGURE 15. SCHOKNECHT PERSONAL PRONOUNS. ..............................................................................................71 FIGURE 16. SCHOKNECHT POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. ............................................................................................71 FIGURE 17. SCHOKNECHT VERB TENSES. ..........................................................................................................73 FIGURE 18. SCHOKNECHT PRESENT TENSE. .......................................................................................................74 FIGURE 19. SCHOKNECHT FUTURE TENSE. ........................................................................................................75 FIGURE 20. SCHOKNECHT PERFECT TENSE. .......................................................................................................75 FIGURE 21. SCHOKNECHT POSTPOSITIONS. ........................................................................................................76 FIGURE 22. REUTHER CONSONANT CHART ........................................................................................................79 FIGURE 23. REUTHER NOUN DECLENSION. ........................................................................................................80 FIGURE 24. REUTHER PERSONAL PRONOUNS. ....................................................................................................82 FIGURE 25. REUTHER POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. ..................................................................................................83 FIGURE 26. REUTHER VERB TENSES. .................................................................................................................84 FIGURE 27. REUTHER VERB CONJUGATION. ......................................................................................................85 FIGURE 28. REUTHER FUTURE TENSE. ...............................................................................................................86 FIGURE 29. REUTHER PERFECT TENSE...............................................................................................................86 FIGURE 30. REUTHER POSTPOSITIONS. ..............................................................................................................87 FIGURE 31. AUSTIN CONSONANT CHART MODIFIED. ..........................................................................................89 FIGURE 32. AUSTIN CONSONANT CHART. ..........................................................................................................90 FIGURE 33. AUSTIN VOWEL CHART MODIFIED. ..................................................................................................91 FIGURE 34. AUSTIN SPECIAL RELATIONSHIP PRONOUNS. ...................................................................................92
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