Assessment of the Hydraulic Connection Between Ground Water and the Peace River, West-Central Florida
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Assessment of the Hydraulic Connection Between Ground Water and the Peace River, West-Central Florida By B.R. Lewelling, A.B. Tihansky, and J.L. Kindinger U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97–4211 Prepared in cooperation with the SOUTHWEST FLORIDA WATER MANAGEMENT DISTRICT Tallahassee, Florida 1998 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas J. Casadevall, Acting Director Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey. For additional information Copies of this report can be write to: purchased from: District Chief U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey Branch of Information Services Suite 3015 Box 25286 227 N. Bronough Street Denver, CO 80225 Tallahassee, FL 32301 Phone: 800-USA-MAPS Additional information about water resources in Florida is available on the World Wide Web at http://fl.water.usgs.gov CONTENTS Abstract...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction................................................................................................................................................................................ 2 Purpose and Scope ........................................................................................................................................................... 4 Methods of Study ............................................................................................................................................................. 4 Previous Investigations .................................................................................................................................................... 4 Acknowledgments............................................................................................................................................................ 5 Description of Study Area ........................................................................................................................................................ 5 Physiographic Setting ...................................................................................................................................................... 5 Hydrogeologic Framework .............................................................................................................................................. 7 Surficial Aquifer................................................................................................................................................... 10 Intermediate Aquifer System ............................................................................................................................... 10 Upper Floridan Aquifer........................................................................................................................................ 11 Ground-Water Flow Patterns ............................................................................................................................... 11 Hydrologic Effects of Ground-Water Development ................................................................................................................ 15 Trend Analyses of Streamflow....................................................................................................................................... 15 Changes in Spring Flow................................................................................................................................................. 17 Effects of Mining Activities on Surface Drainage and Recharge .................................................................................. 22 Hydrologic Conditions Along the Peace River from Bartow to Arcadia ................................................................................ 24 Areal Hydrologic Subdivisions...................................................................................................................................... 24 Upper Peace River: Area of Downward Head Gradients..................................................................................... 26 Middle Peace River: Area of Reversal of Head Gradients .................................................................................. 30 Lower Peace River: Area of Upward Head Gradients......................................................................................... 35 Analysis of the Hydraulic Connection Between Ground Water and the Peace River ............................................................. 38 Geophysical Methods of Seismic-Reflection Survey .................................................................................................... 38 Stratigraphic Control............................................................................................................................................ 40 Seismic-Reflection Interpretation ........................................................................................................................ 40 Upper Peace River: Area of Downward Head Gradients........................................................................... 40 Middle Peace River: Area of Reversal of Head Gradients......................................................................... 44 Lower Peace River: Area of Upward Head Gradients ............................................................................... 45 Seepage Investigations................................................................................................................................................... 49 Low Base-Flow Conditions.................................................................................................................................. 54 Analysis of Low Base-Flow Conditions Along the Upper Peace River .................................................... 56 Analysis of Low Base-Flow Conditions Along the Middle Peace River................................................... 62 Analysis of Low Base-Flow Conditions Along the Lower Peace River.................................................... 64 High Base-Flow Conditions................................................................................................................................. 64 Comparison of Low and High Base-Flow Conditions Along the Upper Peace River......................................... 67 High-Flow Conditions Along the Upper Peace River.......................................................................................... 68 Thermal Infrared Imagery.............................................................................................................................................. 70 Analysis of Ground-Water and Surface-Water Interaction ...................................................................................................... 71 Summary and Conclusions ...................................................................................................................................................... 72 References................................................................................................................................................................................ 73 Appendix--Listing of Peace River and tributary discharge measurements.............................................................................. 77 Contents III Figures 1-2. Maps showing: 1. Location of Peace River basin study area and area where surface-water and ground-water interactions were assessed along the Peace River .....................................................................................................................3 2. Regional physiographic features of the study area.................................................................................................6 3. Hydrogeologic column for units that occur within the study area.................................................................................7 4. Map showing locations of hydrologic areas, hydrogeologic sections A-A′, B-B′, and C-C′, seismic-reflection survey profiles, well locations used to correlate to seismic-reflection data, and potentiometric-surface profile section D-D′ ...................................................................................................................................................................8 5. Generalized schematics of hydrogeologic units in sections A-A′, B-B′, and C-C′ within the study area ......................9 6-8. Maps showing: 6. Areas of upward and downward leakage through the upper confining unit of the intermediate aquifer system, September 1988.......................................................................................................................................12 7. Head difference between the surficial aquifer and underlying aquifers and areas of upward flow, September 1989....................................................................................................................................................13 8. Potentiometric surfaces and regional ground-water flow of the intermediate aquifer system and the Upper Floridan aquifer, 1995 ..........................................................................................................................................14 9-15. Graphs showing: 9. Comparison