DOCSLIB.ORG

Australia / Oceania

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Australia / Oceania Fact Box It is the smallest Australia / Oceania continent in the world covering 8.6 million km² and is the second Physical Features least-populated continent (after Located in the Coral Sea, off the north- The Great Barrier Antarctica) with eastern coast of Australia, sits the world’s Reef around 40 million largest coral reef system, composed of inhabitants. 2900 individual reefs and 900 islands. It stretches for over 2300km. Global warming is having a devastating affect on Key Vocabulary the coral, with over half disappearing since a stretch of sea having many islands 1985. archipelago Uluru (Ayres Rock) Ayres Rock is an enormous sandstone rock integration of people into a wider society and thus assimilation located in the northern territory of losing their original sense of culture/identity https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Oceania.png by Cacahuate Australia. Uluru is sacred to atoll a ring-shaped reef or islands formed of coral the Pitjantjatjara Anangu, the Aboriginal cash crops sweet potato, sugar cane, coffee, rubber and Climate people of the area. It is estimated to be copra (dried coconut meat) sold for profits around 600 million years old. Portuguese navigators reached the islands in 1512 Australasia has a varied climate from temperate conditions in colonisation The Outback Often called ‘the bush’, the Australian imaginary line across the earth separating the the north of the continent to the more temperate climes of Outback is a vast, interior area of dry land Equator north and south hemispheres New Zealand. The northern areas of Australasia lying with a very low human population due to shallow body of water separated from a larger between the Equator and the Tropic of Capricorn experience high temperatures. Indigenous Australians lagoon body of water by barrier islands or reefs a predominantly tropical climate. In New Zealand, however, have lived here for over 50,000 years. Maori indigenous Polynesian people of New Zealand the climate ranges from subtropical in the north to Polynesia Polynesia is made up of over 1000 temperate in the south, with snowfall in the higher regions of separate islands scattered over the Pacific nuclear Due to sparse populations, nuclear testing has the southern island. The Pacific Ocean islands have mainly a Ocean. The largest country in Polynesia is occurred here. In 1952 the fallout from one such tests test meant inhabitants from the Rongelap Atoll tropical climate, so it is warm and humid all year round. New Zealand. The settler’s ancestors had to be evacuated. originally came from south-east Asia Australia is well-known for its enormous expanse of outback Children of Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait 30,000 years ago. Stolen and desert-like conditions where temperatures can soar Islander descent were removed from their families above 40°C in the day and as cold as -2°C at night. Human Features Generation by the Australian Federal and State government agencies to aid assimilation between 1905 and Indigenous Peoples Long before European settlers arrived in 1967. An apology was given by Kevin Rudd (the Oceania, they inhabited all of the land and Australian PM) in 2008 but much of the hardship Longest Rivers Largest were native to the islands. Many have and problems it caused remain. Populations struggled to adapt to the modern way of Murray (Australia) – 2508km life and were victim to disease and loss of Australia hunting land by the European settlers. Fauna (animals) Murrumbidgee (Australia) – 1485km (25 million people) Sydney Harbour The famous Opera House and Harbour Bridge are iconic landmarks of Australia. Darling (Australia) – 1472km The steel bridge was built in 1923 and connects the commercial and residential Tallest Mountains parts of Sydney. The Opera House was Examples: kangaroos, Florawombats, (plants) platypus, crocodiles, Tasmanian Papua New Guinea built in 1959. devils and koala bears (also – dingoes, emus, Kiwis and (8.6 million people) Sports and Recreation Australia and New Zealand are famed for kookaburras). their sporting accomplishments considering the size of their populations, particularly in rugby, cricket and football (soccer). A strong rivalry exists between New Zealand the two nations. (4.8 million people) Mount Wilhelm Mount Giluwe Mount Kubor eucalyptus kauri acacia baobab hibiscus breadfruit (Papua New Guinea) 4509m 4367m 4359m © Mr A, Mr C and Mr D Present - 2019 .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Regional Internal Migration Estimates, Provisional, March 2021
    3 August 2021 Regional Internal Migration Estimates, provisional, March 2021 In the year to March 2021 there was a recovery in the number of interstate moves, with 371,000 people moving interstate compared with 354,000 moves in the year to December 2020. This recovery was driven by the highest number of interstate moves for a March quarter since 1996, with around 104,000 people moving. Close to a quarter of the increase in interstate moves was driven by increased departures from Victoria, as Melbourne exited its second lockdown in November 2020. This was due to an outflow of 28,500 people from Melbourne to the eastern states, with the majority of people leaving Melbourne settling in regional Victoria. Net internal migration for regions outside the capital cities continued to increase, with net migration of 44,700 people in the year to March 2021. The number of capital city residents moving to the regions is now higher than it was prior to the onset of the pandemic (244,000 departures compared with 230,000 in March 2020). The recovery in the number of people moving interstate has affected states and territories differently, with smaller states seeing fewer departures, reversing recent historical trends. Net interstate migration has slowed due to COVID, but started to recover in March 2021 Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic net interstate migration has fallen from a high of 404,000 in June 2019, to a low of 354,000 people in December 2020. Interstate migration has started to recover with 371,000 people moving interstate over the year to March 2021.
    [Show full text]
  • African Outback
    BLACKBOOK A GLOBAL GUIDE FOR THE DISCERNING TRAVELLER Alfresco dining amid the arched cloisters of Arijiju villa in Kenya ON THE PULSE n 2016, the growth rate in time for the opening of tourism in Africa was of the Zeitz Museum of higher than anywhere African Contemporary else, according to the Art (zeitzmocaa.museum) in World Travel & Tourism September – the majority AFRICANA host of eco-lodges, cutting-edgeOUTBACK hotels and Council.I So it is no surprise have been constructed in that smart new properties wild, remote spots, from dramatic safari camps ushers in a new continue to open across the islands to wildlife reserves generation of the continent’s hospitality, DOOK continent. While a handful and riverine forests. says LISA GRAINGER have sprung up in cities – Of the latest openings, PHOTO including in Cape Town, the most hotly awaited CONTACT CENTURION SERVICE FOR BOOKINGS CENTURION-MAGAZINE.COM 27 BLACKBOOK ON THE PULSE Rwanda to see gorillas in the A Duba nearby Volcanoes National Plains Camp tented Park. And this month his bathroom cutting-edge, ecofriendly Jabali Ridge (asiliaafrica.com) camp will be launched in Tanzania’s Ruaha National Park, with its large clusters of giant baobabs and great herds of elephant. Not all experiences in Africa are wildlife-centric, though. Journeys By Design (journeysbydesign.com) now Dining by the pool at takes intrepid guests fly- Duba Plains Camp camping in remote areas of the Omo Valley in Ethiopia, to meet and Norman Carr Safaris has little-visited tribes and witness created – again, with Rech and their way of life, hours from Carstens – the slickly designed Western civilisation.
    [Show full text]
  • The Course of Study for Eighth Grade Is World Geography, Emphasizing World Regions
    Arlington Public Schools Social Studies Curriculum 2009 Curriculum Guide Grade 8 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Social Studies Department acknowledges the contributions made to the development of these materials by all social studies staff and especially the following people. 8th GRADE Brendan Blackburn Diana Jordan Phil Hayden Chris McDermott Mitch Pascal Diana Hasuly-Ackman Social Studies Supervisor i Arlington Public Schools Social Studies Curriculum 2009 Curriculum Guide Grade 8 TABLE OF CONTENTS OVERVIEW • Arlington Public Schools Social Studies Program Rationale • Social Studies Content Goals • Preface VIRGINIA STATE STANDARDS OF LEARNING GUIDE • Course description, theme, key concepts, and units of study • Unit, SOL, enduring understanding, unit question, preview activity, key terms/people • Virginia Curriculum Framework • Sample lesson(s) • Appendicies SUGGESTED LITERATURE and OTHER SOURCES SUGGESTED PACING GUIDE TEXTBOOK ALIGNMENT CHART ii Arlington Public Schools Social Studies Curriculum 2009 Curriculum Guide Grade 8 PROGRAM RATIONALE The Arlington Public Schools Social Studies program is founded on the premise that democracy demands citizens who are informed, interested in the welfare of individuals and society, and committed to the success of democratic processes and values. The Arlington Public School Social Studies curriculum is designed to promote • a chronological approach that places history in its geographic setting accordingly establishing human activities in time and space, • a study of world history that includes the basic
    [Show full text]
  • Uncharted Seas: European-Polynesian Encounters in the Age of Discoveries
    Uncharted Seas: European-Polynesian Encounters in the Age of Discoveries Antony Adler y the mid 18th century, Europeans had explored many of the world's oceans. Only the vast expanse of the Pacific, covering a third of the globe, remained largely uncharted. With the end of the Seven Years' War in 1763, England and France once again devoted their efforts to territorial expansion and exploration. Government funded expeditions set off for the South Pacific, in misguided belief that the continents of the northern hemisphere were balanced by a large land mass in the southern hemisphere. Instead of finding the sought after southern continent, however, these expeditions came into contact with what 20th-century ethnologist Douglas Oliver has identified as a society "of surprising richness, complexity, vital- ity, and sophistication."! These encounters would lead Europeans and Polynesians to develop new interpretations of the "Other:' and change their understandings of themselves. Too often in the post-colonial world, historical accounts of first contacts have glossed them as simple matters of domination and subjugation of native peoples carried out in the course of European expansion. Yet, as the historian Charles H. Long writes in his critical overview of the commonly-used term transcu!turation: It is clear that since the fifteenth century, the entire globe has become the site of hundreds of contact zones. These zones were the loci of new forms of language and knowledge, new understandings of the nature of human rela- Published by Maney Publishing (c) The Soceity for the History of Discoveries tions, and the creation and production of new forms of human community.
    [Show full text]
  • Thylacinidae
    FAUNA of AUSTRALIA 20. THYLACINIDAE JOAN M. DIXON 1 Thylacine–Thylacinus cynocephalus [F. Knight/ANPWS] 20. THYLACINIDAE DEFINITION AND GENERAL DESCRIPTION The single member of the family Thylacinidae, Thylacinus cynocephalus, known as the Thylacine, Tasmanian Tiger or Wolf, is a large carnivorous marsupial (Fig. 20.1). Generally sandy yellow in colour, it has 15 to 20 distinct transverse dark stripes across the back from shoulders to tail. While the large head is reminiscent of the dog and wolf, the tail is long and characteristically stiff and the legs are relatively short. Body hair is dense, short and soft, up to 15 mm in length. Body proportions are similar to those of the Tasmanian Devil, Sarcophilus harrisii, the Eastern Quoll, Dasyurus viverrinus and the Tiger Quoll, Dasyurus maculatus. The Thylacine is digitigrade. There are five digital pads on the forefoot and four on the hind foot. Figure 20.1 Thylacine, side view of the whole animal. (© ABRS)[D. Kirshner] The face is fox-like in young animals, wolf- or dog-like in adults. Hairs on the cheeks, above the eyes and base of the ears are whitish-brown. Facial vibrissae are relatively shorter, finer and fewer than in Tasmanian Devils and Quolls. The short ears are about 80 mm long, erect, rounded and covered with short fur. Sexual dimorphism occurs, adult males being larger on average. Jaws are long and powerful and the teeth number 46. In the vertebral column there are only two sacrals instead of the usual three and from 23 to 25 caudal vertebrae rather than 20 to 21.
    [Show full text]
  • Arid and Semi-Arid Lakes
    WETLAND MANAGEMENT PROFILE ARID AND SEMI-ARID LAKES Arid and semi-arid lakes are key inland This profi le covers the habitat types of ecosystems, forming part of an important wetlands termed arid and semi-arid network of feeding and breeding habitats for fl oodplain lakes, arid and semi-arid non- migratory and non-migratory waterbirds. The fl oodplain lakes, arid and semi-arid lakes support a range of other species, some permanent lakes, and arid and semi-arid of which are specifi cally adapted to survive in saline lakes. variable fresh to saline water regimes and This typology, developed by the Queensland through times when the lakes dry out. Arid Wetlands Program, also forms the basis for a set and semi-arid lakes typically have highly of conceptual models that are linked to variable annual surface water infl ows and vary dynamic wetlands mapping, both of which can in size, depth, salinity and turbidity as they be accessed through the WetlandInfo website cycle through periods of wet and dry. The <www.derm/qld.gov.au/wetlandinfo>. main management issues affecting arid and semi-arid lakes are: water regulation or Description extraction affecting local and/or regional This wetland management profi le focuses on the arid hydrology, grazing pressure from domestic and semi-arid zone lakes found within Queensland’s and feral animals, weeds and tourism impacts. inland-draining catchments in the Channel Country, Desert Uplands, Einasleigh Uplands and Mulga Lands bioregions. There are two broad types of river catchments in Australia: exhoreic, where most rainwater eventually drains to the sea; and endorheic, with internal drainage, where surface run-off never reaches the sea but replenishes inland wetland systems.
    [Show full text]
  • Returning to the Returning to the Northern Territory
    Population Studies Group POPULATION STUDIES School for Social and Policy Research Charles Darwin University RESEARCH BRIEF Northern Territory 0909 ISSUE Number 2008004 [email protected] School for Social and Policy Research 2008 RETURNING TO THE NNNORTHERNNORTHERN TERRITORY KEY FINDINGS RESEARCH AIM • Although some out-migrants may be lost to To identify the the Northern Territory altogether, the characteristics of people who return to the telephone survey showed that 30% of Northern Territory respondents had left and returned to the after a period of absence Territory at least once. and the reasons fforororor • Return migration is often planned from the their return outset and can occur, for example, at the completion of fixed-term employment, medical treatment, study, travel or undertaking family commitments This Research Brief draws on data from the elsewhere. Territory Mobility • Return migration may be for a limited time Survey and in-depth with 23% of telephone survey respondents interviews conducted as saying they planned to leave again with two part of the Northern or three years. Territory Mobility Project. Funding for • Retaining a family home in the Territory the research was provides an emotional connection which may provided by an ARC encourage return migration. Linkage Grant. • Climate, suitable housing and existing social networks may encourage return migration of older ex-Territory residents. • For many years, the Northern Territory has This Research Brief been a destination to which people return. was prepared by What can be done to encourage people to Elizabeth CreedCreed. return and to extend the period of time they plan to spend in the Territory? POPULATION STUDIES GROUP RESEARCH BRIEF ISSUE 2008004: RETURNING TO THE NORTHERN TERRITORY Background Consistently high rates of population turnover in the Northern Territory result in annual gains and losses of significant numbers of residents.
    [Show full text]
  • Kosipe Revisited
    Peat in the mountains of New Guinea G.S. Hope Department of Archaeology and Natural History, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia _______________________________________________________________________________________ SUMMARY Peatlands are common in montane areas above 1,000 m in New Guinea and become extensive above 3,000 m in the subalpine zone. In the montane mires, swamp forests and grass or sedge fens predominate on swampy valley bottoms. These mires may be 4–8 m in depth and up to 30,000 years in age. In Papua New Guinea (PNG) there is about 2,250 km2 of montane peatland, and Papua Province (the Indonesian western half of the island) probably contains much more. Above 3,000 m, peat soils form under blanket bog on slopes as well as on valley floors. Vegetation types include cushion bog, grass bog and sedge fen. Typical peat depths are 0.5‒1 m on slopes, but valley floors and hollows contain up to 10 m of peat. The estimated total extent of mountain peatland is 14,800 km2 with 5,965 km2 in PNG and about 8,800 km2 in Papua Province. The stratigraphy, age structure and vegetation histories of 45 peatland or organic limnic sites above 750 m have been investigated since 1965. These record major vegetation shifts at 28,000, 17,000‒14,000 and 9,000 years ago and a variable history of human disturbance from 14,000 years ago with extensive clearance by the mid- Holocene at some sites. While montane peatlands were important agricultural centres in the Holocene, the introduction of new dryland crops has resulted in the abandonment of some peatlands in the last few centuries.
    [Show full text]
  • VAN DIEMEN's LAND COMPANY Records, 1824-1930 Reels M337
    AUSTRALIAN JOINT COPYING PROJECT VAN DIEMEN’S LAND COMPANY Records, 1824-1930 Reels M337-64, M585-89 Van Diemen’s Land Company 35 Copthall Avenue London EC2 National Library of Australia State Library of New South Wales Filmed: 1960-61, 1964 CONTENTS Page 3 Historical note M337-64 4 Minutes of Court of Directors, 1824-1904 4 Outward letter books, 1825-1902 6 Inward letters and despatches, 1833-99 9 Letter books (Van Diemen’s Land), 1826-48 11 Miscellaneous papers, 1825-1915 14 Maps, plan and drawings, 1827-32 14 Annual reports, 1854-1922 M585-89 15 Legal documents, 1825-77 15 Accounts, 1833-55 16 Tasmanian letter books, 1848-59 17 Conveyances, 1851-1930 18 Miscellaneous papers 18 Index to despatches 2 HISTORICAL NOTE In 1824 a group of woollen mill owners, wool merchants, bankers and investors met in London to consider establishing a land company in Van Diemen’s Land similar to the Australian Agricultural Company in New South Wales. Encouraged by the support of William Sorell, the former Lieutenant- Governor, and Edward Curr, who had recently returned from the colony, they formed the Van Diemen’s Land Company and applied to Lord Bathurst for a grant of 500,000 acres. Bathurst agreed to a grant of 250,000 acres. The Van Diemen’s Land Company received a royal charter in 1825 giving it the right to cultivate land, build roads and bridges, lend money to colonists, execute public works, and build and buy houses, wharves and other buildings. Curr was appointed the chief agent of the Company in Van Diemen’s Land.
    [Show full text]
  • Soils of the Northern Territory Factsheet
    Soils of the Northern Territory | factsheet Soils are developed over thousands of years and are made up of air, water, minerals, organic material and microorganisms. They can take on a wide variety of characteristics and form ecosystems which support all life on earth. In the NT, soils are an important natural resource for land-based agricultural industries. These industries and the soils that they depend on are a major contributor to the Northern Territory economy and need to be managed sustainably. Common Soils in the Northern Territory Kandosols Tenosols Hydrosols Often referred to as red, These weakly developed or sandy These seasonally inundated yellow and brown earths, soils are important for horticulture in soils support both high value these massive and earthy the Ali Curung and Alice Springs conservation areas important soils are important for regions. They soils show some for ecotourism as well as the agricultural and horticultural degree of development (minor pastoral industry. They production. They occur colour or soil texture increase in generally occur in higher throughout the NT and are subsoil) down the profile. They rainfall areas on coastal widespread across the Top include sandplains, granitic soils floodplains, swamps and End, Sturt plateau, Tennant and the sand dunes of beach ridges drainage lines. They also Creek and Central Australian and deserts. include soils in mangroves and regions. salt flats. Darwin sandy Katherine loamy Red Alice Springs Coastal floodplain Red Kandosol Kandosol sandplainTenosol Hydrosol Rudosols Chromosols These are very shallow soils or those with minimal These are soils with an abrupt increase in clay soil development. Rudosols include very shallow content below the top soil.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix a (PDF 85KB)
    A Appendix A: Committee visits to remote Aboriginal and Torres Strait communities As part of the Committee’s inquiry into remote Indigenous community stores the Committee visited seventeen communities, all of which had a distinctive culture, history and identity. The Committee began its community visits on 30 March 2009 travelling to the Torres Strait and the Cape York Peninsula in Queensland over four days. In late April the Committee visited communities in Central Australia over a three day period. Final consultations were held in Broome, Darwin and various remote regions in the Northern Territory including North West Arnhem Land. These visits took place in July over a five day period. At each location the Committee held a public meeting followed by an open forum. These meetings demonstrated to the Committee the importance of the store in remote community life. The Committee appreciated the generous hospitality and evidence provided to the Committee by traditional owners and elders, clans and families in all the remote Aboriginal and Torres Strait communities visited during the inquiry. The Committee would also like to thank everyone who assisted with the administrative organisation of the Committee’s community visits including ICC managers, Torres Strait Councils, Government Business Managers and many others within the communities. A brief synopsis of each community visit is set out below.1 1 Where population figures are given, these are taken from a range of sources including 2006 Census data and Grants Commission figures. 158 EVERYBODY’S BUSINESS Torres Strait Islands The Torres Strait Islands (TSI), traditionally called Zenadth Kes, comprise 274 small islands in an area of 48 000 square kilometres (kms), from the tip of Cape York north to Papua New Guinea and Indonesia.
    [Show full text]
  • Origins of Sweet Potato and Bottle Gourd in Polynesia: Pre-European Contacts with South America?
    Seminar Origins of sweet potato and bottle gourd in Polynesia: pre-European contacts with South America? Dr. Andrew Clarke Allan Wilson Centre for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, Department of Anthropology, University of Auckland, New Zealand Wednesday, April 15th – 3:00 pm. Phureja Room This presentation will be delivered in English, but the slides will be in Spanish. Abstract: It has been suggested that both the sweetpotato (camote) and bottle gourd (calabaza) were introduced into the Pacific by Polynesian voyagers who sailed to South America around AD 1100, collected both species, and returned to Eastern Polynesia. For the sweetpotato, this hypothesis is well supported by archaeological, linguistic and biological evidence, but using molecular genetic techniques we are able to address more specific questions: Where in South America did Polynesians make landfall? What were the dispersal routes of the sweetpotato within Polynesia? What was the influence of the Spanish and Portuguese sweetpotato introductions to the western Pacific in the 16th century? By analysing over 300 varieties of sweet potato from the Yen Sweet Potato Collection in Tsukuba, Japan using high-resolution DNA fingerprinting techniques we are beginning to elucidate specific patterns of sweetpotato dispersal. This presentation will also include discussion of the Polynesian bottle gourd, and our efforts to determine whether it is of South American or Asian origin. Understanding dispersal patterns of both the sweetpotato and bottle gourd is adding to our knowledge of human movement in the Pacific. It also shows how germplasm collections such as those maintained by the International Potato Center can be used to answer important anthropological questions.
    [Show full text]