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Sustainable Horsenettle Options 31 ERADICATION/ Solanum carolinense Pest Plant Control EXCLUSION PESTS EXCLUSION Control of horsenettle is funded, and carried out, by Bay of Plenty Regional Council. We would like members of the public to let us know of any possible sightings of this plant. Description How does it spread? A perennial herbaceous plant up to By spreading underground roots 1m tall. (rhizomes) producing new plants. Dies back in winter. By fragments of root moved by agricultural machinery. Leaves: Dark green, up to 100mm long, lobed, with spines along upper and underside of leaves. Stems: Very spiny. Why is it a problem? Flowers: Mauve with yellow centre. • Can eventually dominate pasture and arable land. Fruit: Large dark green egg shaped berries with lighter stripes. • Very difficult to control because Turn yellow when ripe. of its deep root system. Roots: Very deep spreading • Toxic to stock. Horsenettle plant rhizomes. How do I get rid of it? Origin Status as a pest plant in Please don’t try, it is very difficult! If you think you have found this Southern United States. the Bay of Plenty plant, please let us know. Probably arrived in NZ as Horsenettle is an Exclusion and Staff will always follow up possible contaminant of maize seeds. Eradication Pest Plant in the Bay of Plenty Regional Pest Management finds of this plant and if confirmed Plan. we will work with you to control it. It is an offence under the Call us on 0800 STOP PESTS Where is it found? Biosecurity Act to propagate, (0800 780 773) In pasture and arable land, sell, distribute, release or spread Or email us at [email protected] especially in maize paddocks. horsenettle in the Bay of Plenty. Currently (2013) horsenettle is Control of horsenettle is funded, known at only two sites in the and carried out, by Bay of Plenty Bay of Plenty: at Te Puna and at Regional Council. Waihau Bay. It is being actively Machinery or equipment must controlled at all known sites. be cleaned prior to leaving a site contaminated with horsenettle. Bay of Plenty Regional Council Pollution Hotline: 0800 884 883 5 Quay Street, Whakatāne Phone: 0800 884 880 Email: [email protected] 1125 Arawa Street, Rotorua Fax: 0800 884 882 Website: www.boprc.govt.nz Rata Street, Mount Maunganui 31 Pest Plant Control Horsenettle ERADICATION/EXCLUSION PEST Horsenettle flower. Also note the spines on Young horsenettle fruit. These will turn yellow when ripe the stem. Horsenettle leaf. Note spines on midrib. There Horsenettle can spread by means of its roots to cover a large area. are also spines on the underside of the leaves. 5 Quay Street, Whakatāne 1125 Arawa Street, Rotorua Rata Street, Mount Maunganui Post: PO Box 364, Whakatāne 3158 Phone: 0800 884 880 Fax: 0800 884 882 Pollution Hotline: 0800 884 883 Email: [email protected] Website: www.boprc.govt.nz www.facebook.com/boprc Horsenettle. GDS14 PP31 Horsenettle spreading rhizomatous roots. www.twitter.com/boprc www.youtube.com/bopregionalcouncil Sustainable Options.

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Occurrence of Horse Nettle (Solanum Carolinense L.) in North Rhine
25th German Conference on Weed Biology and Weed Control, March 13-15, 2012, Braunschweig, Germany Occurrence of horse nettle (Solanum carolinense L.) in North Rhine-Westphalia Auftreten der Carolinschen Pferdenessel (Solanum carolinense L.) in Nordrhein-Westfalen Günter Klingenhagen1*, Martin Wirth2, Bernd Wiesmann2 & Hermann Ahaus2 1Chamber of Agriculture, North Rhine-Westphalia, Plant Protection Service, Nevinghoff 40, 48147 Münster, Germany 2Chamber of Agriculture, North Rhine-Westphalia, district station Coesfeld, Borkener Straße 25, 48653 Coesfeld, Germany *Corresponding author, [email protected] DOI: 10.5073/jka.2012.434.077 Summary In autumn 2008 during corn harvest (Zea mays L.), the driver of the combine harvester spotted an unfamiliar plant species in the field. It turned out that Solanum carolinense L. was the unknown weed species. The species had overgrown 40 % of the corn field which had a size of 10.2 ha. The farmer who usually effectively controls all weeds on his field had so far not noticed the dominance of the solanaceous herb species. From his point of view, the weed must have germinated after the corn had covered the crop rows. On the affected field, corn is grown in monoculture since 1973. When the horse nettle was first spotted in October 2008, the plants had reached a height of about 120 cm, rhizomes had grown 80 cm deep and a horizontal root growth of 150 cm could be determined. In the following season (2008/2009), winter wheat was grown instead of corn on the respective field. This was followed by two years of winter rye (2009/2010 and 2010/2011).
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Alien Plant Species in the Agricultural Habitats of Ukraine: Diversity and Risk Assessment
Ekológia (Bratislava) Vol. 37, No. 1, p. 24–31, 2018 DOI:10.2478/eko-2018-0003 ALIEN PLANT SPECIES IN THE AGRICULTURAL HABITATS OF UKRAINE: DIVERSITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT RAISA BURDA Institute for Evolutionary Ecology, NAS of Ukraine, 37, Lebedeva Str., 03143 Kyiv, Ukraine; e-mail: [email protected] Abstract Burda R.: Alien plant species in the agricultural habitats of Ukraine: diversity and risk assessment. Ekológia (Bratislava), Vol. 37, No. 1, p. 24–31, 2018. This paper is the first critical review of the diversity of the Ukrainian adventive flora, which has spread in agricultural habitats in the 21st century. The author’s annotated checklist con- tains the data on 740 species, subspecies and hybrids from 362 genera and 79 families of non-native weeds. The floristic comparative method was used, and the information was gen- eralised into some categories of five characteristic features: climamorphotype (life form), time and method of introduction, level of naturalisation, and distribution into 22 classes of three habitat types according to European Nature Information System (EUNIS). Two assess- ments of the ecological risk of alien plants were first conducted in Ukraine according to the European methods: the risk of overcoming natural migration barriers and the risk of their impact on the environment. The exposed impact of invasive alien plants on ecosystems has a convertible character; the obtained information confirms a high level of phytobiotic contami- nation of agricultural habitats in Ukraine. It is necessary to implement European and national documents regarding the legislative and regulative policy on invasive alien species as one of the threats to biotic diversity.
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Host Plant Defense Produces Species-Specific Alterations to Flight Muscle Protein Structure and Flight-Related Fitness Traits of Two Armyworms Scott L
© 2020. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd | Journal of Experimental Biology (2020) 223, jeb224907. doi:10.1242/jeb.224907 RESEARCH ARTICLE Host plant defense produces species-specific alterations to flight muscle protein structure and flight-related fitness traits of two armyworms Scott L. Portman1,*, Gary W. Felton2, Rupesh R. Kariyat3,4 and James H. Marden5 ABSTRACT expression of genes and how gene expression patterns produce Insects manifest phenotypic plasticity in their development and modifications to organ systems has applications in the fields of behavior in response to plant defenses, via molecular mechanisms ecology, conservation biology, functional genomics, population that produce tissue-specific changes. Phenotypic changes might vary dynamics and pest management, because it provides insight into between species that differ in their preferred hosts and these effects the genes and fitness traits that are being targeted by natural selection. could extend beyond larval stages. To test this, we manipulated the diet Despite the important role phenotypic plasticity plays in species of southern armyworm (SAW; Spodoptera eridania) and fall armyworm survival and evolution (Chippindale et al., 1993; Whitman and (FAW; Spodoptera frugiperda) using a tomato mutant for jasmonic acid Agrawal, 2009; Murren et al., 2015), linking environmentally plant defense pathway (def1), and wild-type plants, and then quantified induced changes to the expression patterns of specific genes (or gene expression of Troponin t (Tnt) and flight muscle metabolism of the gene suites) with distinct phenotypes has been poorly documented. adult insects. Differences in Tnt spliceform ratios in insect flight Herbivorous holometabolous insects make excellent systems to muscles correlate with changes to flight muscle metabolism and flight study phenotypic plasticity on a mechanistic level because variation in muscle output.
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Reference Plant List
APPENDIX J NATIVE & INVASIVE PLANT LIST The following tables capture the referenced plants, native and invasive species, found throughout this document. The Wildlife Action Plan Team elected to only use common names for plants to improve the readability, particular for the general reader. However, common names can create confusion for a variety of reasons. Common names can change from region-to-region; one common name can refer to more than one species; and common names have a way of changing over time. For example, there are two widespread species of greasewood in Nevada, and numerous species of sagebrush. In everyday conversation generic common names usually work well. But if you are considering management activities, landscape restoration or the habitat needs of a particular wildlife species, the need to differentiate between plant species and even subspecies suddenly takes on critical importance. This appendix provides the reader with a cross reference between the common plant names used in this document’s text, and the scientific names that link common names to the precise species to which writers referenced. With regards to invasive plants, all species listed under the Nevada Revised Statute 555 (NRS 555) as a “Noxious Weed” will be notated, within the larger table, as such. A noxious weed is a plant that has been designated by the state as a “species of plant which is, or is likely to be, detrimental or destructive and difficult to control or eradicate” (NRS 555.05). To assist the reader, we also included a separate table detailing the noxious weeds, category level (A, B, or C), and the typical habitats that these species invade.
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Plantmediated Effects of Host Plant Density on a Specialist Herbivore Of
Ecological Entomology (2014), 39, 217–225 DOI: 10.1111/een.12088 Plant-mediated effects of host plant density on a specialist herbivore of Solanum carolinense STACEY L. HALPERN,1 DAVID BEDNAR,1,† AMANDA CHISHOLM2 andNORA UNDERWOOD3 1Biology Department, Pacific University, Forest Grove, Oregon, U.S.A., 2Environmental Studies Program, Bates College, Lewiston, Maine, U.S.A. and 3Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, U.S.A. Abstract. 1. Host plant density can affect insect herbivore oviposition behaviour, which can, in turn, affect both plant and herbivore populations. Because clear generalisations about density effects on oviposition remain elusive, a better understanding of underlying mechanisms is needed. One such mechanism is plant- mediated effects (i.e. changes in plant traits with density), which are often suggested but rarely isolated experimentally. 2. In an experiment directly manipulating host plant density (Solanum carolinense) in the field, oviposition by a specialist herbivore (Leptinotarsa juncta) declined as plant density increased. 3. A greenhouse cage experiment isolated the effects of plant-mediated traits by removing neighbour plants before introducing L. juncta females. Oviposition declined as host plant density increased, supporting the importance of plant-mediated effects in this system. 4. To determine whether food quality contributed to plant-mediated effects, larval growth rates were measured on leaves from both field- and greenhouse-grown plants. In both the field and the greenhouse experiments, larval growth rate was not significantly affected by plant density. 5. It is concluded that plant-mediated effects contribute to, but do not completely explain, the strong influence of density on oviposition in the field experiment.
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Pest Risk Analysis for Solanum Elaeagnifolium and International Management Measures Proposed
Pest risk analysis for Solanum elaeagnifolium and international management measures proposed S. Brunel EPPO, 21 Bld Richard Lenoir, Paris, 75011, France; e-mail: [email protected] Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav., originating from the Americas, has been unintentionally introduced in all the other continents as a contaminant of commodities, and is considered one of the most inva- sive plants worldwide. In the Euro-Mediterranean area, it is a huge threat in North African countries. It is also present in European Mediterranean countries (France, Greece, Italy and Spain), but still has a limited distribution. Through a logical sequence of questions, pest risk analysis (PRA) assessed the probability of S. elaeagnifolium entering, establishing, spreading and having negative impacts in European and Mediterranean countries. As this assessment revealed that the entry of the pest would result in an unacceptable risk, pest risk management options were selected to prevent the introduction of the plant. Preventive measures on plants or plant products traded internationally may directly or indirectly affect international trade. According to international treaties, PRA is a technical justiﬁcation of such international preventive measures. Almost all possible commodities are traded internationally, repre- unacceptable risk, pest risk management selects options to senting a value of EUR 6.5 trillion (USD 8.9 trillion) in 2004 prevent the introduction of the species or to control it. (Burgiel et al., 2006). In addition to movements of commodities, The International Standard on Phytosanitary Measures (ISPM almost 700 million people cross international borders as tourists no. 5, 2005) ‘Glossary’ deﬁnes terms used in this article such each year (McNeely, 2006). as ‘commodity’, ‘entry’, ‘introduction’, ‘establishment’, ‘wide- Movements of agricultural products and people provide a spread’.
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And False Potato Beetle, Leptinotarsa Juncta (Germar) (Insecta: Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)1 Richard L
EENY146 Colorado Potato Beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), and False Potato Beetle, Leptinotarsa juncta (Germar) (Insecta: Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)1 Richard L. Jacques Jr. and Thomas R. Fasulo2 Introduction 1863 to 1867, including the ten-striped spearman, ten-lined potato beetle, potato-bug, and new potato bug. Colorado True potato beetles are members of the genus Leptinotarsa, was not associated with the insect until Walsh (1865) stated with more than 40 species throughout North and South that two of his colleagues had seen large numbers of the America including at least 10 species found north of insect in the territory of Colorado feeding on buffalo-bur. Mexico. While most species north of Mexico are found in This convinced him that it was native to Colorado. It was the southwestern United States, two species are found either Riley (1867) who first used the combination Colorado in the eastern states or throughout most of the United potato beetle. States (Arnett 2002). The more notable of these two is the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), which is a serious pest of potatoes and other solanaceous plants. The Colorado potato beetle was first discovered by Thomas Nuttal in 1811 and described in 1824 by Thomas Say from specimens collected in the Rocky Mountains on buffalo- bur, Solanum rostratum Ramur. The insect’s association with the potato plant, Solanum tuberosum (L.), was not known until about 1859 when it began destroying potato crops about 100 miles west of Omaha, Nebraska. The insect began its rapid spread eastward, reaching the Atlantic Coast by 1874. The evolution of the name Colorado potato beetle is Figure 1.
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Aspects of Host-Plant Relationship of the Colorado Beetle
632.768.12:632.522 MEDEDELINGEN LANDBOUWHOGESCHOOL WAGENINGEN • NEDERLAND • 70-10 (1970) ASPECTS OF HOST-PLANT RELATIONSHIP OF THE COLORADO BEETLE W. BONGERS Laboratory of Entomology, Communication 179 Nature Conservation Department, Communication 25 Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands (Received 23-11-1970) H.VEENMA N & ZONEN N.V . -WAGENINGE N - 1970 Mededelingen Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 70-10 (1970) (Communications Agricultural University) Is also published as a thesis CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. Scope ofinvestigation s 2 1.2. Food plant range 3 1.3. Host plant selection 4 1.3.1. Orientation towards thehos t plant 5 1.3.2. Host plant recognition 6 1.4. Conditioning ofhos t plant preference 7 1.4.1. General 7 1.4.2. Conditioningo fhos tplan tpreferenc e inLeptinotars adecemlineat a . ... 10 2. DEFINITIONS AND CRITERIA 11 3. METHODS AND MATERIALS 13 3.1. Experimental insects 13 3.2. Plants 13 3.3. Breeding experiments 14 3.3.1. Thesuitabilit y ofth eplan ta sfoo d substratum 14 3.3.2. Alternate feeding 14 3.4. Selection offoo d 15 3.4.1. Food choicean dfoo d preference 15 3.4.2. Evaluation ofth efoo d consumption 17 3.4.3. 'Sandwich'-test 19 3.4.4. Food choiceexperiment s atdifferen t temperatures 20 3.4.5. Food choiceexperiment swit h impregnated leaves 20 3.4.5.1. Impregnation withdecoctio n or filtrate 20 3.4.5.2. Impregnation withlea fjuic e 21 3.5. Oviposition 22 3.5.1. Selection ofth ehos t plant for oviposition 22 3.5.2. Ovipositionchoic ea tdifferen t temperatures 22 3.6.
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CFIA ID of Nightshade Species 2018
Virtual Seed ID Referee 2018 Linaria spp. and Solanum spp. Workshop for CSAAC May 30th 2018 Seed Science and Technology Section CFIA Saskatoon Laboratory © 2017 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada (Canadian Food Inspection Agency), all rights reserved. Use without permission is prohibited. Species in the 2018 referee 9 Linaria species: 10 Solanum species: 1. Linaria tristis 1. Solanum americanum 2. Linaria vulgaris 2. Solanum carolinense 3. Linaria supina 3. Solanum elaeagnifolium 4. Linaria triornithophora 4. Solanum physalifolium 5. Linaria dalmatica 5. Solanum ptychanthum 6. Linaria genistifolia 6. Solanum nigrum 7. Linaria maroccana 7. Solanum rostratum 8. Linaria purpurea 8. Solanum torvum 9. Linaria repens 9. Solanum triflorum 10. Solanum viarum SSTS-CFIA Virtual Seed ID Referee 2018 Linaria spp. and Solanum spp. Dividing Solanum spp. using seed features Solanum spp. thickness & surface Thick & Thin & porous reticulate (9 spp.) S. rostratum Seed size + reticulation type Over 2.0 mm Under 2.0 mm + grooved + ridged (4 spp.) (5 spp.) Large + Larger Interspace pointed Interspaces (3 spp.) Reticulation (4 spp.) size + hilum at hilum at centre Regular Strong Small + Faint blunt size (2 spp.) Species S. triflorum S. physalifolium S. nigrum Group SSTS-CFIA Virtual Seed ID Referee 2018 Linaria spp. and Solanum spp. Seed features of small-seeded Solanum spp. Feature/ Species #1 Solanum #6 S. nigrum #4 Solanum #5 Solanum #9 Solanum americanum (black physalifolium ptychanthum triflorum (American nightshade) (ground-cherry (eastern black (cut-leaved n. black n.shade) n.shade) n.shade) shade) Most seeds close to 2.0 mm long Most seeds between 1.5 – 2.0 mm long Interspaces relatively small & numerous Interspaces near hilum elongate Interspaces near hilum regular-sized Reticulation at centre faint Image SSTS-CFIA Virtual Seed ID Referee 2018 Linaria spp.
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Weed of Interest: Horsenettle (Solanum Carolinense)
Weed of Interest: Horsenettle (Solanum carolinense) Andrew Senesac, Weed Science Specialist, Cornell Cooperative Extension of Suffolk County Horsenettle is native to the Southeastern U S. and has arise from pieces as small as 0 .5 inch . In addition to the become naturalized in much of the eastern half and roots, the plants also produce seeds which are borne in parts of western North America . It is a weedy species small, yellow fruit in September . A single plant can pro- that infests a variety of agricultural commodities includ- duce as many as 5,000 seeds in a single season . The ing pastures and row crops such as strawberries and fruit is distinctive and attractive to both wildlife and do- cane fruits, where it is mostly encountered on Long mestic animals . However, both the leaves and fruit are Island . Horsenettle, also called tread-softly, bull-nettle, highly toxic: containing sometimes lethal levels of the and sand briar comes equipped with several weapons alkaloid solanine . Livestock, especially cattle, are sus- that make it one of the most formidable weeds native ceptible if the ripe fruit are ingested . However, studies to North America . Horsenettle is an herbaceous pe- rennial closely related to the po- tato . The aboveground growth is comprised of groups of single shoots growing not usually taller than 12-18 inches . The stems and underside of the leaves are lined with slender yellow spines . It is these spines that give rise to the nickname tread-softly . The shoots emerge in late May and June and will continue throughout the sum- mer . Aside from the spiny growth, one of horsenettle’s ‘weediest’ qualities is its extensive and deep creeping root system .
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Local Adaptation to Continuous Mowing Makes the Noxious Weed
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Local adaptation to continuous mowing makes the noxious weed Solanum elaeagnifolium a superweed candidate by improving ftness and defense traits Jesus Chavana1, Sukhman Singh1, Alejandro Vazquez1, Bradley Christofersen1, Alexis Racelis1,2 & Rupesh R. Kariyat1,2* The role of disturbance in accelerating weed growth is well understood. While most studies have focused on soil mediated disturbance, mowing can also impact weed traits. Using silverleaf nightshade (Solanum elaeagnifolium), a noxious and invasive weed, through a series of feld, laboratory, and greenhouse experiments, we asked whether continuous mowing infuences growth and plant defense traits, expressed via diferent avenues, and whether they cascade into ofspring. We found that mowed plants produced signifcantly less number of fruits, and less number of total seeds per plant, but had higher seed mass, and germinated more and faster. When three herbivores were allowed to feed, tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta) caterpillars, gained more mass on seedlings from unmowed plants, while cow pea aphid (Aphis craccivora), a generalist, established better on mowed seedlings; however, leaf trichome density was higher on unmowed seedlings, suggesting possible negative cross talk in defense traits. Texas potato beetle (Leptinotarsa texana), a co-evolved specialist on S. elaeagnifolium, did not show any diferential feeding efects. We also found that specifc root length, an indicator of nutrient acquisition, was signifcantly higher in frst generation seedlings from mowed plants. Taken together, we show that mowing is a selective pressure that enhances some ftness and defense traits and can contribute to producing superweeds. Weeds are generally defned as undesired plant species that can invade ecosystems, causing harm to both biotic and abiotic ecosystem components1,2.
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