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Unusual Attitudes and the Aerodynamics of Maneuvering Flight Author’S Note to Flightlab Students

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Unusual Attitudes and the Aerodynamics of Maneuvering Flight Author’S Note to Flightlab Students Unusual Attitudes and the Aerodynamics of Maneuvering Flight Author’s Note to Flightlab Students The collection of documents assembled here, under the general title “Unusual Attitudes and the Aerodynamics of Maneuvering Flight,” covers a lot of ground. That’s because unusual-attitude training is the perfect occasion for aerodynamics training, and in turn depends on aerodynamics training for success. I don’t expect a pilot new to the subject to absorb everything here in one gulp. That’s not necessary; in fact, it would be beyond the call of duty for most—aspiring test pilots aside. But do give the contents a quick initial pass, if only to get the measure of what’s available and how it’s organized. Your flights will be more productive if you know where to go in the texts for additional background. Before we fly together, I suggest that you read the section called “Axes and Derivatives.” This will introduce you to the concept of the velocity vector and to the basic aircraft response modes. If you pick up a head of steam, go on to read “Two-Dimensional Aerodynamics.” This is mostly about how pressure patterns form over the surface of a wing during the generation of lift, and begins to suggest how changes in those patterns, visible to us through our wing tufts, affect control. If you catch any typos, or statements that you think are either unclear or simply preposterous, please let me know. Thanks. Bill Crawford ii Bill Crawford: WWW.FLIGHTLAB.NET Unusual Attitudes and the Aerodynamics of Maneuvering Flight © Flight Emergency & Advanced Maneuvers Training, Inc. dba Flightlab, 2009. All rights reserved. For Training Purposes Only Contents Flightlab’s Upset Recovery and Basic Aerobatics Program (Introduction to unusual-attitude and aerobatic training) Maneuvers and Flight Notes (Describes training maneuvers and associated aerodynamics) Flightlab Ground School Texts: (More on aerodynamics: This background material is useful for pilots who want to prepare for the course beforehand, and for follow-up reading.) 1. Axes and Derivatives (Descriptive concepts, vectors, moments, cause and effect) 2. Two-Dimensional Aerodynamics (Lift and stall fundamentals: pressure, boundary layer, circulation) 3. Three-Dimensional Aerodynamics (How wing planform affects stall behavior) 4. Lateral-Directional Stability (Sideslips, yaw/roll coupling, straight and swept-wing dihedral effect, Dutch roll) 5. Longitudinal Static Stability (Aircraft in trim, pitch control forces in 1-g flight) 6. Longitudinal Maneuvering Stability (Pulling g) 7. Longitudinal Dynamic Stability (Oscillations in pitch) 8. Maneuvering Loads, High-G Maneuvers (V-n diagram, corner speed, radial g) 9. Rolling Dynamics (Roll performance, adverse yaw, coordination) Bill Crawford: WWW.FLIGHTLAB.NET iii Contents 10. Spins (History, spin phases, momentum effects, recovery) 11. Some Differences Between Prop Trainers and Passenger Jets (Differences in control and response) 12. Vortex Wake Turbulence (Vortex flow field/aircraft interaction) 13. A Selective Summary of Certification Requirements (What the regulations say about aircraft stability and control) iv Bill Crawford: WWW.FLIGHTLAB.NET Flightlab’s Upset Recovery and Basic Aerobatics Program Understanding the Aerodynamics of Maneuvering Flight Copyright Flight Emergency & Advanced Maneuvers Training, Inc. dba Flightlab, 2009. All rights reserved. For Training Purposes Only Summary Flightlab’s Upset Recovery and Basic Ground School Topics Aerobatics Program provides intensive ground school and flight training in aerobatics and Pilots can choose among a variety of ground unusual-attitude/upset recovery for flight crews, school sessions and subjects, including: flight instructors, and individual pilots of all experience levels. Our ground school features a The Aerodynamics of Lift and Control: comprehensive but nonmathematical review of aerodynamics—taught using digital wind tunnels Angle of attack and pressure patterns. and flight-dynamics software designed for Boundary layer and separation. analysis and comparison of aircraft response. In Wing planform: Stall pattern and vortex the air, we use actual engineering flight-test effects. procedures to demonstrate upset aerodynamics, and training disciplines from competition Aircraft Dynamics and Upset Recovery: aerobatics to teach attitude perception and recovery skills. Because flying different aircraft Aircraft axes and derivatives. reinforces the ability to adapt recovery The nature of stability and control. techniques learned in one cockpit to another, The aircraft’s natural modes. students compare the stability and unusual- Lateral/directional coupling. attitude characteristics of two aerobatic aircraft: Roll dynamics. a SIAI Marchetti SF260 and a Zlin 242L. Recovery procedures. Flying qualities: Differences between prop Course duration is typically three days, but can trainers and passenger jets. be extended over a longer period. Total flight Limitations on the use of rudders for large time is approximately four hours. Students aircraft. receive a detailed training record for insurance FAR certification requirements. and employment purposes, and extensive ground Simulator alpha/beta envelopes. school notes. The course can also include a complex/high-performance checkout and Spin Dynamics: Biennial Flight Review. Departure, incipient phase, steady state, Pilots will gain: recovery. Inertial and aerodynamic moments. • A significantly increased understanding of Aircraft mass distribution and recovery maneuvering aerodynamics. techniques. • The ability to recognize and track aircraft . motion paths and energy transitions during Upset Causes: unusual attitudes. • Inverted-flight experience under real g NASA vortex studies and encounter forces in a true dynamic environment. dynamics. • Control skills necessary to recover from unusual attitudes and energy states. Basic Aerobatic Maneuvers and Techniques • Strategies for dealing with flight characteristics following control failures. • Enhanced confidence and safety. Bill Crawford: WWW.FLIGHTLAB.NET Intro.1 Flightlab’s Upset Recovery and Basic Aerobatics Program Introduction Welcome to the program. The following pages understanding of maneuvering and departure describe our training goals, and provide the aerodynamics, become familiar with the stimulus introduction to the Maneuvers and Flight Notes environment generated by unusual attitudes, and you and your instructor will use during your develop the control skills necessary for recovery. flights and briefings. During your flights, the instructor will read out We developed our training program over many the checklist for each maneuver, then guide you hours of flying with test pilots from NASA’s through the steps, demonstrating first when Langley Research Center, the Empire Test Pilot necessary. We follow a consistent maneuver School (U.K.), and the National Test Pilot School format, with each pilot receiving the same core (U.S.A.), with fighter pilots and military training necessary for crew coordination and for instructors, and with International Aerobatic Club developing a CRM approach to unusual attitudes. competition pilots, including members of the Beyond these basics, we’ll adapt to your United States Aerobatic Team. Each discipline background and skills. The flights will be an brought its own perspective. At NASA, we flew opportunity to practice assertive stick-and-rudder with experts on aircraft wake vortices to explore flying—the kind not possible in most daily training methods based on recent studies of vortex operations but fundamental in emergencies. encounters. We talked to experts about the limitations in using simulators for upset training. You’ll begin the first flight by observing the We worked on ways to help pilots safely translate classical free response modes around the aircraft’s the skills learned in straight-wing aerobatic axes, and the aerodynamics of high angle of attack aircraft to swept-wing transports. (high α, pronounced “alpha,”) and high sideslip (or high β, pronounced “beta”). The flight also Our program is unique in combining the includes the first set of 360-degree rolls. During aerobatic competitor’s and military pilot’s this and later flights you’ll learn to recognize and emphasis on attitude awareness and recover from an increasingly challenging range of maneuvering airmanship with the test pilot’s unusual attitudes, both with full controls and knowledge of aircraft dynamics. And we’ve during simulated control failures. You will also introduced to aviation training the use of flight- begin to fly basic, controlled aerobatic maneuvers. test methods as cockpit teaching tools. Each maneuver set in the program builds on the To gain a sense of where you’re headed, take a previous ones, so we want to try to fly them in look at the Maneuvers and Flight Notes before we order, weather (and stomach) permitting. But fly. Review as much of our text material as you we’ll adjust the sequence to your rate of can, but don’t be concerned if you can’t get physiological adaptation. If you have doubts about through everything, or intimidated when things motion sickness, a cautious start and a night’s get technical. We’ll cover the essentials in our sleep between the first and second flights can be aerodynamics presentations. Aerobatics and surprisingly helpful. unusual-attitude training both require and provide the ideal time for aerodynamics training. Our If your motion tolerance is low, we’ll emphasize program is designed to help you understand the aerodynamics in your
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