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The Development of Piping Erosion

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The Development of Piping Erosion The development of piping erosion Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic); maps Authors Jones, Neil Owen Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 07/10/2021 12:01:34 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/565170 THE DEVELOPMENT OF PIPING EROSION Neil Owen Jones, Ph. D. The University of Arizona, 1968 Director: Lawrence K. Lustlg Piping erosion is widespread in the semiarid valleys of the southwestern United States. The extensive pipe sys­ tems near Benson in the San Pedro Valley, Arizona, were studied to determine the prerequisite conditions for piping, factors affecting pipe evolution and the effect of piping on subsequent development of the drainage net. It is believed that extensive piping was initiated after arroyo-cuttlng began in the San Pedro Valley about 1890. Since that time slightly less than 10 percent of the Aravalpa Surface has been affected by piping, but the af­ fected area includes some 40 percent of the cultivated land, most of which is adjacent to the river. Field studies in­ cluded determination of the geomorphic and hydrologic set­ ting of the major pipe systems and detailed mapping of rep­ resentative pipe systems to determine the influence of local geologic structures on piping. Changes in a representative pipe system during the study period were measured. Se­ quences of aerial photographs for the period 1935-66 indicate the long-term rate of development of pipe systems and their relation to the drainage net. Pipes are developed In both the Recent alluvium and In a weathered zone of the Pllo-Pleistocene St. David Formation, principally In silts and silty clays, the more clayey soils In all cases being highly flocculated. Soil salinity is extremely variable: the conductivity of satura­ tion extracts ranges from 600 to 42,000 micromhos, and the ratio of sodium to total cations ranges from less than 0.1 to more than 0.9• The dry density of the soils ranges 1.15- 1.52 gm./cc. and all sites tested have some soils with a dry density less than 1.25 gm./cc. The soils provide a cohesive but erodlble medium within which pipes are developed along favorable paths in response to increases in the amount of available runoff or in the gradient between a potential pipe inlet and outlet. Change of gradient by lowering of the local base level has been the initiating factor for most piping in the San Pedro Valley. Some pipe patterns are determined by surficial desic­ cation fractures but many of the larger pipe systems are developed along orthogonal fracture systems which outline equldimensional polygons with diameters of the order of 100-200 feet. At several sites superposed pipe systems have different trends. The most likely explanation for the frac­ ture patterns is that they are contraction features formed during post-depositional consolidation. Development of the pattern continues during the drying cycle following deeper moisture penetration along the fractures than in the inter­ vening soil mass. Rodent burrows, root holes and surficial desiccation cracks often provide the interconnection between the ground surface and the deeper fractures. The long profile of major pipes rapidly erodes to the exponential curve characteristic of graded streams but the cross sections of pipes change more slowly. There is maximum control by local geologic structures when pipes are initiated but increasing control by fluid hydraulics as the system develops and changes to an arroyo network by pipe collapse. In the San Pedro Valley arroyo systems initiated by piping commonly, but not invariably, have a more angular drainage net than those formed by headcut advance. In some segments of these arroyos flow is opposite or transverse to the slope of the original surface prior to erosion. Con­ tinued slope erosion and channel migration will gradually eliminate these differences in plan and eventually no evi­ dence of piping will remain. The critical factor to future pipe development in the San Pedro Valley is the local base level of erosion. Long-term control of pipe development depends on aggrada­ tion in the channel of the San Pedro River. THE DEVELOPMENT OF PIPING EROSION by Neil Owen Jones A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 19 6 8 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE I hereby recommend that this dissertation prepared under my direction by __________ Nell Owen Jones___________________ entitled THE DEVELOPMENT OF PIPING EROSION be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement of the degree of __________DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY_________________ After inspection of the dissertation, the following members of the Final Examination Committee concur in its approval and recommend its acceptance:* jLf~ -— -n " (o / ^ ~ (i y *This approval and acceptance is contingent on the candidate's adequate performance and defense of this dissertation at the final oral examination. The inclusion of this sheet bound into the library copy of the dissertation is evidence of satisfactory performance at the final examination. STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the Uni­ versity Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that ac­ curate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be ob­ tained from the author. SIGNED: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This research and the graduate studies which preceded it were done during tenure of a post-graduate scholarship awarded by the Australian Commonwealth Public Service Board. I am greatly indebted to the Director and officers of the Bureau of Mineral Resources, Australia, for their encourage­ ment and support which led to this award. I am most grateful to Dr. L. K. Lustig, my adviser and dissertation director, and to the other members of my study committee: Dr. D. D. Evans, Mr. J. G. Ferris, Dr. J. W. Harshbarger, Dr. W. C. Lacy, Mr. T. Maddock, and Dr. E. S. Simpson. Each of them helped in numerous ways and made many valuable criticisms and suggestions based on the variety of approaches they brought to the problem. The laboratory of the University of Arizona Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Soils, and two of my fellow stud' ents, Mr. F. J. Anderson and Mr. K. L. Dyer made a number of analyses for the project. This assistance is gratefully ac­ knowledged. Many people helped by reporting piping localities in the San Pedro Valley and other areas, and by discussing various factors that appeared to control pipe development at these localities. Dr. J. F. Schreiber, University of Arizona Geology Department; Mr. J. R. Dingman, University of Arizona ill iv Zoology Department; and Mr. G. G. Parker and Mr. M, E. Cooley, U. S. Geological Survey, rendered special assist­ ance. Aerial photographs of the areas studied were made available on many occasions by the Soil Conservation Service, Willcox, and the U. S. Geological Survey and Ag­ ricultural Research Service Tucson. Copies of some of the 1966 aerial photographs were provided by the U; S. Geological Survey, Phoenix. Each of these agencies also provided other pertinent data; without their cooperation parts of the study would not have been possible. I am indebted to many landholders in the San Pedro Valley for the time they spent sharing their knowledge of the project area and showing me many of the pipe systems. Their friendliness and cooperation added much to the enjoy­ ment of the field work. My family’s steady support in the more tedious parts of the survey work was greatly appreciated. I am especially grateful to my wife for typing the dissertation and for her encouragement throughout the project. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF F IGURES........ .. ......................... vii LIST OF P L A T E S ..................................... ix LIST OF TABLES . .................................... X ABSTRACT ............................. .............. xi INTRODUCTION ............................. .. 1 Previous Studies ............................... 3 THE SAN PEDRO V A L L E Y ........................ 5 Location ....................................... 5 Topography ..................................... 5 Incision of the San Pedro R i v e r ............ 11 Climate and Vegetation ......................... 15 Settlement and Agriculture .................... 20 Transport and Communications .................. 21 GEOLOGY ....................................... .. 23 Previous Work •'•••• 23 Stratigraphy ........ 29 St. David Formation 30 "Granite Wash" . Terrace Gravels . 34 Recent Alluvium . Modern Alluvium . 36 HYDROLOGY 39 Surface Water . .................................. 39 Ground W a t e r ................ 42 PIPING IN THE SAN PEDRO
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