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Le Piante Di Francesco Calzolari WBAWBA Monographs I LeLe piantepiante di Francesco CCalzolarialzolari DanieleDaniele ZaniniZanini WBA MonographsMonographs Vol.Vol. I LeLe piantepiante di FFrancescorancesco CCalzolarialzolari ISSNISSN 2239-85542239-8554 ISISBNBN 9978-88-906379-0-278-88-906379-0-2 SOMMARIOSOMMARIO Presentazione 7 Prefazioni 9 © CopyrightCopyright 2011 World BiodiversitBiodiversityy Association onluonluss IntroduzioneIntroduzione 13 ComitatoComitato SScientificientifi co eded EditorialeEditoriale WBA: Barrientos-Lozano Ludivina, Ciudad Victoria (México(México)) /DULQDVFHQ]DVFLHQWL¿FDQHO&LQTXHFHQWR Casale Achille, Sassari (Italia)(Italia) Daccordi Mauro, Verona (Italia(Italia)) La vita 2727 GiacGiachinohino Pier Mauro, Torino, (Ita(Italia)lia) GuidolinGuidolin Laura, Padova (Italia(Italia)) KlKleukerseukers Roy, LeidenLeiden (Olanda)(Olanda) LaLa TTheriacaheriaca 3131 Massa Bruno, Palermo, (Italia)(Italia) Onore Giovanni, Quito (Ecuador)(Ecuador) L’L’HortusHortus simplicium OsellaOsella BartolomeoBartolomeo Giuseppe, L’AquiL’Aquilala (Italia)(Italia) Peck Stewart B., Ottawa (Canada)(Canada) /DÀ/DÀRUXODRUXOD Roig FidelFidel AAlejandro,lejandro, MendozaMendoza (Argentina(Argentina)) SalSalgadogado Costas José Maria, Leon (Spa(Spagna)gna) ,O9LDJJLRGL0RQWH%DOGRGHOODPDJQL¿,O9LDJJLRGL0RQWH%DOGRGHOODPDJQL¿FDFLWWDGL9HURQDFDFLWWDGL9HURQD 60 TTretiachretiach Mauro, Trieste (Italia)(Italia) 5DSSRUWLHSLVWRODULFRQ8OLVVH$OGURYDQGL5DSSRUWLHSLVWRODULFRQ8OLVVH$OGURYDQGL Direttore eeditoriale:ditoriale: Pier Mauro GiachinoGiachino ProProgettogetto eeditoriale:ditoriale: GianGianfrancofranco CaoduroCaoduro 5DSSRUWLHSLVWRODULFRQ/XFD*KLQL5DSSRUWLHSLVWRODULFRQ/XFD*KLQL GraGrafifi ca e impaimpaginazione:ginazione: LLucianouciano VincoVinco In copertcopertina:ina: “Aro“Aro minore”.minore”. Arum maculatummaculatum L.L. 5DSSRUWLHSLVWRODULFRQ3LHWUR$QGUHD0DWWLROL5DSSRUWLHSLVWRODULFRQ3LHWUR$QGUHD0DWWLROL Biblioteca UniversitariaUniversitaria Alessandrina RomaRoma 5DSSRUWLHSLVWRODULFRQ-RDFKLP&DPHUDULXV,,5DSSRUWLHSLVWRODULFRQ-RDFKLP&DPHUDULXV,, Citazione bibliografibibliografi ca suggerita:suggerita: ,O,O Theatrum naturae - Musaeum CalceolariCalceolari Zanini D., 2011. Le ppianteiante di Francesco Calzolari. WWBABA MonoMonographsgraphs 1, Verona: 1-6441-644.. %LEOLRJUD¿%LEOLRJUD¿D ,QGLFHJHQHUDOH,QGLFHJHQHUDOH DirettoreDirettore ResResponsabileponsabile: Simone BeBellinillini - Autorizzazione n. 116753 deldel 08/06/20008/06/20066 FinitoFinito didi stampare iill 31 agosto 2011 - Cierre GrafiGrafi ca (Verona), su carta ecoecologicalogica e certificertifi cata. 5LQJUD]LDPHQWL5LQJUD]LDPHQWL Tutti i dirittidiritti sono riservati. I diritti di traduzione, memorizzazione elettronica e ririproduzioneproduzione con qqualsiasiualsiasi mezzo sono riservati pperer tutti i ppaesi,aesi, se non autorizzati ddall’Editore.all’Editore. /DULQDVFHQ]DVFLHQWL¿FDQHO&LQTXHFHQWR Nel Cinquecento la medicina e la farmacologia, profes- Spetiali è stata à giorni nostri la ignoranza de semplici”. sioni unite dallo scopo di curare le malattie e alleviare le Nell’epistola della pubblicazione Il Viaggio di Monte Bal- sofferenze, si trovarono sempre più a collaborare tra loro, GRGHOODPDJQL¿FDFLWWDGL9HURQD, dedicata a Borgarucci, PHGLDQWHO¶RVVHUYD]LRQHGHOODQDWXUDDO¿QHG¶LQWURGXUUH si percepisce pure una seconda convinzione dello speziale nuovi rimedi e rimuoverne altri. Purtroppo questi due sa- in quanto affermò “onde adiviene che se bè molti i veri e peri erano vincolati da una quantità enorme di enunciati legitimi ingredienti hanno imparato a conoscere; nel modo della medicina classica e, tranne la chirurgia che si basa- di preparali poi, & d’insieme componerli, & in alcuni su- va su conoscenze pratiche, tutto gravitava attorno ad un stituti vanno tutta via dietro alli abusi, non senza pericolo prontuario farmaceutico comune, mai contestato, mal- manifesto dell’honore de medici, & de la vita delli infer- grado le scuole di pensiero differissero sia nell’approccio mi”, come a dire che se da una parte si devono conoscere le diagnostico, sia eziopatogenetico. Nel Rinascimento, in- piante, dall’altra occorre garantire le pratiche preparatorie vece, si crearono i presupposti fondamentali per un lavoro senza abusi, adulterazioni o l’uso di succedanei non testati. VLQHUJLFRWUDOHGXHVFLHQ]HDO¿QHGLULFRQRVFHUHFRQFHU Pure Mattioli, medico dotto, sottolineò nei 'LVFRUVLL que- WH]]DOHSLDQWHFXUDWLYHHGLYHUL¿FDUQHVSHULPHQWDOPHQWH sti principi di onestà e di alta perizia tecnica che gli operato- O¶HI¿FDFLDWHUDSHXWLFDVXOSD]LHQWH ri della sanità dovevano avere, pur essendo lo speziale uno Essendo quasi tutte palliative le terapie dell’epoca, il “strumento” al servizio del medico: “Molte volte si com- loro successo dipendeva non tanto dalla qualità della cura, pongono i medicamenti de semplici vecchi, e svaniti, onde bensì dalla natura della malattia. Tuttavia il comporta- seguita poi che di niun valore riescano i compositi. Il che mento dei medici non era da considerarsi completamente quantunque alle volte intervenga per malitia inescusabile: “aberrante” in quanto, se si esclude l’impiego di piante nondimeno accade ciò il piu delle volte per ignoranza, e per prive di effetti, essi conoscevano bene l’oppio, la cassia, trascuraggine, vedendosi che pochissimi spetiali si ritrova- la belladonna e la digitale che sono in uso ancor oggi. no…”. In particolare, rileggendo e commentando la materia Le condizioni morbose riportate sui testi classici non medica di Dioscoride, egli avvertì il bisogno di avvalersi di VRQRVHPSUHEHQFODVVL¿FDELOLFOLQLFDPHQWHWUDQQHOHSL ottimi semplicisti per avviare quel processo di rinnovamen- GLIIXVHTXDOLODJRWWDLWXPRULODWXEHUFRORVLOHLQVXI¿ to della medicina che molto condivideva con la botanica. cienze cardiache e le malattie virali da raffreddamento. Purtroppo i sinonimi usati per le piante, la babele termi- In quel periodo non esistevano cure per guarire affezioni nologica in ambito medico e l’arrivo dell’arte alchemico- acute con prognosi infausta come la peste, il tifo, il cole- spagirica resero l’inizio molto faticoso, seppur sorretto ra, la malaria o malattie croniche con complicanze, ma dalla necessità di conoscere effettivamente i farmaci e le terapie senza effetti, poco tossiche, che erano di aiuto al piante, soprattutto le morfologie e le proprietà differen- paziente affetto da condizioni a decorso benigno. Si rite- ziali. La conoscenza dei semplici venne riorganizzata, ri- QHYDFKHVRORD'LRYHQLYDDI¿GDWDODVDOXWHHODJXDULJLR strutturata, recuperata nella sua integralità con un lavoro ne dell’uomo, anche se secondo Galeno la natura, forza e di ricerca storica, mediante indagine diretta e di confronto facoltà che risiede nei corpi, poteva condizionare il lavoro tra il veduto e il letto; fu contemporaneamente un lento del medico e dello speziale indirizzandoli nell’interpre- SURFHVVR XPDQLVWLFR ¿QDOL]]DWR DO UHFXSHUR GHO VDSHUH tazione degli effetti manifesti ed occulti dei farmaci da degli antichi, distinto da un nuovo modo di studiare gli utilizzare nella cura. organismi, osservandone le strutture intime e funzionali Con l’arrivo delle piante dall’America, ovviamente non mediante autopsie e anatomie. descritte da Dioscoride, Pseudo Apuleio o Galeno, nac- Al medico spettava la diagnosi e la conoscenza dell’ef- “Aconito“Aconito VIII”.VIII”. Aconitum ddegeneiegenei GayerGayer subsp.subsp. paniculatumpaniculatum (Arcang.) Mucher.Mucher. Pianta raccoraccoltalta ddaa CaCalzolarilzolari susull Monte BaBaldoldo e inviata a MattioMattiolili que, inoltre, l’esigenza di consultare nuovi manuali per ¿FDFLDGHLULPHGLSUHVFULWWLPHQWUHDOORVSH]LDOHQHYH nel 1565 da G. Donzellino. Fu didipintapinta da Cibo nei DDiscorsiiscorsi del 1568 - Biblioteca Universitaria Alessandrina Roma, I Discorsi di M. Pietro Andrea ODORURLGHQWL¿FD]LRQH$QFKH&DO]RODULVRVWHQHYDLQIDWWL niva chiesta la realizzazione, nella consapevolezza che MMatthioliatthioli sanese, memedicodico cesarecesareoo...... RARI 278, vol. IV, ppag.ag. 1148. che “i molti e gravissimi errori cagione, & à Medici & alli il medico bravo e ben pagato poteva prescrivere farmaci 1 memoriamemoria Vostra Signoria Eminentissima e cum gran desi- accompagneranno per sempre nei due ritratti conservati, derio de farvi servicio, ma in fato sono cosse che bisogna unouno al Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Verona e l’altro,l’altro, andarle tolendo secundo che si pole, rispetto che non il probabilmente voluto da Ghini, presso il Dipartimento di tutotuto nase in Montebaldo; bisogna aver amici in qua, in 6FLHQ]H%RWDQLFKHGL3LVD6FLHQ]H%RWDQLFKHGL3LVD lala e ddaa ttutiuti anandaredare fafacendocendo scescelta.lta. La ssiaia ssicuraicura cchehe nnonon Dopo l’ultimo discendente, il nipote Francesco morirà mancharo,mancharo, e per Levante e per Costantinopoli e per Roma GLSHVWHQHODQGUDQQRSHUVLLO0XVHRJOLHUEDULHWXWGLSHVWHQHODQGUDQQRSHUVLLO0XVHRJOLHUEDULHWXW e Napoli, che pero o servicio in tuti li lochi”.lochi”. tete le lettere dei corrispondenti, dati che avrebbero caratte- Nel 1595 fu colpito da cataratta che gli causò cecità, UL]]DWRFRQPDJJLRUSUHFLVLRQHOD¿UL]]DWRFRQPDJJLRUSUHFLVLRQHOD¿JXUDGLTXHVWRXRPRGL PD¿PD¿QRDOJLRUQRGHOODPRUWHDYYHQXWDLOPDU]RQRDOJLRUQRGHOODPRUWHDYYHQXWDLOPDU]R VFLHQ]DGLVWLQWRVLSHUDYHUIDWWRSURSULRLOSULQFLSLRGHOODVFLHQ]DGLVWLQWRVLSHUDYHUIDWWRSURSULRLOSULQFLSLRGHOOD QHVVXQRORSULYzGHOSURIXPRGHLVXRLDPDWL¿QHVVXQRORSULYzGHOSURIXPRGHLVXRLDPDWL¿RULFKHORRULFKHOR FLUFROD]LRQHHULFH]LRQHGHOOHFRQRVFHQ]HFLUFROD]LRQHHULFH]LRQHGHOOHFRQRVFHQ]H "Psites seu lapislapis fi guram passerispasseris piscispiscis impressamimpressam atqueatque delineata a natura continens". VVomeropsisomeropsis
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