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Feuilletage.Pdf Livre 1.indb 1 200L 26/05/2014 09:47:41 Livre 1.indb 2 200L 26/05/2014 09:47:42 Livre 1.indb 3 26/05/2014 09:47:42 Introduction 6 Les grandes idées qui ont révolutionné le cinéma 8 Glossaire 208 Pour aller plus loin 211 Index 212 Crédits photo 215 Remerciements 216 Livre 1.indb 4 200L 26/05/2014 09:47:42 IDÉE N° 1 LA LANTERNE MAGIQUE IDÉE N° 52 LES FILMS DE SÉRIE B IDÉE N° 2 LA PERSISTANCE RÉTINIENNE IDÉE N° 53 LES SÉRIES IDÉE N° 3 LE KINÉTOSCOPE IDÉE N° 54 LE COURT MÉTRAGE IDÉE N° 4 LE CINÉMATOGRAPHE IDÉE N° 55 L’ANIMATION IDÉE N° 5 LA PROJECTION IDÉE N° 56 LES MAQUETTES IDÉE N° 6 LES FILMS À TRUCS IDÉE N° 57 LE NÉORÉALISME IDÉE N° 7 LE GROS PLAN IDÉE N° 58 LE FLASH-BACK IDÉE N° 8 LES EFFETS DE LIAISON IDÉE N° 59 LA VOIX OFF IDÉE N° 9 LE PLAN SUBJECTIF IDÉE N° 60 LE FILM NOIR IDÉE N° 10 LE TRAVELLING IDÉE N° 61 LA LISTE NOIRE IDÉE N° 11 LA COURSE-POURSUITE IDÉE N° 62 LA MÉTHODE IDÉE N° 12 LE MONTAGE « TRANSPARENT » IDÉE N° 63 LA TÉLÉVISION IDÉE N° 13 LE RACCORD IDÉE N° 64 LE FORMAT ACADEMY IDÉE N° 14 LES NICKELODEONS IDÉE N° 65 LA COULEUR IDÉE N° 15 LE FILM D’ART IDÉE N° 66 LA 3D IDÉE N° 16 LE LONG MÉTRAGE IDÉE N° 67 LA COPRODUCTION IDÉE N° 17 LES DREAM PALACES IDÉE N° 68 L’ÉPOPÉE IDÉE N° 18 LE SCÉNARIO IDÉE N° 69 LE CINÉMA D’EXPLOITATION IDÉE N° 19 LES EFFETS DE CAMÉRA IDÉE N° 70 LA BANDE-ANNONCE IDÉE N° 20 LES SERIALS IDÉE N° 71 LE FILM DE SÉCURITÉ IDÉE N° 21 LE BURLESQUE IDÉE N° 72 LA CINÉMATHÈQUE FRANÇAISE IDÉE N° 22 LES CASCADES IDÉE N° 73 CANNES IDÉE N° 23 LE STAR SYSTEM IDÉE N° 74 LA CRITIQUE IDÉE N° 24 HOLLYWOOD IDÉE N° 75 LA MISE EN SCÈNE IDÉE N° 25 LES MAGNATS DE LA PRODUCTION IDÉE N° 76 LE HORS-CHAMP IDÉE N° 26 LE BLOCK BOOKING IDÉE N° 77 LA POLITIQUE DES AUTEURS IDÉE N° 27 LE STUDIO SYSTEM IDÉE N° 78 LA CAMÉRA À L’ÉPAULE IDÉE N° 28 LE GENRE IDÉE N° 79 LE CINÉMA-VÉRITÉ IDÉE N° 29 LE DOMAINE PUBLIC IDÉE N° 80 LE FREE CINEMA IDÉE N° 30 L’ENFANT STAR IDÉE N° 81 LE TROISIÈME CINÉMA IDÉE N° 31 LES MAGAZINES DE CINÉMA IDÉE N° 82 LE ZOOM IDÉE N° 32 LES OSCARS IDÉE N° 83 LE ROAD MOVIE IDÉE N° 33 LE MONOCHROME IDÉE N° 84 LA BLAXPLOITATION IDÉE N° 34 LE COMPOSITING IDÉE N° 85 LA PORNOGRAPHIE IDÉE N° 35 L’ÉCLAIRAGE ARTIFICIEL IDÉE N° 86 LE CINÉMA FÉMINISTE IDÉE N° 36 L’EXPRESSIONNISME IDÉE N° 87 LES BLOCKBUSTERS IDÉE N° 37 L’AVANT-GARDE NARRATIVE IDÉE N° 88 LES EFFETS DE MAQUILLAGE IDÉE N° 38 LES ÉCOLES DE CINÉMA IDÉE N° 89 LES KIDPICS IDÉE N° 39 LE MONTAGE IDÉE N° 90 LES TEEN MOVIES IDÉE N° 40 LE TYPAGE IDÉE N° 91 LES SUITES IDÉE N° 41 LE SURRÉALISME IDÉE N° 92 LES REMAKES IDÉE N° 42 LE CINÉMA EXPÉRIMENTAL IDÉE N° 93 LES MULTIPLEXES IDÉE N° 43 LE PARLANT IDÉE N° 94 LA VIDÉO IDÉE N° 44 LA BANDE ORIGINALE IDÉE N° 95 LES ÉCRANS À DOMICILE IDÉE N° 45 LA POSTSYNCHRONISATION IDÉE N° 96 LE CINÉMA INDÉPENDANT IDÉE N° 46 LES SOUS-TITRES AMÉRICAIN IDÉE N° 47 LES ACTUALITÉS IDÉE N° 97 LE CINÉMA GAY ET LESBIEN IDÉE N° 48 LA CENSURE IDÉE N° 98 « HERITAGE FILMS » IDÉE N° 49 LA PROPAGANDE IDÉE N° 99 LE CINÉMA NUMÉRIQUE IDÉE N° 50 LE RÉALISME POÉTIQUE IDÉE N° 100 LES IMAGES DE SYNTHÈSE IDÉE N° 51 LE RÉALISME DE STUDIO Livre 1.indb 5 200L 26/05/2014 09:47:42 Introduction Le cinéma est un domaine immense, couvrant aussi merciaux, d’autres pour développer des aspects esthé- bien les premières œuvres du muet que le dernier suc- tiques ou dramaturgiques. L’ouvrage traite donc tout cès en salles, un dessin animé ou un documentaire, un autant d’innovations techniques, de pragmatisme et serial ou des actualités, un film expérimental ou un d’opportunisme en affaires que de grandes idées artis- porno. Ces différentes formes de cinéma partagent un tiques, sociales ou culturelles. En effet, il faut bien dire ensemble d’idées qui, depuis cent vingt ans, défi- que sans le soutien des financiers, l’astuce des ingé- nissent la manière dont les films sont produits, distri- nieurs et l’intervention des patrons de studios, le ciné- bués, projetés, consommés et appréciés. Que vous ma serait sans doute resté un gadget du XIXe siècle soyez novice ou chevronné dans le domaine, vous allez sans importance. découvrir que tous les films ont un nombre incroyable Avant 1914, des pionniers sur les deux rives de de points communs. l’Atlantique ont apporté une contribution égale aux On dit bien que le cinéma est le septième art. Par progrès de la narration filmique, tandis que la fin de comparaison avec les six autres, sculpture, architec- l’ère du cinéma muet vit l’essor du Studio system hol- ture, peinture, musique, poésie et danse, il est tout lywoodien. Imaginons le cours qu’aurait pris cette his- récent. Mais son évolution a été si rapide que les spec- toire si la Grande Guerre n’avait stoppé l’industrie du tateurs de la première projection à Paris, au Grand Café, cinéma européen et permis à la sphère hollywoo- le 27 décembre 1895, auraient du mal à faire le lien dienne, encore naissante, de dominer le marché inter- entre les courtes scènes du Cinématographe d’alors et national du film. Capable de produire en masse des les spectacles hollywoodiens d’aujourd’hui, avec leurs films de genres très rentables, Hollywood acquiert figures imposées et leurs images de synthèse qui alors sur le cinéma mondial une ascendance qu’il n’a emballent le public actuel. toujours pas perdue, malgré la montée de rivaux plus Personne ne sait exactement qui a eu en premier prolifiques en Inde (Bollywood) et au Nigéria (Nolly- l’idée de faire des films, et nul ne peut prétendre avoir wood). été le tout premier à inventer les techniques d’enregis- De fait, c’est le business model de Hollywood, tout trement et de projection. Bien avant que Auguste et autant que la qualité des films, devenus parlants, qui a Louis Lumière ne prennent place dans l’histoire du permis aux Big Five (MGM, Paramount, Warner Bros, cinéma, des écrivains, des savants et des entrepreneurs Twentieth Century-Fox et RKO) d’introduire les pra- avaient exploré le potentiel artistique et commercial tiques de block booking et d’intégration verticale avec d’images qui, imitant la réalité, pouvaient distraire et lesquelles ils assurent des débouchés à leurs produits instruire les foules, moyennant finances. Pourtant, et permettent au cinéma américain de surmonter les dans le cercle des inventeurs de lanternes magiques et crises des années 1930 et de la Deuxième Guerre mon- de jouets optiques, ou de tous ceux qui avaient saisi diale. L’âge d’or ne pouvait toutefois pas durer éternel- l’importance de la persistance rétinienne, nul n’avait lement : après-guerre, poussés par les effets combinés prévu que le cinéma allait devenir l’art le plus acces- du développement périurbain, des lois antitrust, du sible, le plus populaire et le plus important, à la fois sur maccarthysme et de la télévision, les studios s’orientent le plan social, politique et culturel. alors vers la couleur, le grand écran, la 3D et la stéréo- Ce livre analyse les théories, les techniques et les phonie pour contrer une chute des entrées qui risquait stratégies qui ont permis au cinéma de devenir une ins- de les mettre en faillite. titution. Le cinéma a eu très vite une dimension inter- Le déclin du Studio system coïncide avec la résur- nationale ; il n’en reste pas moins que la majorité des gence du cinéma européen. Pendant toute l’ère du idées ont éclos en Europe et aux États-Unis. Certaines muet, les cinéastes européens avaient défié les conven- sont nées en réponse à des défis techniques et com- tions hollywoodiennes classiques. Vient ensuite une Livre 1.indb 6 200L 26/05/2014 09:47:42 période de stagnation durant laquelle des régimes sion des jeux vidéo, conduirait à la disparition du ciné- autoritaires entravent la liberté d’expression, et les ma comme loisir collectif. S’il est vrai que le cinéma industries du cinéma sont mises en difficulté par les comprend deux versants, émotionnel et intellectuel, pratiques de doublage et de sous-titrage de Hollywood. nombre d’idées traitées dans ce livre resteront valables, L’avènement du néoréalisme italien d’après-guerre cor- tout comme, pour l’essentiel, le contenu du film et sa respond à une volonté nouvelle de peindre la vie telle forme sont restés les mêmes depuis un siècle. Les qu’elle est, marquant la fin de cette période sombre. styles, les techniques et les procédés ont leurs modes. Peu de temps après, la France connaît une période de Mais les films persistent à jouer sur des émotions uni- révolte contre les films trop lisses, aux scénarios trop verselles, et l’on peut espérer que le cinéma va conti- pensés et dotés de gros moyens de production : ainsi nuer de nous stimuler, nous charmer et nous réconfor- émerge la Nouvelle Vague, qui joue un rôle important ter, en dépeignant la réalité, ou en nous aidant à nous en Europe et aux États-Unis, avant d’inspirer la montée en évader.
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