ȱ¢ȱŘŖŖŞȱǻǯȱ ǰȱǯȱȱǭȱǯȱ ȱǯǼǰȱǯȱŗŖśȮŗŗŝǯȱ Țȱȱ ¢ȱǰȱǰȱŘŖŗŖǯȱ ȱŗŜŜŖȬşşŝŘȱ ǻȱȱȱŘŚȱȱȱȱ¢ǰȱǰȱŘśȮŘşȱȱŘŖŖŞǼǯȱ
ȱėȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
[ȱ ȱ ȱȱ¢ǰȱ ȱȱȱȱ ¢ǰȱ¡ȱśŖŖŖŝǰȱ–ŗŖŚȱŖśȱǰȱ ǯȱ
Abstract An account is given on the life and entomological achievements of Carl Clerck (1709Ȯ1765). Focus is given on his book “Svenska spindlar” from 1757 where binary names for spiders were introduced. In 1856 the spider species described by Clerck were revised by Tamer- lan Thorell, who shortly after was able to study Clerck’s forgotten spider collection. The surviving material largely confirmed Thorell’s previous interpretations. In 1892 Clerck’s names were invalidated due to the rules adopted at the 2nd international zoological con- gress in Moscow in which Linnaeus’s Systema Naturae Ed. X of 1758 was established as the starting point for zoological nomenclature. Due to arguments put forth by Pierre Bon- net, the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in 1948 recommended that the names in Clerck’s book of 1757 should be formally recognized. The case was confirmed by the Commission in 1959. In 1965 Clerck’s insect collection, also including his spiders, was rediscovered. The spiders were later studied by Åke Holm, who gave an ac- count of the remaining specimens in the collection in 1978. Their status as type material is considered. The collection is now deposited in the Swedish Museum of Natural History in Stockholm. Presently 53 spider species carry names given by Clerck.
ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ŘśŖȱ ¢ȱ ȱ¢ǰȱȱřŖŖȱ¢ȱȱȱȬ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ Ȃȱȱ ȱ¢ȱǰȱȱȱ ¢ǰȱ ǰȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ ǰȱȱȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱ Ĵǯȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ Ȭ ȱ¢ȱǰȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǻȱŘŖŖŝǰȱ £ǰȱ ǰȱ ¢ǰȱ ǯǰȱ ȱ ȱŘŖŖŝǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ ȱ ŗŝřŞȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ¡ȱ ȱȱȬ¢ȱȱǰȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ - ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ĴȬ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ ȱȱȱǯȱĞȱȱȬ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ ȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢Ȭ ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱ Ěȱ¢ǯȱ ȱ¢ȱŗŝřşȱȱȬ ȱȃȱȄǰȱȱȱŗŝśŝȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ£ȱȱ£Ȭ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ŗŖŜȱ ȱĖ¢ȱŘŖŖŞ
Fig. 1. Clerck’s manuscript for his book on Swedish spiders. The title “Kort afhandling om spindlar” (Short treatise on spiders) was omitted in the printed book where this chapter was preceded by a dedication and a preface (without pagination). Center for History of Science, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm.
ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǯȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱ ǰȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ Ȭ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱŗŝŖşǯȱ ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱǯ ¢ȱȱĚȱȱĴȱ¢ǯȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱŗŝŘŜȱȱȱȱȱȱȬ ¢ȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȬ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱȱŗŝřşȱ ȱȱǰȱȱȱ¡ȱ ǯȱ ȱŗŝřŗȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ ¡ȱȱȱǯȱ ȱȱȱ ¢ȱĴȱȱȂȱȱȱȱ¡Ȭ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯ ȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ Ȭ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȬ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ŗŝřşǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŗŝŚŗǯȱ ȱ DZȱȱėȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ŗŖŝ
Fig. 2. Original paintings of Araneus angulatus, subadult male (left) and adult female . No sci- entific name was yet coined on the sheet of paper where this species was depicted and de- scribed. From the text [in Swedish] Clerck gives the information that the depicted subadult male was collected on 18 June 1756, became adult on 27 June and was kept till 20 August when it died. (Cf. “Fig. 1” and “Fig. 2” in Fig. 4.)
Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŗŝśřȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱȱȱĴĚ¢ȱȱȱ Fig. 3. Title page to “Svenska spindlar”. The ǻȱǼȱ ȱȱȱȱȬ book was printed in Stockholm by Lars Salvius, ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ Ȭ the foremost printer in Sweden at that time. ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱDzȱȱęȱ ȱȱȱĴȱȱȱŘŗȱ¢ȱŗŝśřǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ĴDZȦȦ ȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ǯŗŞǯȦǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ Ȭ ȱȱȱȱȱŗŝśŜǯȱȱȬ Ěȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱȬ ǯȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȬŗŝśŖȂǰȱȱȱȬ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȃȱȄȱȱȃȱȄȱ ȱ ȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȬ ȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱǻȱŗŝśŝǼȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŚşŜȱȱǻȱŘŖŖŗǼǯȱ ȱǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱȂȱȬ DZȱ ȃ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱǻǯȱŗǼȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȬ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱ¡¢ȱ ȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ Ȭ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ ȱęȱǰȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ ȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȬ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǻǯȱŘǼǰȱ ȄȱǻǯȱřǼǯȱȱȱȱŗŝŖȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱ¡ȱȱŗŜȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ Ȭ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱȱę¢ȱȱ¡ǯȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȬȱǰȱȱ ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱěȱȱȱ ȱȱŗŝśŜǯȱ ǻǯȱ ŚǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȬ ŗŖŞȱ ȱĖ¢ȱŘŖŖŞ
Fig. 4. Plate 1 in “Svenska spindlar”. The handcoloured illustrations depict the following species: (upper row, from left:) Araneus angulatus Clerck subadult male and female, A. marmoreus Cler- ck; (second row:) A. quadratus Clerck, A. diadematus Clerck, A. peleg Clerck (=A. diadematus); (third row:) A. babel Clerck (=A. marmoreus), Nuctenea umbratica (Clerck), Araneus pyramidatus Clerck (=A. marmoreus); (lower row:) A. ocellatus Clerck (=Larinioides patagiatus (Clerck)), Larini- oides patagiatus (Clerck), L. cornutus (Clerck). ȱ DZȱȱėȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ŗŖş
ȱ ¢ȱȱǯȱȱęȱȱȱȬ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȬ ȱǯȱ ȱȱǻŗŜŝŞǼǰȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱDZȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȃȄDZȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱǻǼǰȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȱǻ Ǽȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻ¡Ȭ Ǽǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻŗŜŝŞǼǰȱ Ȭ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱęȱȱȱ Ȭȱ ȃȄDZȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱȱȬ ǯȱȱǰȱǯȱǯȱȱȬ¢ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ ǰȱ ȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ȃȄȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Fig. 5. From “Svenska spindlar”: beginning of ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȃȄǯȱȱ Part the first, On spiders in general. (Text as in ȱ ȱȱȱȱǰȱǯȱǯȱȱȬ part of manuscript shown in Fig. 1.) ęȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȬ ȱȱȱȬȱȃȄǯȱ¢ȱȱ ǯȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱęȬ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ£ȱ ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱ¢ȱǯȱ ȱȱȱ ǯȱ¢ȱȱ ȱĚȬ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ¢ȱȂȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱȱ ǻȱŗŝśŚǼȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȬ ȱ ȃȱ Ȅȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȃȱ ȄǼǯȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻŗŜŝŞǼǰȱ ȱ ǻŗŝŚŜǼȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻŗŝŘŞǰȱŗŝřŘǼǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǻŗŝřŜǼǰȱ ǰȱǰȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻ¢ȱ ŗŝşřǼǯȱ ȱȱȃȱȄǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǻŗŝŗŖǼǰȱȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȃȱȱȱȄȱ ȱ ȃȱ Ȅȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȬ ȬȱȃȄȱǻǯȱśǼǰȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȂȱ¢ǯȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ£ǯ ŗŗŖȱ ȱĖ¢ȱŘŖŖŞ
ǯȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱǻȱȱ ǭȱ ȱ ŗşŞřǰȱ ȱ ŗşŞśǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ¢ȱ¢ȱ¡ǰȱȱȬ ȱȱ ȱȱǯȱȱ ȱȱȱȃ Ȅȱ ȱȱ ȱȂȱȱǻȱȱȱȱǼȱ ȱ ȱȱ ¢ȱ¢ȱȱǻȱŗşŞşǼǯȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŗŝŜŚǯȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱŘŘȱ ¢ȱŗŝŜśǰȱȱęȬ ȱĜȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȬ ȱȃ Ȅȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱǯ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ŗŘȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ Ȭ ȱǻŗŝśŞǼǯȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱȱȬ ȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱǯȱ ȱǻŗşŝŞǼȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢Ȭ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ ȱȱȱǰȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ǻŗŝśŝDZȱ ŗśŘǼȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ Fig. 6. The same spider species illustrated in ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Clerck (1757) (A–C) and Martyn (1793) (D–F). ȱȱȱ ȱȱ A, D: Araneus angulatus Clerck Ƃ. B, E: Larinio- ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ǻŗŝŜŗǰȱ ŗŝŜŝǼǯȱ ȬȬ ides patagiatus (Clerck) Ƃ. C, F: Evarcha falcata ȱǻŗŞśŜDZȱśǼȱȱȱȃȱȱǰȱȱ (Clerck) ƃ. (Size of copied illustrations in rela- ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ tion to originals varies.) ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ǰȱ ¡ȱ Ȭ ŜŜȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ Ȭ ȱȱ¢ǯȱǯȱȱȱǯȱ ȱ¢ȱǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ǯȄȱ ǽȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱęȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ ȱȱǯȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱȱǯǾȱȱȱȱȱȬ ȱȱȱ¢ǯȱ ȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱ ǻėȱŗŝŜŗǼȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱDZȱȬ¡ȱ ȱȱȬ ȱ¢ȱȱȃȱȄȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ǻȱ Ǽȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȃȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ ȱŗŝśŞȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȃ ȱȱȬ dzȄȱǽȱȱȱȱȱȬȬ Ȅȱ ǻȱ ŗŝśşǰȱ ŗŝŜŚǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱǰȱŘŘȱȱŗŝśŝǯȱȱȱ ȱȱ ǰȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱǯȱ ǰȱĴDZȦȦǯŗŞǯǰȱĴȱ ȱȱȱȱĴĚȱ ȱ ŘŗŝŞǯǾ ǰȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ DZȱȱėȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ŗŗŗ
¢ȱȂȱȱȱ ȱȬ ȱ ǻȱ ŗŞŜşǰȱ ȱ ŗŞŝŚǼǯȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱŗŞȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȬ ȱ ęȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȬ¢ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȂȱǻŗŝřŜǼȱ ȱȱȱǯȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ¢Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȬ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ǯȱ Ȭ ȱ ǯȱ ¢ȱ Ğȱ ȱ Ȭ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱȱęȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ¡ȱȱȂȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȬ ǰȱȱȱȱȬ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱȱȱǻȱŗŞśŞǼǯȱȱȱ ¢ȱ¢Ȃȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȂȱȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ Ȃǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǯȱ¢ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱǰȱ¢ȱ ¢ȱȱȱǻǯȱǯȱŜǼǯȱ ǯȱ ęȱȱ ȱȬ ǰȱȱȱ Ĵȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȂȱȱȱȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ŗşȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱǯȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱŗşȱ¢ȱȱȱ ęȱȱȱȱśŖȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱǰȱ ȱȱȱŞŝȱȱȱ ȱ ¢ȱ £ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ¡Ȭ ȱǯȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȱ ŗşŞŞǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĝȱ Ȭ Ȃȱȱ¢ȱȱȱŗŞşŘ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŗşȱȬ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ǰȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȬ ǯȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȬ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡Ȭ ȱ £ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ¡ȱȱȱ¡ǰȱȱȬ ȱŗŞşŘȱȱ ȱȱȱȱŗŖȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱ Ȃȱ¢ȱȱǻŗŝśŞǼȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ £ȱ Ȭ ȱȬŗŞśŖȂǰȱȱ ȱȱȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱ¸ȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȬ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢¢ȱȱȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǻȱ Ȭ ȱǻȱŗŞŜşȮŝŖǰȱŗŞŝŖȮŝřǼǯ ȱŗşŚŝǼǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ Ȃȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǰȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ǰȱȱȱȱ ȱǻȱŗŞśŜǼǰȱ ȱ Ĝ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ŗŖŖȱ ¢ȱ Ğȱ Ȃȱ ęĞ¢ȱ¢ǯȱȱ¢ȱȱǰȱȬ ǯȱȱ ȱȱȱ ãȱǻ Ȭ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ Ǽȱ ȱ ŗŞřŖȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ğȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȬ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱŗŞŚŞǯȱ ȱ ęȱǯȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ãǰȱ ǰȱȱȃȱ Ȅȱ ȱȱȃȄȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȃ·Ȅǯ ǻȱŗŞŜŗǼȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ŗŗŘȱ ȱĖ¢ȱŘŖŖŞ
Fig. 7. (Left:) The remaining spiders from Clerck’s collection (still property of the Bergius Founda- tion, Stockholm) are preserved in ethanol in two glass jars deposited in the Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm. (Right:) Glass tubes in the collection containing Thanatus formicinus (Clerck), “Dolomedes” sp. [Ekeberg], and Pardosa amentata (Clerck).
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȂȱȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǻȱ ŗşŚŚǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŗşŚśǼǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ŗřȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĝȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱŗşŚŞǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱǯȱ ȱ¢ȱǰȱȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȱ ŗşŚŝǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱǻ ȱŗşśŖǰȱǰȱǼǯȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱŘŜȱ ¢ȱȃȱȱȱ ȱ Ȃȱǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱŘŜȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȃȱ Ȅȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȬ ȱ ǯȱȱȱ ȱȱȱŜŚȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŗŝśŝȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ȱȱȱǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱŚŚȱȱȱęȱȱȱ ȱȱ£ȱȱȱȱȱ ȃȄǰȱȱ ȱȃ·Ȅȱȱ ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȬ ¢ȱȱȱȂȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ŗŝśŞȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĝ¢ȱ £ǰȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ ȱȱȱȱȱŗŖȱȱȱȬ ȱ ȱ £ȱ Ȃȱ ǰȱ ȱ Ȃȱ¢ȱǯȄȱǻ ȱŗşśŖǼǯȱȃȱ ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǻǯȱ ȱ ·ȱ ¥ȱ ǷȄȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱȱŗşśŖǼǯ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱǻȱŗşśŖǼǯȱ ȱ DZȱȱėȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ŗŗř
ȱ ȱȱ Ĵȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱǯȱĖȱ ǯȱȱȱ ǯ ȱ ęȱ¢ȱ ȱǻǷǼȱ ŘŖŖŞ ŗ ȱȱǻǼ ȱȱǻėǼ řƂ Ř ȱȱǻǼ ȱȱǻėǼ ŗƂ ř ȱȱǻǼ ȱȱǻėǼ ŗƃȱŘƂ Ś ȱ¡ȬȱǻǼ ¢ȱȱǻǯȱǯȱ ĖǼȱǻǷǼȱ ŘƂ ȱ¡ ś ȱ¢ȱǻǼ ȱ¢ȱǻėǼ ŗƂ Ŝ ȱ¢ȱǻǼ ȱ¢ȱǻėǼ ŗƂ ŝ ȱȱǻǼ ȱȱǻėǼ ŗƂ Ş ȱȱǻǼ ȱȱǻėǼ řƂ ş ȱȱǻǼ ȱȱǻėǼ ŗƂ ŗŖ ¢ȱȱǻǼ ¢ȱȱǻėǼ ŘƃȱŘƂ ŗŗ ȱȱė ȱȱǻėǼ ŗƃȱřƂǰȱŗȱǯ ŗŘ ȱȱǻǼǵ ȱȱǻǼȱǻǷǼ ŗƃ ŗř ȱȱǻǯȱǯȱ Ǽǵ ȱȱǻėǼȱǻǷǼ ŗƂ ŗŚ ¢ȱȱǻǼ ȱȱǻǼȱǻǷǼ řƃȱŗƂǰȱŗȱǯ ŗś ¢ȱȱǻǼ ȱȱǻėǼ ŘƂ ŗŜ ¢ȱȱǻǼȱ ȱȱǻėǼȱǻǷǼ ŗƂ ŗŝ ¢ȱȱǻǼ ȱȱǻėǼȱ ŗƃ ŗŞ ¢ȱȱǻǼ ȱȱǻėǼ ŗƃȱŜƂǰȱŗȱǯȱǻƸȱȬ ǯȱ¢ȱŗƃȱ ȱǼ ŗş ¢ȱȱǻǼ ȱȱǻėǼȱǻǷǼ ŗƂ ŘŖ ȱȱǻǼ ȱȱǻėǼ ŗƃȱŗƂȱǻƂȱ ȱ Ǽ Řŗ ȱęȱǻǼ ȱ¡ ŗƂ ŘŘ ĴȱȱǻǼ ĴȱȱǻǼȱǻǷǼ ŗƂ ȱ¡ Řř ĴȱȱǻǼ ĴȱȱǻėǼ řƃ ŘŚ ĴȱȱǻǼȱǻǯȱĚȬ ĖȱȱǻėǼ ŗƂ Ǽ Řś ¢ȱȱǻǼ ¢ȱȱǻėǼ ŗƂ ŘŜ ¢ȱȱǻǼ ¢ȱȱǻėǼ ŘƂ Řŝ ȱȱǻǼ ȱȱǻėȬ řƂ ǼȱǻǷǼ ŘŞ ȱȱǻǼ ȱȱǻėǼ ŗƂ Řş ¢ȱȱǻėǼ ¢ȱȱǻėȬ Řȱǯ Ǽ řŖ ȱŚȬȱǻǼ ȱȱ ŗƃ ǻǼ řŗ ȱȱǻǼ ȱȱǻǼ ŗƂ řŘ ¢ȱȱǻǼ ȱȱǻǼ ŘƂ
Table 1. List of remaining material in Clerck’s spider collection (cf. Holm 1978) ŗŗŚȱ ȱĖ¢ȱŘŖŖŞ
ȱȱȱȂȱȱȱȱȱ ǻŗşŝŞǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ŗşśşȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱŗŖŚȱ Ȃȱęȱȱȱȱ ęȱ ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǯȱǯȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱŗŝśŝȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȃȱǻ ȱ ȱǯȱȱ ŗşśşǼǯȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱǯȱ ȱ ǻŗşŝŞǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ ȱ¢ȱȱȂȱȱȱȬ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ ęȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ǻȬ ȱ ŗşŜśȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ǽǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱĴǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ ȱ ǻŗşŝřǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȂȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱǻŗŞśŞǼȱ ȱȬ ǰȱǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱȱȱ¢¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ¡ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱĴȱǯ ȱȱȱȱŗşȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¡Ȭȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱŗŞŞśȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ ǯȱȱǻŗŞśŜǼȱȱȱȱȬ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǻȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǯȱ Ȃȱ ¢ȱ ǯȱǯȱ ǼȱǽƽȱȱȱǻǼǾȱ ȱ ȱǰȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱ Ȃȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ¡ȱ ȱȱȱȱȂȱ ȱȱȱǻȱŗşŝŞǼǯȱȱ ǯȱ ȱȱǻȱŗŞśŞǼȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȃȱ ¢ȱǻǯǼȱ ŚŞȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱŗŞȱȬ Ȅǯȱ ȱǻŗşŝŞǼȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ¢ǯȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱǻǯȱǯȱ Ǽǰȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȂȱȱǯȱȱȱŞŝȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱĞȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱĞȱ¡ȱǯȱȬ ŗŖŖȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ řŚȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡Ȭ ȱȱǰȱ ǰȱȱǰȱ ȱ ȱ #ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻ ȱ ŗşŝŞǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¡Ȭ ȱȱȱȱĞȱȱȱȱ ǯȱȱ ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȂȱȬ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ǽȱ ȱ Ȭ ȱǰȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻŗŞśŞǼǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱŗşŝŞǼȱǻȱŗǼǯȱȱȱȱȬ ȱǻŗşŝŞǼǾȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ Ȭ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȬ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǻǯȱŝǼǯ Ȭȱ ǯȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ȂȱȱȱȱȱȱȬ ȱ ĴȱȃȄȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱęȱǯȱȱȱȱ ȱ Ȭ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȬ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȬ ¢ȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ǰȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǯȱǰȱȱǯȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱǰȱ¢ȱȱ ęȱȱǯȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȂȱǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ DZȱȱėȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ŗŗś
¢ȱ śřȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǰȱǯȱŗŝśŝǯȱȱȱȱȱȬ ȱ¢ȱȱǻȱŘŖŖŞǼǯȱȱ Ȭ§ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ªȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ ¡ȱ §ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ ȱ ȱ ¢DZȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ ȱ ęȱ ¢ǰȱ ªȱ ǯȱ Ȭ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȃǰȱ ŗŝśŞȄǰȱ Ȭ ǯȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȧȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱǰȱȱȱęȱȬ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȃǰȱ ŗŝśŝȄǯȱ ȱ ȱǰȱȱȱȱǰȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ Ȭ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ŘŖŖŞǼǯȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ŗŜƸŗśŚȱǯǰȱŜȱǯǰȱǯȱǰȱȬ ȱȱěȱȱȱĜ¢ȱȱȱ ǯȱ ǻĴDZȦȦǯǯȬĴǯȦ ȱȱȃǰȱŗŝśŝȄǵȱȱ ǵřŜŝŘŚŜŘŞŝǼ ǰȱ ǯȱ ŗŝśşǯȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ǯ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ǰȱ Ȭ ǰȱ ǯȱ ŗŝŜŗǯȱ ȱ ȱ ªȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ãǯȱ ǽȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱȱ ǯȱǰȱȱȱ ǯǾȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱǰȱȱ¢ȱ ȱŘŘDZȱŘŚřȮŘŚśǯ ǯȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ ǰȱ ǯȱ ŗŝŜŚǯȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ ǯȱǯȱ ǯȱǻĴDZȦȦǯǯ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ Ȭ ȬĴǯȦǵřŜŞŘşŖŗŖŝǼ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ ǰȱǯȱŗşŞşǯȱȱȱĦ§ȱ ȱ Ȭ ȱ Ȭȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŗŝśşȮŗŝŜŚǯȱ ȱ ¢ȱ¢ǰȱǯ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ãȱ ǯȱ Řȱ ǯȱǰȱǯ ǰȱǯȱŘŖŖŗǯȱȱȱęǯȱ Ȭ ǰȱǯȱŗŝřŜǯȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱŗŝŖŖȬȱȱŗŞŖŖȬȱǯ ȱȱǯȱ ǯȱ¢ǰȱǯȱǻĴDZȦȦ ȱǰȱ ǯ ǯǯȬǯȦǵȱƽŖŖŖŖŖŗŗŗǼǯ ǰȱ ǯȱǯȱŗŝŘŞǰȱŗŝřŘǯȱĖȱȱȬ ǰȱǯȱŗşŚŚǯȱ¸ȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱ ȱȱĖǰȱȱû£Ėȱ ·ǯȱȱȱȱ··ȱȂ ȱ ȱ ȱ ãȱ ȱ ȱȱȱŝşDZȱŞŗȮŗśşǯ ȱȱĖȱȱĚȱ§Ȭ ǰȱ ǯȱ ŗşŚśǯȱ ȱ ǰȱ ŗǯȱ Ėȱ ûǯȱȱŝȱǻŗŝŘŞǼȱǭȱŗŖȱǻŗŝřŘǼǯȱ ǰȱǯ ǯȱ ǯȱ ǰȱ ǯȱ ǻĴDZȦȦǯǯ ǰȱǯȱŗşŚŝǯȱ·ȱ·ȱ¥ȱȱȬ ȬǯȦǵřşŝŝŖŗŗřŜȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱřşŝŝŖŚşŖşǼ ȱȱ·ȱȱȱȂ·ȱȱǯȱ ǰȱǯȱŗşŝřǯȱȱȱ ĴȱĴȱ ǰȱǯ ȱ ǻDZȱ DZȱ Ǽǯȱ ǰȱ ǯȱ ŗşśŖǯȱ ȱ ŗȱ ǻȱ ȱȱśŚDZȱřŜşȮŚŖřǯ ȱȱȱŘŜȱȱȱȬ ǰȱ#ǯȱŗşŝŞǯȱȱȱȱȬ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱėȂȱ ǯȱȱȱȱŝřDZȱŘŖŗȮŘŖśǯȱǽȱȬǽȱȬ ȱȱȱŗŝśŝǼǯȱȱȱ£Ȭ ȱ ȱ ȱ DZȱ ¢ǰȱ ǯȱ ȱȱřDZȱŗŝřȮŗŝŜǯ ǯȱ ǭȱ ǰȱ ǯȱ ǯȱ ǻŗşŞşǼDZȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ǯȱŗşśŖǯȱ ȱ ęȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ Ȃȱȱ DZȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ Ĝȱ ȱ ȱ #ȱ Ȃȱ Ȅȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ ·ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȬ Ȅǯȱȱ¢ȱřşDZȱŚȮśǯǾ ǰȱǯ ȱ ŗŗŜȱ ȱĖ¢ȱŘŖŖŞ
ȱŗşśŖǯȱȱȱȬ ǯȱ ǻĴDZȦȦǻĴȱDZȦȦǯǯȬĴȱȬǯǯȬĴȱȬǯǯȬĴȱȬǯǯȬĴǯȬĴȱȬȬ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǼDZȱ ǯȦǵřŝŗŖŜŘŞśřǼ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱǯȱŗŝśŞǯȱ¢ȱǯȱȱȬ £ȱȱŚȱǻŝȮşǼDZȱŘŖşȮȱŘŗŘǯȱ ǯȱȱ ǰȱǯȱǯȱǰȱ ȱ ǰȱǯȱǯȱǰȱ ȬȬ ȱŗşśŖǯȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱ ǻĴDZȦȦǯǯȬĴǯȦ ǰȱŗŝśŝDZȱȱȱȱDZȱ ǵřŜŘŖśřŖŖŜǼ ¢ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ £Ȭ ǰȱ ǯȱ ŗŝŜŗǯȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ Ȭ ȱȱŚȱǻŗŖȮŗŘǼDZȱŘŝŚȮȱŘŝŝǯ ǰȱ ǯȱ ǯȱ ǰȱ ǯȱ ȱŗşśŖǯȱȱȱȱȬ ǻDZȦȦǯǯȬǯȦ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǵřŝŘŚřŞşşŝǼ ȱ ǰȱ ŗŝśŝǰȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ ǻǰȱǯǼȱ·ǰȱǯȱǯȱŗŝŜŝǯȱ¢ȱǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱǰȱǯȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ£ȱȬ ǯȱǯȱǰȱ ǯȱǻĴDZȦȦǯǯ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ £ȱ Ȭ ȬĴǯȦǵřŜŘŖśřŝŘřǼ ȱśȱǻŗȮřǼDZȱřřȮřś ǰȱǯȱŗŜŝŞǯȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ŗşśŖǯȱ ǰȱ ŗŝśŝȱ Ȅȱ ȄDZȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ĖȬ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ěǯȱ Ȭ ȱȱȱȱȱDZȱȬ ȱȱĖȱǯȱȱȱȱ ȱǰȱǯȱȱȱ£Ȭ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱŚȱǻŗŖȮŗŘǼDZȱřŗśȮřŗşǯȱ Ėȱ ȱ ȱ ęǯȱ ȱ ŗşśşǯȱ ȱ ŗŖŚǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ ǯȱ ¢ǰȱ ǯȱ ǻĴDZȦȦǯǯ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȦǵŚŝŘŚŜşŖśřǼǯȱ ¢ȱǯȱǯȱȱȱŗŝśŝȱȱȱ ȱȬ ǽȱȱǻęȱǼȱDZȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱǭȱ ¢ǰȱǯȱǻǼȱǻŗşşŘǼDZȱȱȂȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĝȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ ȱ ȱ ŗŜŝŞǯȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ Ȭ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǯǾ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ ¢ǰȱǯȱŗŝşřǯȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱŗŝDZȱŞşȮşŗǯ ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ŘŖŖŝǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȬ ȱ ǯȱ ǻĴDZȦȦ ǯ £ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ £ǯǼ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ǯȱ ŘŖŖŝǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȃȱ ǯȱǯ Ȅȱ ŘśŖȱ ªǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŗŖŘǻŚǼDZȱ ǰȱ ǯȱ ŗşŞśǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŜȮŗŚǯ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ǯȱ ŗŝŚŜǯȱ ȱ ǯȱ ǯȱ ǭȱ ǯ ǯȱ ǻǼǯȱȱȱŗŜDZȱ ěǰȱ ȱ ȱ ǻĴDZȦȦ ŗŘŗȮŗŘşǯ ǯǯȬǯȦǵȱ ǰȱ ǯȱ ǯȱ ŗşŞŞǯȱ ȱ ¢ǯȱ řŞŖşřřŚŜŘǼ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ǰȱǯȱŗŝśŚǯȱ ȱDZȱȱȱ ǯȱ ȱ ŗǯȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ªȱ ªȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ¢ȱśřDZȱŗȮŘǯ ªȱ §¢ȱ ȱ §ȱ ǰȱ ǯȱǯ ǯȱŗşŝŞǯȱȱȱǯȱ ȱȱªȱǯȱȬĴȱǯȱ ȱãȱȱªȱ·ȱǯȱȱ ȦȱȱDZ®ȱDZȱ®ȱDZȱȱȱȬ ȱȱŝřDZȱŗřŝȮŗŚřǯ ȱǰȱ ǰȱdzǯȱ ǰȱ ǯ ǯȱ ŘŖŖŞǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ¡DZȱ ȱŞǯśǯȱȱȱȱȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ Ȭ ¢ǰȱ ȱǯȱǻĴDZȦȦǯȱǯ ǰȱȱȱȱǰȱ Ȧ¢ȦȦȦ¡ǯ ȱȱǰȱȱǯȱǯȱǰȱ Ǽ ȱ DZȱȱėȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ŗŗŝ
¢ǰȱ ǯȱ ǻǰȱ ǯǼȱ ŗŝŗŖǯȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ǽǯȱ ǰȱ ǯȱ ǻĴDZȦȦǯǯȦȦȬŘŝŜȦǯ Ǽ ǰȱ ǯǯȱǭȱǰȱǯǯȱŗşŞřǯȱȱȬ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ǯȱ¢ȱ¢ȱŞDZȱŗşŗȮŘŚŘǯ ǰȱ ǯȱ ŗŞśŜǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ ǰȱǰȱȱ ǯȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻřǼȱ Řȱ ȱǻŗǼDZȱ ŜŗȮŗŝŜȱǻȱȱ ȱȱȬ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ǯȱ ǯȱ ĝǰȱȱŗŞśŜǰȱŗŗŜȱǯDzȱȱȱȱ ǽȱ¢ȱȱ¢ǾȱȮȱȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȮȱȬ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ ǯȱǯȱǯȱĝǰȱȱŗŞśśǰȱŗŜȱǯǼ ǰȱ ǯȱ ŗŞśŞǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȬȬ ǯȱ[ȱȱ ǯȱȬ ȱãȱŗśDZȱŗŚřȮŗśřǯ ǰȱ ǯȱ ŗŞŜşȮŝŖǯȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ £ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱǻřǼȱ ŝDZȱŗȮŗŖŞȱǻŗŞŜşǼǰȱŗŖşȮŘŚŘȱǻŗŞŝŖǼǯ ǰȱǯȱŗŞŝŖȮŝřǯȱȱȱ¢¢ȱȱ ȱǯȱȮȱȱ DZȱǯȱŗȮşŜȱǻŗŞŝŖǼǰȱ ȱ DZȱǯȱşŝȮŘŘŞȱǻŗŞŝŗǼǰȱȱ DZȱǯȱŘŘşȮ řŝŚǰȱǻŗŞŝŘǼǰȱȱ DZȱǯȱřŝśȮȱŜŚśȱǻŗŞŝřǼǰȱǯȱ ǯȱ ãǰȱǯ ǰȱ ǯǯȱ ŘŖŖŝǯȱŘśŖȱ ȱ ȃȱ Ȭ ȦȱȄǯȱȱĴȬ ȱřřDZȱŗȮŜǯ ǰȱ ǯȱ ŗŞŜŗǯȱ ȱ ǯȱ ǯǯȱ ǰȱ ǯ ǰȱ ǯȱ ŗŞŝŚǯȱ ȱ ûȱ ȱ ĖĖȱȱȱǯȱ ǯȱǰȱȱȱDZȱŗDZǯȱȱŗDZǯȱȱȬȬ ȱȱǯȱȱŗȱǭȱŘǯȱȱŗŞŜşȮȱ ŝŖǯȱŘDZǯȱȱȱ¢¢ȱȱǯȱǯȱ ȱŗŞŝŖȮŝřǯȱȮȱ ãȱ ǯȱȬ ȬȱȱĴȱ§ȱ ȱ ǻǯȱǯǼȱŗŚDZȱŗȮŜŞǯ