„Die Schultergliedmaße Des Hundes“ – Ein Interaktives Lernprogramm Zur Anatomie

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„Die Schultergliedmaße Des Hundes“ – Ein Interaktives Lernprogramm Zur Anatomie Aus dem Veterinärwissenschaftlichen Department der Tierärztlichen Fakultät der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Arbeit angefertigt unter der Leitung von Priv.-Doz. Dr. J. Maierl „Die Schultergliedmaße des Hundes“ – ein interaktives Lernprogramm zur Anatomie Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung der tiermedizinischen Doktorwürde der Tierärztlichen Fakultät der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München von Claudia Bänsch aus Köln München 2014 Gedruckt mit Genehmigung der Tierärztlichen Fakultät der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Dekan: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Joachim Braun Berichterstatter: Priv.-Doz. Dr. Johann Maierl Korreferent/en: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Andrea Meyer-Lindenberg Tag der Promotion: 12. Juli 2014 Meiner Familie Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung .......................................................................................................... 1 2 Literaturübersicht .............................................................................................. 2 2.1 E-Learning ..................................................................................................... 2 2.1.1 Varianten .................................................................................................... 2 2.1.2 Vorteile von E-Learning .............................................................................. 4 2.1.3 E-Learning an der Hochschule ................................................................... 5 2.2 Erstellung eines Lernprogramms ................................................................... 6 2.2.1 Planung ....................................................................................................... 6 2.2.2 Durchführung .............................................................................................. 7 2.3 Anatomische Strukturen an der Vordergliedmaße des Hundes ................... 11 2.3.1 Skelettsystem ........................................................................................... 11 2.3.2 Muskelsystem ........................................................................................... 34 2.3.3 Statik und Dynamik ................................................................................... 70 2.3.4 Kreislaufsystem ........................................................................................ 77 2.3.5 Nervensystem ......................................................................................... 102 2.3.6 Hautanhangsgebilde ............................................................................... 119 3 Material und Methoden ................................................................................. 123 3.1 Untersuchungsmaterial .............................................................................. 123 3.2 Arbeitsschritte ............................................................................................ 124 3.2.1 Erstellung anatomischer Präparate ......................................................... 124 3.2.2 Anfertigung der Bilder ............................................................................. 126 3.2.3 Digitale Nachbearbeitung der Bilder ....................................................... 126 3.2.4 Anfertigung von CT-Bildern ..................................................................... 126 3.2.5 Digitale Nachbearbeitung der CT-Bilder ................................................. 127 3.2.6 Programmierung des Lernprogramms .................................................... 127 4 Ergebnisse .................................................................................................... 128 4.1 Lernprogramm „Die Schultergliedmaße des Hundes“ ................................ 128 4.1.1 Navigation ............................................................................................... 128 4.1.2 Übungstabellen ....................................................................................... 133 4.1.3 Quiz ........................................................................................................ 134 4.1.4 Kapitel Knochen ...................................................................................... 137 4.1.5 Kapitel Gelenke ...................................................................................... 139 4.1.6 Kapitel Muskeln ...................................................................................... 139 4.1.7 Kapitel Gefäße ........................................................................................ 141 I Inhaltsverzeichnis 4.1.8 Kapitel Nerven ........................................................................................ 142 4.1.9 Kapitel Hautanhänge .............................................................................. 143 4.2 Präparate .................................................................................................. 143 5 Diskussion .................................................................................................... 144 5.1 Traditionelle Lehr- und Lernmethoden: Vor- und Nachteile ....................... 144 5.2 Computergestütztes Lernen: Vor- und Nachteile....................................... 144 5.3 CUL an der Tierärztlichen Fakultät der LMU ............................................. 145 5.4 Das Lernprogramm „Die Schultergliedmaße des Hundes“ ........................ 147 5.5 Plastinate .................................................................................................. 150 6 Zusammenfassung ....................................................................................... 152 7 Summary ...................................................................................................... 154 8 Literaturverzeichnis ...................................................................................... 156 Alle anatomischen Termini wurden, sofern im Text nicht anders vermerkt, gemäß der 5. Auflage der Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria verwendet (NAV, 2012). II Abkürzungsverzeichnis Abkürzungsverzeichnis A., Aa. Arteria, Arteriae Art., Artt. Articulatio, Articulationes CSS Cascading Stylesheets CT Computertomographie dig. digitorum E-Book elektronisches Buch (engl. electronic book) For., Forr. Foramen, Foramina ggr. geringgradig HTML Hypertext Markup Language Inc. Incisura Lc. Lymphocentrum Lig., Ligg. Ligamentum, Ligamenta Ln., Lnn. Lymphonodus, Lymphonodi M., Mm. Musculus, Musculi N., Nn. Nervus, Nervi pdf Portable Document Format PNS Peripheres Nervensystem Proc. Processus R., Rr. Ramus, Rami V., Vv. Vena, Venae ZIP-Dateiformat für komprimierte Dateien (von engl. zipper ZIP ‚Reißverschluss‘) ZNS Zentrales Nervensystem VTK Visualization Toolkit III Einleitung 1 Einleitung Studenten der Tiermedizin müssen in den ersten Semestern eine Vielzahl von anatomischen Fakten erlernen und verarbeiten. Zusätzlich zu den Vorlesungen und Präparierübungen müssen sie den vermittelten Stoff vor- und/oder nachbereiten. Dies geschieht in der Regel mit Hilfe von Lehrbüchern, die die vier verschiedenen Haussäugetiergruppen Fleischfresser, Schwein, Wiederkäuer und Pferd behandeln. Um den Umfang eines solchen Buches im Rahmen zu halten, müssen Detailinformationen zu einer speziellen Gruppe und entsprechendes, illustrierendes Bildmaterial knapp ausfallen, was den Lernerfolg einschränken kann. Bücher, die sich mit einer der Gruppen oder gar nur einer Spezies beschäftigen, sind hingegen oftmals so umfangreich, dass es den Studenten unmöglich ist, ein solches Werk für jede Tiergruppe durchzuarbeiten. Einen Beitrag zur Unterstützung der Studenten kann hier das E-Learning bieten. Wie in vielen Ausbildungsbereichen hat sich E-Learning in den letzten Jahren zunehmend auch in der medizinischen Ausbildung etabliert (HUWENDIEK et al., 2008). Auch am Lehrstuhl für Anatomie, Histologie und Embryologie der Tierärztlichen Fakultät der LMU München sind eine Reihe von Computerunterstützten Lernprogrammen entstanden, unter anderem „BovineDigit: ein multimediales 3D Lernprogramm“ (ZENGERLING, 2004), „Computer basiertes Lernprogramm über die physikalisch-technischen Grundlagen der Sonografie beim Kleintier“ (STRECK, 2004) und „Der Pferdekopf - ein interaktives Lernprogramm“ (ALBERT, 2010). Mit dieser Arbeit soll diese Reihe Computerunterstützter Lernprogramme fortgeführt werden. Ihr Ziel ist es, ein multimediales Lernprogramm über die systematische und topografische Anatomie der Schultergliedmaße des Hundes zu erstellen, das vor allem für Tiermedizinstudenten in den vorklinischen Semestern eine zeitgemäße Hilfestellung bei der Vor- und Nachbereitung der praktischen Übungen und bei der Physikumsvorbereitung darstellen soll. Aber auch Studenten höherer Semester und auch praktizierende Tierärzte können von diesem Lernprogramm profitieren, indem sie es als Nachschlagewerk zur Auffrischung und Erweiterung ihres Wissens nutzen. 1 Literatur 2 Literaturübersicht 2.1 E-Learning 2.1.1 Varianten Die Entwicklung von elektronisch gestütztem Lernen (E-Learning) begann bereits Mitte des vorigen Jahrhunderts. Die ersten Lernprogramme wurden an amerikanischen Universitäten auf Großrechnersystemen zur Verfügung gestellt. Mit der Einführung der PCs und der Entwicklung des Windows-Betriebssystems in den 1980er Jahren verbreitete sich der Einsatz von Computerlernprogrammen (CBTs) auch in Deutschland (SCHANDA, 1995). Mittlerweile wird E-Learning in fast allen Bereichen der Aus-, Fort- und Weiterbildung eingesetzt (RUF et al., 2008). Trotz dieses weiten Einsatzfeldes existiert bislang keine einheitliche Definition für E- Learning. Genaugenommen umfasst der Begriff E-Learning alle
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