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The Role of Viral, Bacterial, Parasitic and Human Sialidases in Disease

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The Role of Viral, Bacterial, Parasitic and Human Sialidases in Disease FACULTY OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCES Academic year 2012-2013 THE ROLE OF VIRAL, BACTERIAL, PARASITIC AND HUMAN SIALIDASES IN DISEASE Stefanie VANDE VELDE Promotor: Prof. Dr. Mario Vaneechoutte Dissertation presented in the 2nd Master year in the programme of Master of Medicine in Medicine FACULTY OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCES Academic year 2012-2013 THE ROLE OF VIRAL, BACTERIAL, PARASITIC AND HUMAN SIALIDASES IN DISEASE Stefanie VANDE VELDE Promotor: Prof. Dr. Mario Vaneechoutte Dissertation presented in the 2nd Master year in the programme of Master of Medicine in Medicine “The author and the promotor give the permission to use this thesis for consultation and to copy parts of it for personal use. Every other use is subject to the copyright laws, more specifically the source must be extensively specified when using results from this thesis.” 15/04/2013 Vande Velde Stefanie Prof. Mario Vaneechoutte Index 1 Abstract ........................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Dutch version ........................................................................................................ 1 1.2 English version ..................................................................................................... 3 2 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 5 3 Method ......................................................................................................................... 6 4 Results .......................................................................................................................... 6 4.1 Sialic Acids ........................................................................................................... 6 4.1.1 Description and history ..................................................................................... 6 4.1.2 Function ............................................................................................................ 6 4.1.3 Types of sialic acids and distribution ............................................................... 8 4.1.4 The use of sialic acid by different pathogens ................................................... 9 4.2 Sialidases ............................................................................................................ 10 4.2.1 Description ...................................................................................................... 10 4.2.2 The diversity in sialidases and their possible common origin ........................ 10 4.2.3 History ............................................................................................................ 10 4.3 Human sialidases ................................................................................................ 11 4.3.1 Cancer ............................................................................................................. 12 4.3.2 Sialidosis/galactosialidosis ............................................................................. 13 4.3.3 Link between cancer and sialidosis................................................................. 14 4.3.4 Sialidase and synaptic plasticity ..................................................................... 15 4.3.5 Epilepsy .......................................................................................................... 16 4.4 Bacterial and viral sialidases .............................................................................. 17 4.4.1 Influenza ......................................................................................................... 18 4.4.2 Streptococcus pneumoniae.............................................................................. 21 4.4.3 Periodontitis .................................................................................................... 24 4.4.4 Bacterial vaginosis .......................................................................................... 25 4.4.5 Cystic Fibrosis ................................................................................................ 27 4.4.6 Propionibacterium acnes ................................................................................. 28 4.5 Trypanosoma cruzi ............................................................................................. 29 5 Discussion .................................................................................................................. 34 References ......................................................................................................................... 39 1 Abstract 1.1 Dutch version Achtergrond In deze thesis wordt de rol van virale, bacteriële, parasitaire en humane sialidasen in verschillende ziektes besproken. Wat is de exacte rol van deze enzymes en zijn ze een mogelijk target voor nieuwe therapeutische interventies? Sialidasen behoren tot de familie van de exoglycosidasen en katalyseren het verwijderen van siaalzuurresidues van glycoproteïnen en glycolipiden. Humane sialidasen zijn betrokken in het lysosomaal katabolisme en in de modulatie van functionele molecules die gelinkt zijn aan diverse biologische processen (Monti et al. 2002; Miyagi et al. 2004). Verder zijn sialidasen ook teruggevonden in verschillende micro-organismen zoals virussen, bacteriën, protozoa en fungi (Miyagi et al. 2008). Sialidasen hebben een functie in verschillende aandoeningen en om die reden zouden ze een mogelijk target kunnen zijn voor nieuwe behandelingen. Methode In dit literatuuronderzoek werd er gebruik gemaakt van de databases van Pubmed en Web of Science en van de artikels verkregen via de promotor. Resultaten Sialidase activiteit is aantoonbaar in heel wat infectieuze aandoeningen zoals influenza, periodontitis, bacteriële vaginose, luchtweginfecties zoals bij mucoviscidose, en de ziekte van Chagas. De rol van deze sialidasen is erg divers. De enzymes kunnen zowel een rol spelen bij nutritie, invasie, immunosupressie als verspreiding binnen de gastheer. In sommige gevallen hebben ze ook een essentiële rol in biofilmvorming. Daarnaast is sialidase activiteit ook aangetoond in kanker. Neu3, een humaan sialidase, is hierbij significant opgereguleerd. Een defect van Neu1 is aanwezig in de erfelijke metabole aandoeningen sialidose en galactosialidose. Genezing bestaat voorlopig nog niet. Verder zouden stoornissen in de sialidase-activiteit in de hersenen aanwezig zijn bij verschillende psychiatrische en neurologische aandoeningen. 1 Conclusie Voorlopig staat therapie gericht op sialidase-activiteit nog in zijn kinderschoenen. Het probleem hierbij is dat de exacte rol van deze enzymes in veel gevallen nog niet goed gekend is. Binnen eenzelfde organisme kunnen verschillende sialidasen voorkomen, waarvan de functie van de ene al wat duidelijker is dan van de andere. Hoewel op het moleculair niveau, homologieën terug te vinden zijn tussen de sialidasen van zoogdieren, bacteriën, fungi en invertebraten, bestaat er toch een grote biochemische diversiteit (Varki and Schauer 2009). Dit draagt bij tot het feit dat men op zoek moet gaan naar species-specifieke sialidase-inhibitoren in de behandeling van specifieke aandoeningen. Onderzoek is voorlopig enkel nog maar verricht op proefdieren en celculturen, met wisselend resultaat. Meer studies en onderzoek zijn dus een noodzaak. Verschillende studies toonden reeds aan dat humane sialidasen een rol spelen in het ontstaan van kanker. Verder onderzoek naar de pathologische rol van deze sialidasen zou een alternatief kunnen bieden voor de reeds bestaande technieken in de bestrijding van kanker. Sialidose en galactosialidose zijn erfelijke stofwisselingsziekten waar voorlopig nog geen behandeling voorhanden is. 2 1.2 English version Background In this thesis the role of viral, bacterial, parasitic and human sialidases in different diseases will be discussed. What is the exact role of these enzymes and are they a possible target for new therapeutic interventions? Sialidases belong to the family of exoglycosidases and catalyze the removal of sialic acid residues from glycoproteins and glycolipids. Human sialidases are involved in lysosomal catabolism and in the modulation of functional molecules linked to diverse biological processes (Monti et al. 2002; Miyagi et al. 2004). Furthermore, sialidases are also found in various microorganisms including viruses, bacteria, protozoa and fungi (Miyagi et al. 2008). Sialidases display roles in diverse diseases and are therefore a possible target for new treatments. Method This literature research made use of the databases of Pubmed and Web of Science and of the articles obtained by the promoter. Results Sialidase activity is detectable in very different diseases such as influenza, periodontitis, bacterial vaginosis, airway infections such as cystic fibrosis and Chagas disease. The role of these sialidases is very diverse. The enzymes play a role in nutrition, invasion, immunosuppression and spread within the host. In some cases, they display an essential role in biofilm formation. In addition, sialidase activity has been shown to be involved in cancer. Neu3, a human sialidase, is up-regulated significantly in this disease. A Neu1 defect is measurable in the heritable metabolic disorders sialidosis and galactosialidosis, for which there are no cures at present. Furthermore, defects in the sialidase activity of the brain could be involved in different psychiatric and neurological disorders. Conclusion At present,
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