CFIA ID of Nightshade Species 2018

Virtual Seed ID Referee 2018 Linaria spp. and Solanum spp. Workshop for CSAAC May 30th 2018 Seed Science and Technology Section CFIA Saskatoon Laboratory © 2017 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada (Canadian Food Inspection Agency), all rights reserved. Use without permission is prohibited. Species in the 2018 referee 9 Linaria species: 10 Solanum species: 1. Linaria tristis 1. Solanum americanum 2. Linaria vulgaris 2. Solanum carolinense 3. Linaria supina 3. Solanum elaeagnifolium 4. Linaria triornithophora 4. Solanum physalifolium 5. Linaria dalmatica 5. Solanum ptychanthum 6. Linaria genistifolia 6. Solanum nigrum 7. Linaria maroccana 7. Solanum rostratum 8. Linaria purpurea 8. Solanum torvum 9. Linaria repens 9. Solanum triflorum 10. Solanum viarum SSTS-CFIA Virtual Seed ID Referee 2018 Linaria spp. and Solanum spp. Dividing Solanum spp. using seed features Solanum spp. thickness & surface Thick & Thin & porous reticulate (9 spp.) S. rostratum Seed size + reticulation type Over 2.0 mm Under 2.0 mm + grooved + ridged (4 spp.) (5 spp.) Large + Larger Interspace pointed Interspaces (3 spp.) Reticulation (4 spp.) size + hilum at hilum at centre Regular Strong Small + Faint blunt size (2 spp.) Species S. triflorum S. physalifolium S. nigrum Group SSTS-CFIA Virtual Seed ID Referee 2018 Linaria spp. and Solanum spp. Seed features of small-seeded Solanum spp. Feature/ Species #1 Solanum #6 S. nigrum #4 Solanum #5 Solanum #9 Solanum americanum (black physalifolium ptychanthum triflorum (American nightshade) (ground-cherry (eastern black (cut-leaved n. black n.shade) n.shade) n.shade) shade) Most seeds close to 2.0 mm long Most seeds between 1.5 – 2.0 mm long Interspaces relatively small & numerous Interspaces near hilum elongate Interspaces near hilum regular-sized Reticulation at centre faint Image SSTS-CFIA Virtual Seed ID Referee 2018 Linaria spp. and Solanum spp. Seed features of small-seeded Solanum spp. Solanum physalifolium Solanum ptychanthum (ground-cherry nightshade) (eastern black nightshade) old name: S. sarrachoides + Solanum americanum (American black nightshade) Solanum nigrum (black nightshade) Solanum americanum and S. ptychanthum – Spot the differences! Similarities: 1. Similar size seed 2. Ridged reticulation 3. Interspaces same size over the seed surface Differences: 1. S. americanum tends to have smaller seeds 2. S. americanum is rare in Canada (occurs in BC, MB and southern U.S.A) SSTS-CFIA Virtual Seed ID Referee 2018 Linaria spp. and Solanum spp. Dividing Solanum spp. using seed features Seed size + reticulation type Under 2.0 mm Over 2.0 mm + ridged + grooved (5 spp.) (4 spp.) Reticulation visibility Visible Few visible (2 spp.) (2 spp.) Colour Reticulation size Yellow Brown Small Large S. carolinense S. viarum S. elaeagnifolium S. torvum SSTS-CFIA Virtual Seed ID Referee 2018 Linaria spp. and Solanum spp. Seed features of large-seeded Solanum spp. Feature/ Species #2 Solanum #3 Solanum #8 S. torvum #10 S. viarum carolinense elaeagnifolium (turkeyberry) (tropical soda- (horse-nettle) (silverleaf nightshade) apple) Reticulations visible; surface is roughened Reticulations not easily visible; surface appears smooth Seeds yellow or orange Seeds brownish Interspaces relatively large Image SSTS-CFIA Virtual Seed ID Referee 2018 Linaria spp. and Solanum spp. Seed features of large-seeded Solanum spp. Solanum carolinense Solanum viarum (horse-nettle) (tropical soda-apple) Solanum elaeagnifolium Solanum torvum (silverleaf nightshade) (turkeyberry) Physalis spp., a Solanum spp. look-alike Solanum spp. Physalis spp. • Thinner seed • Thicker seed • Hilum tends to be pulled • Hilum flush or notched • Hilum area thinner • Hilum area same thickness • Reticulation regular • Reticulation irregular • Ridges angular • Ridges wavy Solanum triflorum Physalis longifolia SSTS-CFIA Virtual Seed ID Referee 2018 Linaria spp. and Solanum spp..

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Occurrence of Horse Nettle (Solanum Carolinense L.) in North Rhine
25th German Conference on Weed Biology and Weed Control, March 13-15, 2012, Braunschweig, Germany Occurrence of horse nettle (Solanum carolinense L.) in North Rhine-Westphalia Auftreten der Carolinschen Pferdenessel (Solanum carolinense L.) in Nordrhein-Westfalen Günter Klingenhagen1*, Martin Wirth2, Bernd Wiesmann2 & Hermann Ahaus2 1Chamber of Agriculture, North Rhine-Westphalia, Plant Protection Service, Nevinghoff 40, 48147 Münster, Germany 2Chamber of Agriculture, North Rhine-Westphalia, district station Coesfeld, Borkener Straße 25, 48653 Coesfeld, Germany *Corresponding author, [email protected] DOI: 10.5073/jka.2012.434.077 Summary In autumn 2008 during corn harvest (Zea mays L.), the driver of the combine harvester spotted an unfamiliar plant species in the field. It turned out that Solanum carolinense L. was the unknown weed species. The species had overgrown 40 % of the corn field which had a size of 10.2 ha. The farmer who usually effectively controls all weeds on his field had so far not noticed the dominance of the solanaceous herb species. From his point of view, the weed must have germinated after the corn had covered the crop rows. On the affected field, corn is grown in monoculture since 1973. When the horse nettle was first spotted in October 2008, the plants had reached a height of about 120 cm, rhizomes had grown 80 cm deep and a horizontal root growth of 150 cm could be determined. In the following season (2008/2009), winter wheat was grown instead of corn on the respective field. This was followed by two years of winter rye (2009/2010 and 2010/2011).
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Weed of Interest: Horsenettle (Solanum Carolinense)
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