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The Invention Factory: Thomas Edison's Laboratories Covers Only Part of the Life of America's Greatest Inventors

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The Invention Factory: Thomas Edison's Laboratories Covers Only Part of the Life of America's Greatest Inventors National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places U.S. Department of the Interior The Invention Factory: Thomas Edison’s Laboratories The Invention Factory: Thomas Edison’s Laboratories (Edison National Historic Site) The cluster of red brick buildings still stands. Asphalt driveways cover most of the space separating the buildings. A chain link fence topped with barbed wire surrounds the complex. Today, this group of buildings looks little different from the hundreds of abandoned factory sites that dot the landscape in the industrial towns of New Jersey and other parts of the Northeast. When it was in operation, however, this complex was one of the most important, if little known, creations of Thomas Alva Edison. These buildings--the chemistry, physics, and metallurgy laboratories; machine shop; pattern shop; research library; and rooms for experiments—-were built in 1887. They formed the core of Edison's research and development complex, which he claimed contained everything necessary to invent "useful things every man, woman, and child in the world wants...at a price they could afford to pay.”1 It was here in this West Orange, New Jersey, complex that Edison systematically developed his ideas for alkaline storage batteries, recorded music and motion pictures, and transformed them into marketable products. Once perfected, these prototypes were sent to the vast factory complex Edison began building in 1888 adjacent to the laboratory. Here they were produced in commercial quantities and then sold throughout the world. The products developed at the research laboratory during the late 19th and early 20th centuries dramatically changed the way Americans lived and worked. The fusion of business and technology achieved at the West Orange complex provided a model for modern corporate and governmental research and development laboratories. National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places U.S. Department of the Interior The Invention Factory: Thomas Edison’s Laboratories Document Contents National Curriculum Standards About This Lesson Getting Started: Inquiry Question Setting the Stage: Historical Context Locating the Site: Maps 1. Map 1: West Orange, NJ 2. Map 2: Edison’s laboratory complex, 1887 3. Map 3: Edison’s laboratory complex, c. 1914 Determining the Facts: Readings 1. Reading 1: The Creation of the Research and Development Laboratory 2. Reading 2: Edison and Popular Culture Visual Evidence: Images 1. Edison and batteries 2. The laboratory complex 3. The chemistry laboratory 4. Edison’s library 5. Edison and the phonograph 6. Phonograph/kinetoscope parlor, 1895 Putting It All Together: Activities 1. Activity 1: Researching the Impact of Edison’s Inventions 2. Activity 2: The Invention Process 3. Activity 3: Researching the Local Community References and Endnotes Additional Resources National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places U.S. Department of the Interior The Invention Factory: Thomas Edison’s Laboratories Where this lesson fits into the curriculum Time Period: Gilded Age/Progressive Era Topics: The lesson could be used in teaching units on the industrialization of the United States, the development of science and technology, or social change in the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Students will discover how Edison systematized the process of inventing, allowing for the rapid development and production of inventions that improved the lives of millions of people. Relevant United States History Standards for Grades 5-12 This lesson relates to the following National Standards for History from the UCLA National Center for History in the Schools: US History Era 6 • Standard 1A: The student understands the connections among industrialization, the advent of the modern corporation, and material well-being. • Standard 3A: The student understands how the "second industrial revolution" changed the nature and conditions of work. US History Era 7 • Standard 3B: The student understands how a modern capitalist economy emerged in the 1920s. • Standard 3C: The student understands how new cultural movements reflected and changed American society. Relevant Curriculum Standards for Social Studies This lesson relates to the following Curriculum Standards for Social Studies from the National Council for the Social Studies: Theme I: Culture National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places U.S. Department of the Interior The Invention Factory: Thomas Edison’s Laboratories • Standard C: The student explains and gives examples of how language, literature, the arts, architecture, other artifacts, traditions, beliefs, values, and behaviors contribute to the development and transmission of culture. Theme III: People, Places, and Environment • Standard A: The student elaborates mental maps of locales, regions, and the world that demonstrates understanding of relative location, directions, size, and shape. • Standard D: The student estimates distance, calculates scale, and distinguishes other geographic relationships such as population density and spatial distribution patterns. • Standard G: The student describes how people create places that reflect cultural values and ideals as they build neighborhoods, parks, shopping centers, and the like. Theme V: Individuals, Groups, and Institutions • Standard C: The student describes the various forms institutions take and the interactions of people with institutions. • Standard G: The student applies knowledge of how groups and institutions work to meet individual needs and promote the common good. Theme VII: Production, Distribution, and Consumption • Standard A: The student gives and explains examples of ways that economic systems structure choices about how goods and services are to be produced and distributed. • Standard B: The student describes the role that supply and demand, prices, incentives, and profits play in determining what is produced and distributed in a competitive market system. • Standard I: The student uses economic concepts to help explain historical and current developments and issues in local, national, or global contexts. Theme VIII: Science, Technology, and Society • Standard A: The student examines and describes the influence of culture on scientific and technological choices and advancement, such as in transportation, medicine, and warfare. • Standard B: The student shows through specific examples how science and technology have changed people's perceptions of the social and natural world, such as in their relationships to the land, animal life, family life, and economic needs, wants and security. • Standard C: The student describes examples in which values, beliefs, and attitudes have been influenced by new scientific and technological National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places U.S. Department of the Interior The Invention Factory: Thomas Edison’s Laboratories knowledge, such as the invention of the printing press, conceptions of the universe, applications of atomic energy, and genetic discoveries. Relevant Common Core Standards This lesson relates to the following Common Core English and Language Arts Standards for History and Social Studies for middle and high school students: Key Ideas and Details • CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.6-12.1 • CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.6-12.2 Craft and Structure • CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.6-12.5 • CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.6-12.6 Integration of Knowledge and Ideas • CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.6-12.7 Range of Reading and Level of Text Complexity: • CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.6-12.10 National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places U.S. Department of the Interior The Invention Factory: Thomas Edison’s Laboratories About This Lesson This lesson plan is based on the National Register of Historic Places registration file, "Edison National Historic Site" [https://npgallery.nps.gov/pdfhost/docs/NRHP/Text/66000052.pdf ] (with photographs [https://npgallery.nps.gov/pdfhost/docs/NRHP/Photos/66000052.pdf]), and the archives maintained at the site, and other materials about Thomas Edison and the West Orange laboratory. It was written by Benjamin Bolger, Park Ranger, Edison National Historic Site; and edited by Fay Metcalf, education consultant. TwHP is sponsored, in part, by the Cultural Resources Training Initiative and Parks as Classrooms programs of the National Park Service. This lesson is one in a series that brings the important stories of historic places into the classrooms across the country. Objectives 1. To describe how Edison created the first modern research and development laboratory complex and explain its functions; 2. To explain how Edison used his new complex to develop products and create industries that still affect our lives today; 3. To describe the process of invention from having experienced it through a simulation activity; 4. To investigate how technological and industrial developments have affected their own community. Materials for students The materials listed below can either be used directly on the computer or can be printed out, photocopied, and distributed to students. 1. Three maps of the area and the laboratory and factory complex; 2. Two readings about the work conducted in Edison’s laboratory and his inventions; 3. Eight photos featuring Edison, his laboratories, and some of his inventions. Visiting the site Edison National Historic Site is located on Main Street in West Orange, New Jersey. Guests can visit the laboratory complex as well as Glenmont, Edison’s home. The park is closed Thanksgiving, Christmas, and New Year's days. For additional information, visit the park web pages. National Park Service
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