Analytical Study of Effects of Autopilot Operation on Motions of a Subsonic Jet-Transport Airplane in Severe Turbulence
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How Planes Fly ! Marymoor R/C Club, Redmond, WA! AMA Charter 1610!
How Planes Fly ! Marymoor R/C Club, Redmond, WA! AMA Charter 1610! Version 2.0 – Nov 2018! Page 1! Controls, Aerodynamics, and Stability • Elevator, Rudder, Aileron! • Wing planform! • Lift and Wing Design! • Wing section (airfoil)! • Tail group (empennage)! • Center of lift, center of gravity! • Characteristics of a “speed stable” airplane! Page 2! Ailerons, Elevators, and Rudder! Control Roll, Pitch, and Yaw! Ailerons! • Roll, left and right! Elevators! • Pitch, up and down) ! Rudder! • Yaw, left and right! Page 3! Radio Controls! Elevator! Power! (Pitch)! Rudder! Ailerons! (yaw)! (roll)! Trim Controls! Page 4! Wing Planform! • Rectangular (best for trainers)! • Tapered! • Elliptical! • Swept! • Delta! Page 5! Lift! Lift! Lift comes from:! • Angle of Attack! Drag! • Wing Area! Direction of flight! • Airfoil Shape ! • Airspeed! Weight! In level flight, Lift = Weight! Page 6! Lift is greatly reduced when the Wing Stalls! • Stall can occur when:! • Too slow! • Pulling too much up elevator! • Steep bank angle! • Any combination of these three! • Occurs at critical angle of attack, about 15 degrees ! • Trainers have gentle stall characteristics. The warbird you want to fly someday might not.! • One wing can stall before the other, resulting in a sharp roll, and if it continues, a spin. A good trainer won’t do this.! Page 7! Airfoil Shapes! Flat bottom airfoil! “Semi-symmetrical” airfoil! • much camber (mid-line is curved)! • has some camber ! • Often used on trainers and Cubs! • sometimes used on trainers! • Good at low speeds! • Good all-around -
Propulsion and Flight Controls Integration for the Blended Wing Body Aircraft
Cranfield University Naveed ur Rahman Propulsion and Flight Controls Integration for the Blended Wing Body Aircraft School of Engineering PhD Thesis Cranfield University Department of Aerospace Sciences School of Engineering PhD Thesis Academic Year 2008-09 Naveed ur Rahman Propulsion and Flight Controls Integration for the Blended Wing Body Aircraft Supervisor: Dr James F. Whidborne May 2009 c Cranfield University 2009. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced without the written permission of the copyright owner. Abstract The Blended Wing Body (BWB) aircraft offers a number of aerodynamic perfor- mance advantages when compared with conventional configurations. However, while operating at low airspeeds with nominal static margins, the controls on the BWB aircraft begin to saturate and the dynamic performance gets sluggish. Augmenta- tion of aerodynamic controls with the propulsion system is therefore considered in this research. Two aspects were of interest, namely thrust vectoring (TVC) and flap blowing. An aerodynamic model for the BWB aircraft with blown flap effects was formulated using empirical and vortex lattice methods and then integrated with a three spool Trent 500 turbofan engine model. The objectives were to estimate the effect of vectored thrust and engine bleed on its performance and to ascertain the corresponding gains in aerodynamic control effectiveness. To enhance control effectiveness, both internally and external blown flaps were sim- ulated. For a full span internally blown flap (IBF) arrangement using IPC flow, the amount of bleed mass flow and consequently the achievable blowing coefficients are limited. For IBF, the pitch control effectiveness was shown to increase by 18% at low airspeeds. -
09 Stability and Control
Aircraft Design Lecture 9: Stability and Control G. Dimitriadis Introduction to Aircraft Design Stability and Control H Aircraft stability deals with the ability to keep an aircraft in the air in the chosen flight attitude. H Aircraft control deals with the ability to change the flight direction and attitude of an aircraft. H Both these issues must be investigated during the preliminary design process. Introduction to Aircraft Design Design criteria? H Stability and control are not design criteria H In other words, civil aircraft are not designed specifically for stability and control H They are designed for performance. H Once a preliminary design that meets the performance criteria is created, then its stability is assessed and its control is designed. Introduction to Aircraft Design Flight Mechanics H Stability and control are collectively referred to as flight mechanics H The study of the mechanics and dynamics of flight is the means by which : – We can design an airplane to accomplish efficiently a specific task – We can make the task of the pilot easier by ensuring good handling qualities – We can avoid unwanted or unexpected phenomena that can be encountered in flight Introduction to Aircraft Design Aircraft description Flight Control Pilot System Airplane Response Task The pilot has direct control only of the Flight Control System. However, he can tailor his inputs to the FCS by observing the airplane’s response while always keeping an eye on the task at hand. Introduction to Aircraft Design Control Surfaces H Aircraft control -
Introduction to Aircraft Stability and Control Course Notes for M&AE 5070
Introduction to Aircraft Stability and Control Course Notes for M&AE 5070 David A. Caughey Sibley School of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Cornell University Ithaca, New York 14853-7501 2011 2 Contents 1 Introduction to Flight Dynamics 1 1.1 Introduction....................................... 1 1.2 Nomenclature........................................ 3 1.2.1 Implications of Vehicle Symmetry . 4 1.2.2 AerodynamicControls .............................. 5 1.2.3 Force and Moment Coefficients . 5 1.2.4 Atmospheric Properties . 6 2 Aerodynamic Background 11 2.1 Introduction....................................... 11 2.2 Lifting surface geometry and nomenclature . 12 2.2.1 Geometric properties of trapezoidal wings . 13 2.3 Aerodynamic properties of airfoils . ..... 14 2.4 Aerodynamic properties of finite wings . 17 2.5 Fuselage contribution to pitch stiffness . 19 2.6 Wing-tail interference . 20 2.7 ControlSurfaces ..................................... 20 3 Static Longitudinal Stability and Control 25 3.1 ControlFixedStability.............................. ..... 25 v vi CONTENTS 3.2 Static Longitudinal Control . 28 3.2.1 Longitudinal Maneuvers – the Pull-up . 29 3.3 Control Surface Hinge Moments . 33 3.3.1 Control Surface Hinge Moments . 33 3.3.2 Control free Neutral Point . 35 3.3.3 TrimTabs...................................... 36 3.3.4 ControlForceforTrim. 37 3.3.5 Control-force for Maneuver . 39 3.4 Forward and Aft Limits of C.G. Position . ......... 41 4 Dynamical Equations for Flight Vehicles 45 4.1 BasicEquationsofMotion. ..... 45 4.1.1 ForceEquations .................................. 46 4.1.2 MomentEquations................................. 49 4.2 Linearized Equations of Motion . 50 4.3 Representation of Aerodynamic Forces and Moments . 52 4.3.1 Longitudinal Stability Derivatives . 54 4.3.2 Lateral/Directional Stability Derivatives . -
Unusual Attitudes and the Aerodynamics of Maneuvering Flight Author’S Note to Flightlab Students
Unusual Attitudes and the Aerodynamics of Maneuvering Flight Author’s Note to Flightlab Students The collection of documents assembled here, under the general title “Unusual Attitudes and the Aerodynamics of Maneuvering Flight,” covers a lot of ground. That’s because unusual-attitude training is the perfect occasion for aerodynamics training, and in turn depends on aerodynamics training for success. I don’t expect a pilot new to the subject to absorb everything here in one gulp. That’s not necessary; in fact, it would be beyond the call of duty for most—aspiring test pilots aside. But do give the contents a quick initial pass, if only to get the measure of what’s available and how it’s organized. Your flights will be more productive if you know where to go in the texts for additional background. Before we fly together, I suggest that you read the section called “Axes and Derivatives.” This will introduce you to the concept of the velocity vector and to the basic aircraft response modes. If you pick up a head of steam, go on to read “Two-Dimensional Aerodynamics.” This is mostly about how pressure patterns form over the surface of a wing during the generation of lift, and begins to suggest how changes in those patterns, visible to us through our wing tufts, affect control. If you catch any typos, or statements that you think are either unclear or simply preposterous, please let me know. Thanks. Bill Crawford ii Bill Crawford: WWW.FLIGHTLAB.NET Unusual Attitudes and the Aerodynamics of Maneuvering Flight © Flight Emergency & Advanced Maneuvers Training, Inc. -
Glider Basics What Is Glider ?
GLIDER BASICS WHAT IS GLIDER ? A light engineless aircraft designed to glide after being towed aloft or launched from a catapult. 2 PARTS OF GLIDER A glider can be divided into three main parts: a)fuselage b)wing c)tail FUSELAGE It can be defined as the main body of a glider Comparing it with a conventional aircraft, the fuselage is the main structure that houses the flight crew, passengers, and cargo. Howsoever, in this case it is only a 2-D fuselage. It is cambered and in the middle portion, we attach the wing around the position where the camber is maximum by either making a slot in the fuselage, or by dividing in two parts and then attaching SLOT MADE IN FUSELAGE WITHOUT SLOT If we are breaking the wing in two parts then we have an advantage that we can give dihedral angle to the wing. But typically for first time users, it is advisable to cut a slot into the fuselage and then attach the wing. Since in this way the wing remains firmly attached and also since the model is of small size, dihedral is of little importance.(dihedral :explained in later slides) The front part of the fuselage is called nose. It is rounded in shape to avoid drag and to ensure smooth flow. WING It is the most essential part of a plane. When air flows past it, due to the difference in curvature of its upper and lower parts lift is generated, which is responsible for balancing the weight of the plane, and the body can thus fly. -
Flight Testing Simulations of the Wright 1902 Glider and 1903 Flyer
FLIGHT TESTING SIMULATIONS OF THE WRIGHT 1902 GLIDER AND 1903 FLYER Ben Lawrence Gareth D Padfield Ph.D Research Student Professor of Aerospace Engineering Department of Engineering Department of Engineering University of Liverpool, UK University of Liverpool, UK [email protected] [email protected] ABSTRACT It was the Wright Brothers who successfully used the process and discipline of flight-test one hundred years ago. Annual flight test campaigns in the years 1900- 1905 clearly show how the Wright brothers used flight-testing to assess the performance, analyse the flight dynamics and propose improvements to their aircraft designs. This paper will present an analysis of the 1902 Glider first flight- tested in the fall of 1902 and the 1903 Flyer first flight-tested on December 17th 1903. Results will be taken from a research project underway at the University of Liverpool where the technical achievements of the Wright Brothers in the period 1900-1905 are being assessed using modern analytical and experimental methods. Results from piloted handling tests conducted on the Liverpool Flight Simulator, featuring six motion axes and six visual channels will be presented. The results show how the simulation trials were treated with a contemporary approach in terms setting handling qualities requirements and assessing the aircraft in a predefined ‘role’. Investigations have been made into the different types flown in 1902-1905 and variations on those, including some ‘what if’ configurations. One example is the critical innovation of 3-axis flight control, a direct result of flight-test. In conclusion the paper will present how the Wrights understood the importance of flight control and pilot skill and how both were developed through a controlled and systematic programme of flight-test. -
Stability and Control
Stability and Control AE460 Aircraft Design Greg Marien Lecturer Introduction Complete Aircraft wing, tail and propulsion configuration, Mass Properties, including MOIs Non-Dimensional Derivatives (Roskam) Dimensional Derivatives (Etkin) Calculate System Matrix [A] and eigenvalues and eigenvectors Use results to determine stability (Etkin) Reading: Nicolai - CH 21, 22 & 23 Roskam – VI, CH 8 & 10 Other references: MIL-STD-1797/MIL-F-8785 Flying Qualities of Piloted Aircraft Airplane Flight Dynamics Part I (Roskam) 2 What are the requirements? Evaluate your aircraft for meeting the stability requirements See SRD (Problem Statement) for values • Flight Condition given: – Airspeed: M = ? – Altitude: ? ft. – Standard atmosphere – Configuration: ? – Fuel: ?% • Longitudinal Stability: – CmCGα < 0 at trim condition – Short period damping ratio: ? – Phugoid damping ratio: ? • Directional Stability: – Dutch roll damping ratio: ? – Dutch roll undamped natural frequency: ? – Roll-mode time constant: ? – Spiral time to double amplitude: ? 3 Derivatives • For General Equations of Unsteady Motions, reference Etkin, Chapter 4 • Assumptions – Aircraft configuration finalized – All mass properties are known, including MOI – Non-Dimensional Derivatives completed for flight condition analyzed – Aircraft is a rigid body – Symmetric aircraft across BL0, therefore Ixy=Iyz = 0 – Axis of spinning rotors are fixed in the direction of the body axis and have constant angular speed – Assume a small disturbance • Results in the simplified Linear Equations of Motion… -
Module-7 Lecture-34 Phugoid Effect and Dutch Roll Motion
Module-7 Lecture-34 Phugoid effect and dutch roll motion Flight demonstration of Phugoid effect The phugoid is a constant angle of attack but varying pitch angle exchange of airspeed and altitude. • It can be excited by an elevator pulse (a short, sharp deflection followed by a return to the centered position) resulting in a pitch increase with no change in trim from cruise condition. • As speed decays, the nose will drop below the horizon. • Speed will increase, and the nose will climb above the horizon. • Periods can vary from under 30 seconds for light aircraft to minute for larger aircraft. • Micro light aircraft typically shows a Phugoid period of 15-25 seconds, and it has been suggested that birds and model airplane shows convergence between the Phugoid and short period modes. • Too forward location of cg results in worse Phugoid. • Watch https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9pQnNh-0pdg Figure 1: Schematic representation of Phugoid effect 1 Flight demonstration of dutch roll effect • Dutch roll is a type of aircraft motion, consisting of an out-of-phase combination of \tail-wagging" and rocking from side to side. • This yaw-roll coupling is one of the basic flight dynamics modes (others include Phugoid, short period and spiral divergence). • This motion is normally well damped. Dutch roll modes can experience a degrada- tion in damping, decrease in airspeed and increase in altitude. • Dutch roll stability can be artificially increased by the installation of a yaw damper. • Wings placed well above the center of mass, sweep-back (swept wings) and dihedral wings tends to increase the roll resting force, and therefore increase the Dutch roll tendencies this is why high-winged aircraft often are slightly anhedral, and transport category swept wing aircraft are equipped with yaw dampers. -
Lab 11 Notes – Basic Aircraft Design Rules 16 Apr 09
Lab 11 Notes – Basic Aircraft Design Rules 16 Apr 09 Nomenclature x,y longitudinal, spanwise positions Sh horizontal tail area S reference area (wing area) Sv vertical tail area b wing span ℓh horizontal tail moment arm c average wing chord ( = S/b ) ℓv vertical tail moment arm AR wing aspect ratio ARh horizontal tail aspect ratio CL lift coefficient Vh horizontal tail volume coefficient Υ wing dihedral angle Vv vertical tail volume coefficient β sideslip angle B spiral stability parameter φ bank angle α angle of attack R turn radius V velocity Role of Simple Design Rules Aircraft must have a certain amount of inherent stability and controllability to be flyable. It is therefore important to consider these characteristics when designing a new aircraft. Accurate evaluation of the stability characteristics of any given aircraft is a fairly complicated process, and is not well suited for preliminary or intermediate design. Fortunately, we have alternative criteria which give reasonable estimates and are vastly simpler to apply. The criteria involve basic dimensions, shown in Figure 1. Longitudinal x locations are typically y MAC c x b c Sv S lv Sh xcg l h xnp Figure 1: Lengths, areas, and angles used in simple stability criteria. 1 measured relative to the leading edge of the wing’s Mean Aerodynamic Chord, or MAC, which is the root-mean-square average chord. For most wings this is very nearly equal to the simple-average chord c. The ℓh and ℓv tail moment arms are the distances between the Center of Gravity (CG) and the average quarter-chord locations of the horizontal and vertical tail surfaces. -
ALFA MODELS - F4U-1 CORSAIR - #0204 Instructions
ALFA MODELS - F4U-1 CORSAIR - #0204 Instructions In February 1938 the US Navy issued specifications for a high-performance shipboard single-seat fighter. One of the types that took part in the contest was the V-166B of the Chance Vought company. The machine, designed under the leadership of Rex Biesel, was to be powered by the new Pratt & Whitney XR-2800-2 Double Wasp. This air-cooled double-row eighteen- cylinder radial had initially some 1350 kW (1830 HP) output, with the presumed increase to 1495 kW (2030 HP) to be reached within a year. The calculated performance was so good that in June 1938 the Navy signed with the Chance Vought company the order for the construction of the prototype, under the military designation XF4U - 1. To be able to utilize the power of the engine (roughly double the output of the engines used so far), a new propeller of 4,064 m diameter had to be developed. The necessary clearance between the whirring blades and the ground during the tail-up attitude on landing was provided by the "inverted gull" or W-dihedral wing. The "bent" wing enabled to design a relatively short (and therefore lighter) undercarriage, as well as to avoid the wing-fuselage fillets. The central part of the wing joined the circular fuselage at almost right angles, minimizing thusly the interference drag, especially compared to a standard low-wing monoplane. Utilizing the spot welding instead of rivets further saved weight, providing at the same time a very smooth surface of the airframe. The Corsair prototype took off for the first time on 29th May, 1940. -
Top Flite Models PO Box 788 Urbana, Il 61803 Technical Assistance
™ USAMADE IN WARRANTY.....Top Flite Models guarantees this kit to be free of defects in both material and workmanship at the date of purchase. This warranty does not cover any component parts damaged by use or modification. In no case shall Top Flite’s liability exceed the original cost of the purchased kit. Further, Top Flite reserves the right to change or modify this warranty without notice. In that Top Flite has no control over the final assembly or material used for final assembly, no liability shall be assumed nor accepted for any damage resulting from the use by the user of the final Top Flite Models user-assembled product. By the act of using the user-assembled product, the user accepts all P.O. Box 788 resulting liability. Urbana, Il 61803 If the buyer is not prepared to accept the liability associated with the use of this product, the Technical Assistance - Call (217) 398-8970 buyer is advised to immediately return this kit in new and unused condition to the place of purchase. www.top-flite.com READ THROUGH THIS INSTRUCTION BOOK FIRST. IT CONTAINS IMPORTANT INSTRUCTIONS AND WARNINGS CONCERNING THE ASSEMBLY AND USE OF THIS MODEL. Entire Contents © Copyright 2002 CRS6P03 V3.0 Introduction............................................3 Wing Structure Completion ................14 Cockpit Finishing.................................38 Precautions ............................................3 Wing Sheeting......................................15 Retracts Notes .....................................39 Die-Cut Patterns ...............................4-5