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Carl Clerė and What Became of His Spiders and Their Names

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Carl Clerė and What Became of His Spiders and Their Names ȱ¢ȱŘŖŖŞȱǻǯȱ ǰȱǯȱȱǭȱǯȱ ȱǯǼǰȱǯȱŗŖśȮŗŗŝǯȱ Țȱȱ ¢ȱǰȱǰȱŘŖŗŖǯȱ ȱŗŜŜŖȬşşŝŘȱ ǻȱȱȱŘŚȱȱȱȱ¢ǰȱǰȱŘśȮŘşȱȱŘŖŖŞǼǯȱ ȱėȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ [ȱ ȱ ȱȱ¢ǰȱ ȱȱȱȱ ¢ǰȱ¡ȱśŖŖŖŝǰȱ–ŗŖŚȱŖśȱǰȱ ǯȱ Abstract An account is given on the life and entomological achievements of Carl Clerck (1709Ȯ1765). Focus is given on his book “Svenska spindlar” from 1757 where binary names for spiders were introduced. In 1856 the spider species described by Clerck were revised by Tamer- lan Thorell, who shortly after was able to study Clerck’s forgotten spider collection. The surviving material largely confirmed Thorell’s previous interpretations. In 1892 Clerck’s names were invalidated due to the rules adopted at the 2nd international zoological con- gress in Moscow in which Linnaeus’s Systema Naturae Ed. X of 1758 was established as the starting point for zoological nomenclature. Due to arguments put forth by Pierre Bon- net, the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in 1948 recommended that the names in Clerck’s book of 1757 should be formally recognized. The case was confirmed by the Commission in 1959. In 1965 Clerck’s insect collection, also including his spiders, was rediscovered. The spiders were later studied by Åke Holm, who gave an ac- count of the remaining specimens in the collection in 1978. Their status as type material is considered. The collection is now deposited in the Swedish Museum of Natural History in Stockholm. Presently 53 spider species carry names given by Clerck. ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ŘśŖȱ ¢ȱ ȱ¢ǰȱȱřŖŖȱ¢ȱȱȱȬ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ Ȃȱȱ ȱ¢ȱǰȱȱȱ ¢ǰȱ ǰȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ ǰȱȱȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱ Ĵǯȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ Ȭ ȱ¢ȱǰȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǻȱŘŖŖŝǰȱ £ǰȱ ǰȱ ¢ǰȱ ǯǰȱ ȱ ȱŘŖŖŝǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ ȱ ŗŝřŞȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ¡ȱ ȱȱȬ¢ȱȱǰȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ - ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ĴȬ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ ȱȱȱǯȱĞȱȱȬ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ ȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢Ȭ ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱ Ěȱ¢ǯȱ ȱ¢ȱŗŝřşȱȱȬ ȱȃȱȄǰȱȱȱŗŝśŝȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ£ȱȱ£Ȭ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ŗŖŜȱ ȱĖ¢ȱŘŖŖŞ Fig. 1. Clerck’s manuscript for his book on Swedish spiders. The title “Kort afhandling om spindlar” (Short treatise on spiders) was omitted in the printed book where this chapter was preceded by a dedication and a preface (without pagination). Center for History of Science, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm. ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǯȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱ ǰȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ Ȭ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱŗŝŖşǯȱ ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱǯ ¢ȱȱĚȱȱĴȱ¢ǯȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱŗŝŘŜȱȱȱȱȱȱȬ ¢ȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȬ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱȱŗŝřşȱ ȱȱǰȱȱȱ¡ȱ ǯȱ ȱŗŝřŗȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ ¡ȱȱȱǯȱ ȱȱȱ ¢ȱĴȱȱȂȱȱȱȱ¡Ȭ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯ ȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ Ȭ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȬ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ŗŝřşǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŗŝŚŗǯȱ ȱ DZȱȱėȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ŗŖŝ Fig. 2. Original paintings of Araneus angulatus, subadult male (left) and adult female . No sci- entific name was yet coined on the sheet of paper where this species was depicted and de- scribed. From the text [in Swedish] Clerck gives the information that the depicted subadult male was collected on 18 June 1756, became adult on 27 June and was kept till 20 August when it died. (Cf. “Fig. 1” and “Fig. 2” in Fig. 4.) Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŗŝśřȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱȱȱĴĚ¢ȱȱȱ Fig. 3. Title page to “Svenska spindlar”. The ǻȱǼȱ ȱȱȱȱȬ book was printed in Stockholm by Lars Salvius, ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ Ȭ the foremost printer in Sweden at that time. ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱDzȱȱęȱ ȱȱȱĴȱȱȱŘŗȱ¢ȱŗŝśřǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ĴDZȦȦ ȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ǯŗŞǯȦǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ Ȭ ȱȱȱȱȱŗŝśŜǯȱȱȬ Ěȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱȬ ǯȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȬŗŝśŖȂǰȱȱȱȬ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȃȱȄȱȱȃȱȄȱ ȱ ȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȬ ȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱǻȱŗŝśŝǼȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŚşŜȱȱǻȱŘŖŖŗǼǯȱ ȱǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱȂȱȬ DZȱ ȃ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱǻǯȱŗǼȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȬ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱ¡¢ȱ ȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ Ȭ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ ȱęȱǰȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ ȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȬ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǻǯȱŘǼǰȱ ȄȱǻǯȱřǼǯȱȱȱȱŗŝŖȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱ¡ȱȱŗŜȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ Ȭ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱȱę¢ȱȱ¡ǯȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȬȱǰȱȱ ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱěȱȱȱ ȱȱŗŝśŜǯȱ ǻǯȱ ŚǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȬ ŗŖŞȱ ȱĖ¢ȱŘŖŖŞ Fig. 4. Plate 1 in “Svenska spindlar”. The handcoloured illustrations depict the following species: (upper row, from left:) Araneus angulatus Clerck subadult male and female, A. marmoreus Cler- ck; (second row:) A. quadratus Clerck, A. diadematus Clerck, A. peleg Clerck (=A. diadematus); (third row:) A. babel Clerck (=A. marmoreus), Nuctenea umbratica (Clerck), Araneus pyramidatus Clerck (=A. marmoreus); (lower row:) A. ocellatus Clerck (=Larinioides patagiatus (Clerck)), Larini- oides patagiatus (Clerck), L. cornutus (Clerck). ȱ DZȱȱėȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ŗŖş ȱ ¢ȱȱǯȱȱęȱȱȱȬ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȬ ȱǯȱ ȱȱǻŗŜŝŞǼǰȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱDZȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȃȄDZȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱǻǼǰȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȱǻ Ǽȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻ¡Ȭ Ǽǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻŗŜŝŞǼǰȱ Ȭ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱęȱȱȱ Ȭȱ ȃȄDZȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱȱȬ ǯȱȱǰȱǯȱǯȱȱȬ¢ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ ǰȱ ȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ȃȄȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Fig. 5. From “Svenska spindlar”: beginning of ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȃȄǯȱȱ Part the first, On spiders in general. (Text as in ȱ ȱȱȱȱǰȱǯȱǯȱȱȬ part of manuscript shown in Fig. 1.) ęȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȬ ȱȱȱȬȱȃȄǯȱ¢ȱȱ ǯȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱęȬ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ£ȱ ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱ¢ȱǯȱ ȱȱȱ ǯȱ¢ȱȱ ȱĚȬ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ¢ȱȂȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱȱ ǻȱŗŝśŚǼȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȬ ȱ ȃȱ Ȅȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȃȱ ȄǼǯȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻŗŜŝŞǼǰȱ ȱ ǻŗŝŚŜǼȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻŗŝŘŞǰȱŗŝřŘǼǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǻŗŝřŜǼǰȱ ǰȱǰȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻ¢ȱ ŗŝşřǼǯȱ ȱȱȃȱȄǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǻŗŝŗŖǼǰȱȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȃȱȱȱȄȱ ȱ ȃȱ Ȅȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȬ ȬȱȃȄȱǻǯȱśǼǰȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȂȱ¢ǯȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ£ǯ ŗŗŖȱ ȱĖ¢ȱŘŖŖŞ ǯȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱǻȱȱ ǭȱ ȱ ŗşŞřǰȱ ȱ ŗşŞśǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ¢ȱ¢ȱ¡ǰȱȱȬ ȱȱ ȱȱǯȱȱ ȱȱȱȃ Ȅȱ ȱȱ ȱȂȱȱǻȱȱȱȱǼȱ ȱ ȱȱ ¢ȱ¢ȱȱǻȱŗşŞşǼǯȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŗŝŜŚǯȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱŘŘȱ ¢ȱŗŝŜśǰȱȱęȬ ȱĜȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȬ ȱȃ Ȅȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱǯ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ŗŘȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ Ȭ ȱǻŗŝśŞǼǯȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱȱȬ ȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱǯȱ ȱǻŗşŝŞǼȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢Ȭ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ ȱȱȱǰȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ǻŗŝśŝDZȱ ŗśŘǼȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ Fig. 6. The same spider species illustrated in ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Clerck (1757) (A–C) and Martyn (1793) (D–F). ȱȱȱ ȱȱ A, D: Araneus angulatus Clerck Ƃ. B, E: Larinio- ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ǻŗŝŜŗǰȱ ŗŝŜŝǼǯȱ ȬȬ ides patagiatus (Clerck) Ƃ. C, F: Evarcha falcata ȱǻŗŞśŜDZȱśǼȱȱȱȃȱȱǰȱȱ (Clerck) ƃ. (Size of copied illustrations in rela- ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ tion to originals varies.) ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ǰȱ ¡ȱ Ȭ ŜŜȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ Ȭ ȱȱ¢ǯȱǯȱȱȱǯȱ ȱ¢ȱǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ǯȄȱ ǽȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱęȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ ȱȱǯȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱȱǯǾȱȱȱȱȱȬ ȱȱȱ¢ǯȱ ȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱ ǻėȱŗŝŜŗǼȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱDZȱȬ¡ȱ ȱȱȬ ȱ¢ȱȱȃȱȄȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ǻȱ Ǽȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȃȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ ȱŗŝśŞȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȃ ȱȱȬ dzȄȱǽȱȱȱȱȱȬȬ Ȅȱ ǻȱ ŗŝśşǰȱ ŗŝŜŚǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱǰȱŘŘȱȱŗŝśŝǯȱȱȱ ȱȱ ǰȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱǯȱ ǰȱĴDZȦȦǯŗŞǯǰȱĴȱ ȱȱȱȱĴĚȱ ȱ ŘŗŝŞǯǾ ǰȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ DZȱȱėȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ŗŗŗ ¢ȱȂȱȱȱ ȱȬ ȱ ǻȱ ŗŞŜşǰȱ ȱ ŗŞŝŚǼǯȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱŗŞȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȬ ȱ ęȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȬ¢ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȂȱǻŗŝřŜǼȱ ȱȱȱǯȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ¢Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȬ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ǯȱ Ȭ ȱ ǯȱ ¢ȱ Ğȱ ȱ Ȭ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱȱęȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ¡ȱȱȂȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȬ ǰȱȱȱȱȬ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱȱȱǻȱŗŞśŞǼǯȱȱȱ ¢ȱ¢Ȃȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȂȱȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ Ȃǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǯȱ¢ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱǰȱ¢ȱ ¢ȱȱȱǻǯȱǯȱŜǼǯȱ ǯȱ ęȱȱ ȱȬ ǰȱȱȱ Ĵȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȂȱȱȱȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ŗşȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱǯȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱŗşȱ¢ȱȱȱ ęȱȱȱȱśŖȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱǰȱ ȱȱȱŞŝȱȱȱ ȱ ¢ȱ £ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ¡Ȭ ȱǯȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȱ ŗşŞŞǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĝȱ Ȭ Ȃȱȱ¢ȱȱȱŗŞşŘ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŗşȱȬ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ǰȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȬ ǯȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȬ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡Ȭ ȱ £ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ¡ȱȱȱ¡ǰȱȱȬ ȱŗŞşŘȱȱ ȱȱȱȱŗŖȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱ Ȃȱ¢ȱȱǻŗŝśŞǼȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ £ȱ Ȭ ȱȬŗŞśŖȂǰȱȱ ȱȱȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱ¸ȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȬ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢¢ȱȱȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǻȱ Ȭ ȱǻȱŗŞŜşȮŝŖǰȱŗŞŝŖȮŝřǼǯ ȱŗşŚŝǼǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ Ȃȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǰȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ǰȱȱȱȱ ȱǻȱŗŞśŜǼǰȱ ȱ Ĝ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ŗŖŖȱ ¢ȱ Ğȱ Ȃȱ ęĞ¢ȱ¢ǯȱȱ¢ȱȱǰȱȬ ǯȱȱ ȱȱȱ ãȱǻ Ȭ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ Ǽȱ ȱ ŗŞřŖȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ğȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȬ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱŗŞŚŞǯȱ ȱ ęȱǯȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ãǰȱ ǰȱȱȃȱ Ȅȱ ȱȱȃȄȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȃ·Ȅǯ ǻȱŗŞŜŗǼȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ŗŗŘȱ ȱĖ¢ȱŘŖŖŞ Fig.
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