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GLÜCKSKONZEPTE JENSEITS DER ÖKONOMIE Dissertation GLÜCKSKONZEPTE JENSEITS DER ÖKONOMIE Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades Doktor der Wirtschaftswissenschaften (Dr. rer. pol.) eingereicht an der Universität Flensburg von Dipl.-Kfm. (FH) Morten Friedrichsen Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Wolfgang P. Teschner, Universität Flensburg Prof. Dr. Wenzel Matiaske, Helmut-Schmidt-Universität Hamburg Tag der Einreichung: 31.10.2013 SCHRIFTLICHE VERSICHERUNG Ich erkläre hiermit an Eides Statt, dass ich die vorliegende Arbeit selbstständig und ohne Hilfsmittel angefertigt habe; die aus fremden Quellen (einschließlich elektronischer Quellen, dem Internet und mündlicher Kommunikation) direkt oder indirekt übernommenen Gedanken sind ausnahmslos unter genauer Quel- lenangabe als solche kenntlich gemacht. Insbesondere habe ich nicht die Hilfe sogenannter Promotionsberaterinnen / Promotionsberater in Anspruch genom- men. Dritte haben von mir weder unmittelbar noch mittelbar Geld oder geldwer- te Leistungen für Arbeiten erhalten, die im Zusammenhang mit dem Inhalt der vorgelegten Dissertation stehen. Die Arbeit wurde bisher weder im Inland noch im Ausland in gleicher oder ähnlicher Form einer anderen Prüfungsbehörde vorgelegt. Morten Friedrichsen Heide, den 30.10.2013 2 Für Jenna, Henry und Moritz 3 DANKSAGUNG An erster Stelle möchte ich mich bei meinem Doktorvater Prof. Dr. Wolfgang P. Teschner für seine herzliche Betreuung und Förderung sehr bedanken. Er hat mich in den vergangenen Jahren stark in meinem Denken beeinflusst und zu meiner Weiterentwicklung beigetragen. Unsere Gespräche haben mich in all dieser Zeit sehr inspiriert und inspirieren mich auch weiterhin. Ein großer Dank geht weiterhin an Prof. Dr. Wenzel Matiaske für seine freundli- che Bereitschaft, sich diesem Projekt anzuschließen. Ich bedanke mich auch für seine wertvollen Hinweise und die Möglichkeit, mein Dissertationsthema im Rahmen seines Seminars vorzustellen. Außerdem danke ich meinem Vorgesetzten Prof. Dr. Hanno Drews für seine Toleranz gegenüber meiner Mehrfachbelastung; er hat es stets aufs Neue ver- standen, mich zu motivieren und voranzutreiben. Neben allen Freunden und Bekannten danke ich vor allem auch meiner Familie. Besonders hervorheben möchte ich dabei meine Eltern, die mich immer in allen Lebenslagen unterstützt haben und denen ich letztlich alles verdanke. 4 INHALTSVERZEICHNIS ABKÜRZUNGSVERZEICHNIS ........................................................................ 10 1 EINLEITUNG ............................................................................................. 11 1.1 Hintergrund und Relevanz der Arbeit ................................................... 11 1.2 Zielsetzung und Vorgehensweise ........................................................ 16 1.3 Aufbau der Arbeit ................................................................................. 18 2 MENSCH UND GLÜCK ............................................................................. 20 2.1 Vorüberlegungen zum Glück ............................................................... 20 2.2 Menschliches Bewusstsein .................................................................. 23 2.3 Emotionen und Glück in biologischer Hinsicht ..................................... 28 2.4 Sprache ............................................................................................... 30 2.5 Weltanschauung .................................................................................. 33 3 GLÜCK IM SINNE WESTLICHER ÖKONOMIE........................................ 35 3.1 Grundannahmen und Theorie westlicher Mainstream-Ökonomie ........ 36 3.1.1 Der Homo oeconomicus als Nutzenmaximierer ......................... 37 3.1.2 Marktpreismechanismus ............................................................ 41 3.1.3 Arbeitsteilung ............................................................................. 42 3.2 Wirtschaftswachstum als Quelle ökonomischer Wohlfahrt ................... 43 3.3 Das BIP als Maßstab ökonomischer Wohlfahrt .................................... 46 3.4 Der Neoliberalismus als Rahmen westlicher Marktwirtschaft ............... 50 3.5 Das Individuum im westlich-marktwirtschaftlichen System .................. 58 3.5.1 Zeit ............................................................................................. 59 3.5.2 Konsum ..................................................................................... 62 3.5.3 Arbeit ......................................................................................... 65 5 3.5.4 Gesundheit ................................................................................ 68 3.5.5 Freizeit ....................................................................................... 69 3.5.6 Spiritualität ................................................................................. 70 3.5.7 Sehnsucht nach Glück ............................................................... 72 4 GLÜCKSKONZEPTE JENSEITS DER ÖKONOMIE ................................ 75 4.1 Begriffliche Abgrenzungen und Auswahl ............................................. 76 4.1.1 Mythos ....................................................................................... 76 4.1.2 Religion ...................................................................................... 78 4.1.3 Philosophie ................................................................................ 79 4.1.4 Auswahl und Aufbau .................................................................. 80 4.2 Mythische Glaubenswelten .................................................................. 85 4.2.1 Azteken und Maya ..................................................................... 85 4.2.2 Nordische Mythenwelt ............................................................... 89 4.2.3 Sonstige Mythen und Mythenwelten .......................................... 91 4.2.4 Reflexion .................................................................................... 93 4.3 Antike griechische Philosophie ............................................................ 96 4.3.1 Platon ........................................................................................ 96 4.3.2 Aristoteles ................................................................................ 101 4.3.3 Epikureismus ........................................................................... 109 4.3.4 Stoa ......................................................................................... 115 4.3.5 Reflexion .................................................................................. 118 4.4 Abrahamitische Religionen ................................................................ 122 4.4.1 Judentum ................................................................................. 122 4.4.1.1 Grundlagen ........................................................................ 122 4.4.1.2 Leben im jüdischen Glauben ............................................. 123 6 4.4.2 Christentum ............................................................................. 128 4.4.2.1 Grundlagen ........................................................................ 128 4.4.2.2 Leben im christlichen Glauben .......................................... 131 4.4.3 Islam ........................................................................................ 136 4.4.3.1 Grundlagen ........................................................................ 136 4.4.3.2 Leben im islamischen Glauben ......................................... 138 4.4.4 Reflexion .................................................................................. 142 4.5 Abendländische Philosophie .............................................................. 145 4.5.1 Augustinus ............................................................................... 145 4.5.2 Thomas von Aquin ................................................................... 148 4.5.3 Utopisches Denken .................................................................. 151 4.5.4 Immanuel Kant......................................................................... 154 4.5.5 Utilitarismus ............................................................................. 156 4.5.6 Arthur Schopenhauer ............................................................... 159 4.5.7 Karl Marx ................................................................................. 161 4.5.8 Friedrich Nietzsche .................................................................. 164 4.5.9 Existentialismus ....................................................................... 168 4.5.10 Reflexion .................................................................................. 170 4.6 Indische Denkrichtungen ................................................................... 173 4.6.1 Hinduismus .............................................................................. 173 4.6.1.1 Grundlagen ........................................................................ 173 4.6.1.2 Leben im hinduistischen Glauben ..................................... 175 4.6.2 Buddhismus ............................................................................. 180 4.6.2.1 Grundlagen ........................................................................ 180 4.6.2.2 Leben nach buddhistischer Lehre ..................................... 181 4.6.3 Reflexion .................................................................................. 185 7 4.7 Chinesische Denkrichtungen ............................................................. 187 4.7.1 Daoismus ................................................................................
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