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Ibn Kullab Et La Mihna* Par Josef Van

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Ibn Kullab Et La Mihna* Par Josef Van IBN KULLAB ET LA MIHNA* PAR JOSEF VAN ESS (traduit de l'allemand par Claude GILLIOT) «Kcine eilfertige Weishcit treibt sie zu unzeitiger Reife.» (Friedrich Hölderlin aus Tübingen, Hyperion) Avant-propos de l'auteur LORSQUE J'al 6crit cette etude, j'avais tout juste trente ans, et je Ln'avais alors rien publi6, hormis ma these et quelques recen- sions. Sur plus d'un point, aujourd'hui, je verrais les choses dif- f6remment. Le chapitre d'introduction, notamment, devrait etre revu; entre temps, plusieurs bonnes etudes ont paru sur 1'arriere- plan politique de la mihna. En revanche, si l'on excepte mon ami, le defunt Pere Michel Allard, personne ne s'est occupe depuis de Ibn Kullab. Ce que j'ai dit a ce sujet peut donc toujours servir de * [Ndt: Josef van Ess, «Ibn Kull�bund die Mihna», Hellmut Ritter zum 70. Geburtstag (Pour les soixante-dix ans de H. Ritter), in Oriens, 18-19 (1965-66), pp. 92-142. Nous avons traduit ce texte, à l'origine pour nos étudiants en doctorat et nous avons pensé qu'il pourrait être utile à un plus large public qui ne lit pas la langue de Goethe. Nous remercions Monsieur le Professeur Josef van Ess et la revue Oriensd'avoir accepté que cet article soit traduit et paraisse ici. Monsieur le Professeur van Ess a bien voulu relire cette traduction, qu'il soit tout particulièrement remercié pour les remarques qu'il a bien voulu nous faire. Que la phrase de Hôlderlin que nous avons placée en exergue soit un hommage à notre éminent collègue qui a la chance de vivre et d'enseigner dans la ville des «trois amis pasteurs» auxquels la pensée occidentale moderne doit tant!: «Aucune sagesse hâtive ne les fait mûrir trop vite» (Il s'agit des Athéniens et de tous les «fils d'Athènes»!). Les ajouts du traducteur dans les notes sont signalés commes suit: [...]. Dans l'original allemand, les références figurent dans le texte, elles ont été placées ici dans les notes. Certains passages du texte qui apportent des compléments d'infor- mation ont été également rejetés en notes. Les sous-titres et la numérotation des paragraphes sont de nous. Les signes abréviatifs des noms propres arabes sont ceux de GAS, I, p. XV, sauf Ahmad, abrégé ici: A. L'abréviation du titre d'un ouvrage est indiquée entre parenthèses, lors de la première mention qui en est faite]. 174 point de depart pour une autre recherche. Je remercie Monsieur Claude Gilliot qui a bien voulu se donner la peine de faire cette traduction, et qui, de la sorte, me donne 1'occasion d'atteindre plus directement l'islamologie fran?aise. J. van Ess, Tubingen, le 21 mars 1989. I) Le contexte historique et idéologique de la mihna 1. Lorsquc en 218/833, le calife al-Ma'mun interrogea a Damas les jurisconsultes de la ville sur leur position concernant «la justice et a la profession de foi unitariste» (al-'adl wa et ordonna, dans une missive d6sormals bien connue2, adressee a son gouverneur de Bagdad, 1'adoption de la doctrine mu'tazilite du Coran cree, commenqa pour les gens de la sunna, adversaires du kalam et du mu'tazilisme, une epoque qui resta toujours pour les generations futures celle de la grande ,6preuve,, (mihna). L'histoire de la mihna est connue. Elle est pr6sent6e, en relation avec les principaux r6cits historiques, dans 1'etude de A. Patton3 qui demeure fondamentale, tout au moins pour le deroulement externe des 6v6nements. Cependant, Patton touche peu aux motifs caches et a l'imbroglio des partis en presence qui en constituent la toile de fond. D6sormals, apres plus d'un demi-siecle de recherche, il parait quasiment certain que la politique 'alide du calife y a joue un role. W. M. Watt4 a exprim6 cette idee a plusieurs reprises et D. Sourdel l'a fondée de fa?on explicite dans une etude r6cente excellemment document6e . 1 Cf. Ya�q�b�Ta¸r, ��éd., M. Houtsma, Leyde, 1883, II, p. 571, 1. 8 sqq. 2 Tabar�, Annales,éd. M. J. de Goeje, Leyde, 1879-1901, III, p. 1113,1. 7 sqq. 3 Ahmad ibn Hanbal and the Mihna, Leyde, 1897; trad. �Abdal�az �zAbdalhaqq, Le Caire, D�r al-Hil�l, 1958, 296 p. [Parmi les études les plus récentes sur l'arrière-plan politique de la mihna, v. I. M. Lapidus, «The Separation of State and Religion», in IJMES, VI (1975), pp. 363-385; Id. A History of IslamicSocieties, Cambridge, UP, 1988, chap. VII, pp. 120-125, en est un résumé sans les références; T. Nagel, Rechtleitungund Kalifat, Bonn, BOS, NS, Bd. 27/2, p. 440- 446. Sur le rôle de 'Ali ar-Rid�: P. Crone and M. Hinds, God's Caliph. Religious authority in the first centuryof Islam, Cambridge, UP, 1986, p. 93 sqq.; M. Hind, «Mihna», à paraître dans EI. La thèse de M. O. Abu Saq, The Politicsof al-Ma¸m�n and his Successors,Edimbourg, 1971, est de peu d'intérêt]. 4 W. M. Watt, «Early Discussions about the Qur¸�n», MW, 40 (1950), p. 34 sq.; Id., «The Political Attitudes of the Mu�tazilah»,JRAS, 1963, p. 44 sq. On la trouve d'ailleurs déjà dans Patton, op. cit., p. 54. 5 D. Sourdel, «La politique religieuse du calife �abb�sideal-Ma¸m �n», REI, XXX (1962), p. 27 sqq. .
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