The NAT ION A L HORTICUL TURAL MAGAZINE

OCTOBER --- 1927 The American Horticultural Society A Union oj The National Horticultural Society and The American Horticultural Society, at Washington, D. C. Devoted to the popularizing oj all phases oj Horticulture: Ornamental Gardening, including Landscape Gardening and Amateur Flower Gardening; Projessional Flo wer Gardening or Floriculture; Vegetable Garden ing; Fruit Gro wing and all activities allied with Horticulture.

PRESENT ROLL OF OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS March 1, 1927

OFFICERS President, F. L. Mulford, 2552 Tunlaw Road, Washington, D. C. First Vice-President, Mrs. Fannie Mahood Heath, Grand Forks, N. D. Second Vice-President, H. A. Fiebing, Milwaukee, Wis. Secretary, D. Victor Lumsden, 1629 Columbia Road N. W., Washington, D. C. Treasurer, Otto Bauer, 1216 H Street N. W., Washington, D. C.

DIRECTORS TERM EXPIRING IN 1928 Mrs. Pearl Frazer, Grand Forks, N. D. David Lumsdem, Battery Park, Bethesda, Md. J. Marion Shull, 207 Raymond Street, Chevy Chase, Md. Hamilton Traub, University Farm, St. Paul, Minn. A. L. Truax, Crosby, N. D.

TERM EXPIRING IN 1929 G. E. Anderson, Twin Oaks, Woodley Road, Washington, D. C. Mrs. L. H. Fowler, Kenilworth; D. C. V. E. Grotlisch, Woodside Park, Silver Spring, Md. Joseph J . Lane, 19 W. 44th Street, New York City. O. H. Schroeder, Faribault, Minn.

COPYRIGH T , 1927, BY THE AMER ICAN HORTICULTURAL S OCIETY

E ntered as second-class matter March 22, 1927, at the Post Offi ce at Washington, D . C., under t he Act of August 24 , 1912. The NATION AL HORTICUL TURAL MAGAZINE

VOL. 6, No.4 OCTOBER, 1927

Issued quarterly by The American HOTticult1bral Society, a Union oJ The National Horti­ cultural Society atnd The American HOTticultural Society, at Washington, D. C. Devoted to the popularizing of all phases of HOTticultu1'e: Ornamental GaTdening, including Landscape Gardening and AmateuT Flo wer Gm'dening; Professional Flowe?' Gardening or Floriculture; Vegetable Ga1'dening; Fruit Growing and all activities allied with Horticulture.

Daffodils of the Future By GUY L. WILSON

The casual observer at one of our ability of constitution are always of English Daffodil Shows would have value in the garden. It is only by some difficulty in guessing which of the growing them that one can discover almost bewildering number of beauti­ the best garden and market sorts. Not ful new varieties shown will eventually only have I been breeding daffodils for prove good market flowers or popular many years, but I visit the gardens of garden plants; yet it is on either or other raisers and secure as many as both of these qualifications that the I can of the finest of their productions future of any flower to a great extent for trial, so a few notes on some of the depends. A flower of supreme beauty best new introductions may be of inter­ from the Show standpoint will doubt­ est to growers in the United States who less remain in favor with exhibitors and can not come to our Shows. collectors for a time, but unless it also Beginning with Yellow Trumpets, possesses the qualifications of a garden beyond question the one that aston­ or market plant, the extent of its popu­ ishes visitors to my grounds most, is larity must remain limited. Bulwark, raised by the Brodie of A good market daffodil must be free Brodie. This is on account of its enor­ of bloom and increase, of vigorous con~ mous size and bold, slightly upward stitution, with stem of adequate length pose which makes it exceptionally and flower of good form and balance, striking as a growing plant. Though sufficiently stout texture and clear, its stem is about 18 inches long, it is clean color. If it comes early and eas­ scarcely long enough in proportion to ily when forced, its value is much en­ the size of the flower to make it a good hanced, though of oourse late varieties market variety. It is very free of are wanted for successional bloom. bloom. Florist's Delight and Golden Practically the same qualities are re­ Flag, two of my own raising, are very quired to make up a good garden plant, handsome garden plants of great vigor though the matter of stem length is and rich color. Golden Flag is a tall not quite so vital in this case. Va­ plant but not free enough in bloom for rieties that produce a telling effect market. Hebron, another of the Brodie combined with vigor of habit and reli- of Brodie's introductions, is the best 98 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct. 1927

Yellow Trumpet for Show purposes the stock is yet very limited. Valiant, that has yet been seen, a most perfect a flower of my own raising, is after and beautiful flower of rich self gold King Alfred type, but rather more throughout, with smooth regular clean­ massive, and more vigorous and relia­ cut perianth, and perfectly propor­ ble in habit; it may prove useful where tioned trumpet which is beautifully King Alfred does not succeed.

Beersheba finished with a well-flanged and evenly In Bicolor Trumpets several very serrated brim. It is free blooming but beautiful flowers have been raised by its stem is not sufficiently long for mar­ the Brodie of Brodie. Carmel is quite ket purposes. In The Perfect Gentle­ perfect from the exhibitor's stand­ man I think we shall have a beautiful point, a flower of geometrical symme­ market flower: it is not large, but is try with regular flat pure white peri­ of attractive decorative form with a anth of great breadth and shortish well-fringed trumpet, and its dark, in­ soft yellow trumpet. It is free bloom­ tensely brilliant gold coloring is gorge­ ing. The bulbs, however, in my brief ous and makes a beautiful effect in experience with them, are somewhat the garden. It has a very long stem inclined to split up too quickly a~d and blooms with great freedom, but throw a number of small btooms III Oct. 1927 THE NATIONAL HOR.TlCULTUR.AL MAGAZINE 99 consequence, but I think it probable earthly, as they seem to create around that this tendency will disappear when themselves a mystic luminosity of their it is more fully acclimatized. HaIfa own as the light of day fades. I may is a flower of very soft color, fine sub- mention in passing that far the best stance and ideally beautiful form, so time to see daffodils is in · the evening is valuable for show. It also has the when the sunlight has gone off the advantage of vigor, rapid increase, a flowers. The living purity of their col­ good length of stem, and early flower- ors with all their delicate and entrancing ing. It has broad, flat, even and variation of tint which is partly camou­ smooth overlapping perianth, clean flaged by the glare of sunlight is fully cut and pointed, and smooth sym- revealed in the twilight, while their metrical trumpet which has an evenly matchless youthful grace of outline is fl anged brim. Moira O'Neill (Engle- far best seen against a background of heart) is a really magnificent plant for mot~er earth in the quiet light of garden or market. Its stem is 20 to eveiling. 24 inches tall, and in vigor of habit it It is amongst the white daffodils t hat reminds one of Emperor, only more so; • the most remarkable developments n9t only this but it is a flower of high have taken place of recent years. Our quality and beautiful form, the clear, great master artist in hybridizing, the cool lemon tone of its trumpet being Rev. G. H. Engleheart, M. A., V. particularly pleasing. It blooms with M. H ., who has worked for more than great freedom and increases rapidly. forty years on the daffodil, has re­ In Rosary (Engleheart) and Suda cently given us white daffodils that (Brodie of Brodie) we have something bid fair to rival the stateliest lilies, quite novel, as the trumpets of both and he promises still more wonderful these flowers show a most fascinating things in this class in the near future: tint of pinkness when fully developed and the Brodie of Brodie is following on the plant. This color, however, is closely in his footsteps. In White not lasting, and sometimes does not Trumpets I would unhesitatingly put develop under unfavorable weather Beersheba (Engleheart) first, as the conditions. most remarkable achievement of recent I should imagine that the average years. The two leading British daffo­ spring in U. S. A. is rather later than dil societies, viz: The Narcissus Com­ ours, and blessed with a good deal more mittee of the R. H. S., and the Midland sunshine and warmth when it does Daffodil Society, have both unani­ come ; I think therefore that the mod- mously awarded it the First Class ern white daffodils, both the White Certificate, the highest honor in their Trumpet and Leedsii sections, should gift. It is a plant of the utmost vigor, be particularly well suited to many increasing with quite exceptional rapid­ parts of America, as I have often ob- ity, remarkably free blooming, and served that they are especially fine in early, opening here about a week be­ late seasons here, and seem to revel in fore King Alfred, while it has wonderful warm 'sunny weather which increases durability of texture enabling it to last their substance and purity to a marked a'very long time in good condition and extent. Personally I think the white the stem is of ample length. 'The daffodils are the most beautiful of all. flower itself is of supreme beauty and They are ideal garden plants, as in- great size, often attaining 5 inches in stead of being damaged and faded by diameter; it has a superb perianth sunlight as is usually the case with standing perfectly flat and at right varieties which have red coloring in angles to the slender and graceful their crowns, the sunshine increases trumpet, with the segments, long and their purity and beauty. When seen broad, and beautifully pointed. It is in the twilight of a balmy spring even- pure white throughout, with a touch ing their loveliness is well nigh un- of cool green at the base of the perianth 100 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct. 1927 tube. It makes a glorious garden Brodie), is another Show flower of ex­ plant, and when seen growing in com­ quisite beauty and purest whiteness. pany with other daffodils, the out­ White Conqueror, raised by the late standing purity of its whiteness is Mrs. R. O. Backhouse, is one of the most striking, while its beautiful lines most splendid garden plants I have and stately carriage give it a serene seen. It is a flower of the largest size loveliness and refinement that com­ and very bold outline, with a snowy pels universal homage. Undoubtedly white perianth of great substance and this daffodil has a great future, for not a great bold trumpet very faintly tinted onlv is it an ideal Show flower and a lemon. The flowers are carried on garclen plant of superlative merit, but very strong stems well above the stout its remarkable vigor, freedom of bloom foliage, which is a peculiarly blue shade and rapid mte of increase combined of green, adding much to its strikingly with sufficient stem and exceptional beautiful effect as a growing plant in power of lasting will commend it to the mass. It is immensely vigorous market growers who want something and increases rapidly. specially choice for the purposes for. Some sensational plants have ap­ which white flowers are in demand. peared in the Leedsii section of recent When plentiful I have no doubt it will years, notably Mr. Engleheart's Tene­ be in great demand for growing under dos with its large water lily-like flow­ glass; I have .not yet tried forcing it, ers, often 5Yz inches in diameter, car­ but a few bulbs grown in an unheated ried on 2-foot stems. It is a lordly greenhouse came so very easily and plant in the garden, growing with great quickly as to indicate that it is going vigor and broad foliage and blooming to be specially well adapted for this freely. The crown is primrose on first class of work. Kantara, another of opening but soon passes to white. Be­ Mr. Engleheart's productions; is a tween Tenedos and Nevis, one of his flower of giant proportions and massive own seedlings, the Brodie of Brodie has build and substance. It created quite raised Moray, a still more ·remarkable a sensation when shown here, being flower, even larger than Tenedos, whiter the largest White Trumpet yet seen. and possessing more substance; but It will b"e sought after by hybridists only some 6 or 8 bulbs of it are yet in and exhibitors, for though it sometimes existence. Hymettus, another of the comes rather rough, it has great vigor Brodie's seedlings, is a peculiarly at­ and increases very fast; so fast in fact, tractive garden plant, having a large that it is best lifted annually. It will widespread white perianth of good make a striking garden plant, but is substance and a somewhat shallow not quite tall enough for market. In crown that is reflexed and frilled and Eskimo, a flower raised by the Brodie daintily margined with clear lemon. of Brodie, we have an ideal garden Marmora and White Nile, two other plant, possessing great vigor and excep­ Brodie introductions, are the best of tional freedom of bloom with fast in­ their particular type seen up to date: crease. It is not large, but very well both are flowers of most beautiful bal­ formed with broad perianth and short­ ance and symmetry and very high ish trumpet which open pale lemon, quality, perfect for Show purposes, and but the whole flower soon bleaches to they have the advantage of fine long brilliantly pure white. It comes very stems; and Lido, yet another from the fine under glass. Quartz, another of same source, is a large flower of good the Brodie's seedlings, is quite ideal substance that stands out on account for exhibition; the exquisite smooth­ . of the intense purity of its whiteness. ness of its texture and perfection of its In Mitylene Mr. Engleheart has given form would delight the heart of any us a magnificent plant of quite distinct florist. It is a vigorous plant but too character; it is a large and perfe~tly short for market. Valetta (Brodie of symmetrical flower of most- beautiful Oct. 1927 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 101 smooth quality and stout texture, with of superlative splendor, being of largest overlapping pure white perianth and size, perfect form and great substance, shallow, spreading saucer-shaped prim­ having broad, fl at over-lapping clear rose crown. It increases fast, is ex­ golden perianth, with large and long ceptionally free flowering with long deep crown of gorgeo us glowing cop­ strong stems, makes a most telling pery red orange; stems of exceptional

Milylene garden plant and should prove a very length, and a very vigorous and free­ fine market flower. blooming habit; but its most remark­ In the Incomparabilis section strik­ able feature is its extreme earliness, ing advances have been achieved, the opening as it does only a very few days most outstanding of which is Fortune, after Golden Spur. Very little imagi­ an epoch-making flower, which prob­ nation is required to realize that its ably has before it a greater future for value in the future as an early market market purposes than any daffodil in flower is well nigh incalculable. Al­ existence to-day. There is liWe doubt though it is probably the highest­ that those favored persons who have priced daffodil in existence, all avail- been fortunate enough to secure bulbs . able bulbs on the market are always of it will find them an astonishingly bought up very early in the season. profitable investment. It is a fl ower Some very fine rich self-yellow giant 102 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTUR.AL MAGAZINE Oct. 1927

"Incomps." have appeared recently. I think we shall hear more of this Flava, Hopeful, and Osiris, all of my flower. own raising, are good examples of Of Bani varieties, Firetail is already these; while Pilgrimage, raised by the well established with the most up-to­ Brodie of Brodie, is a distinct self yel­ date market growers in Britain. Its low of very high quality. Mr. P. D. freedom of bloom and rate of incresed Williams of Cornwall is also at work are quite extraordinary. It is a good on this type, and has raised some very sized well proportioned flower with promising plants. This class being spreading primrose or ivory perianth, very vigorous and free, and having which passes almost to white, and tall stems, will provide a series of ad­ very deep and rich solid red eye. The mirable rich yellow garden and market stem is very long and wiry: it is uni­ flowers, Some of them, intermediate versally admired at Shows, and un­ between Yellow Trumpets and the older doubtedly has a great future for mar­ type of Incomparabilis, are very hand­ ket. Kilter, raised by Mr. P. D. some, symmetrical and richly colored. Williams, is a superb Show flower, The late Mrs.R. O. Backhouse of best described as an improved and Hereford raised a series of very larger Firetail, with whiter perianth highly colored red cupped Incompara­ and even more intensely red eye. I bilis varieties, and her husband is have not grown this flower yet, but I carrying on the good work. Their am told it is not so tall as Firetail, seedlings are very striking, and attract nor so free of increase. It is certainly much attention at Shows, but are outstanding as an exhibition variety. somewhat lacking in refinement. Tor­ The Admiral, raised by the late Mrs. rid, which is one of the most remark­ R. O. Backhouse, I consider a very able, is a very large flower with medium promising market flower, tall and yellow perianth and large expanding vigorous, of large size, with a brilliant crown of solid red lead color. It is a crown, yellow edged with a broad band tall plant of great 'vigor with broad of crimson, splendidly set off by a foliage. Galopin is perhaps the most big perianth of purest snow white, outstanding of this series, being a almost hlue-white. Market men are real gian~ with broad white perianth on the lookout for white perianths and large deep long crown of red lead like this with colored crowns. color throughout. The finest quality Mr. Engleheart has raised so many high colored flowers are coming from beautiful Poeticus varieties that it is Mr. P. D. Williams. Killigrew is one difficult to discriminate. Personally, of his best; a medium sized flower of I think the finest I have seen is Dactyl, superb quality and beautiful sym­ a very late flower of fine size, wonder­ metry, with smooth perfect yellow ful substance and quality and quite perianth, and well frilled cup of geometrical perfection of form; its richest tangerine orange red, which is stem is very tall and strong; while retained much better than in the Ace of Diamonds, from the same raiser, average high colored flower. It is a is a smallish flower, snow-white, with a perfect Show flower and also has a blazing solid orange-scarlet eye, a good stem, but as I have only had it wonderful jewel of brilliance and su­ one season I can not yet testify as to premely refined quality. its adaptability for market. Folly is Before concluding these notes I another very fine thing of Mr. Wil­ should like to call attention to the liams' raising, a late flower with large Jonquil hybrid Buttercup, now no white slightly reflexing perianth of longer new, as a particularly good excellent quality, and large bowl­ garden plant. It grows here with the shaped orange-red crown. It has a utmost vigor, and opens its richly good stem, and Mr. Williams tells me scented brilliant flowers late in the retains its color exceptionally well. season when most yellows are over. Oct. 1927 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 103

Golden Goblet is a new Jonquil hybrid whole t he varieties that have proved of very rich golden color, and almost good here will be the more likely to trumpet dimensions, whose vigor and prove good there. Though there may lastin ',l; propertie ~ are said to be quite probably be exceptions and disap­ wonderful but I have not yet fu lly pointments, on the other hand quite tested it. It is very probable that we possihly it might be found t hat cer­ may get some splendid plants with tain varieties that are not particularly Jonquil blood. With reference to good doers here would find themselves Incomparabilis and Barri varieties more at home in the States. Experi­ with red coloring in their crowns, I enced growers will not need to be told cOl)sider that these are at a great dis­ that imported bulbs require some advantage as garden plants, as almost consid erable time to acclimatize and without exception the red coloring get accustomed to their new surround­ fades or burns more or less in the sun ings. My own experience has always directly the flower is open, leaving it indicated this, and I often find that looking shabby and past its best. I bulbs imported to my ground, even think their value lies chiefly in their from other districts in Great Britain, bri~ li ance and effectiveness for exhi­ sometimes take as much as foul' or bition and as cut flowers. Certain of five seasons before they really do their them of course will have immense best. They grow quite fairly from the value for market purposes, but for outset, but after they have been here any of these purposes they must be for a length of time I often observe cut when just opening, before the sun a very marked increase of vigor, and can damage their crowns. These re­ improvement in size and quality of marks apply, in perhaps a less degree, bloom, which I consider an indication to the Poeticus varieites, the perfec­ that they have become thoroughly tion of whose flowers is also to some acclimatized. extent marred by exposure to sunlight. I am sure as time goes on, we shall In the foregoing notes, with very see still more wonderful developments, few exceptions, I have spoken only of and have daffodils such as we have flowers that I have tried out in my scarcely yet dreamed of. own grounds. I am not acquainted with climatic and other conditions in Broughshane, U. S. A., but think it likely that on the County Antrim, Irelan~.

Among the many bulbous plants Among the purple and lavender that flower with the narcissus and flowers of autumn should be remem­ make delightful contrasts with them bered, in addition to the familiar budd­ both in the border and in bouquets, leias, several species of vitex of which are the grape hyacinths. Some of the V. macrophyllus has the most showy darker sorts contrast particularly well and deeply colored flo wers and the with the paler or sulfur colored daffo­ familiar Caryopteris incana. Both of dils while the bluer varieties make a these are nice for cutting and combined brilliant contrast with the strong yel­ with pale pink roses and white flower­ low sorts. The familiar botryoides ing spurge (Euphorbia corollata) make and its white form, and the variety jolly bouquets-bouquets, please no­ Heavenly Blue are fairly well known, tice-and not "arrangements." but the variety which glories in the terrific name of M uscari szovitzianum When planting bulbs, remember that has been the gayest of them all with the best food should be under the flowers of very brilliant blue. M1Lscari bulbs. Their roots normally grow elegans and polyanthum are useful down and should find their richest when dark violet colors are wanted. meals there. 104 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct. 1927

The European Background of American Horticulture

By H AMILTON TRAUB (Continuecl from the J uly issue)

Following in the rear of the advance In still another department of the in the science of plant physiology and management of horticultural crops the agricultural chemistry there was a forcing of vegetables, fruits and flowers, slight advance in the management of there had been a progressive develop­ horticultural crops. The situation ment in Europe with the advance in during the first three decades of the soientific knowledge. The introduc­ Nineteenth Century was encouraging, tion of foreign plants into England, but there was still much to be desired beginning in the Seventeenth Century, in the way of scientific hort icultural led to the gradual growth of conserva­ management , and conten'i. porary writ­ tories and hot houses. In the later ers realized this keenly. The E ng­ Seventeenth Century "attention was lish horticultural historian, George W. * * * turned to growing oranges, and Johnson, sums up the situation in 1829 the houses built for their shelter are - A knowledge of the "constitution the earliest kind of conservatory * * * of soils; of t he mode of operation of they were like large rooms with big different manures and their economical windows, and a stove or open fire to management; the operation of t he ail' warm it in the coldest time * * * upon the roots as well as the other The oranges were planted in cases, parts· of plants; * * * the importance and were lifted out to adorn the garden of pulverizing t he soil; rotation of during the summer months."13 Pine­ crops; rendering the natural heat apple culture was first introduced in affo rded by the sun of greatest possible the Seventeenth Century, and by 1800 benefi t by darkening the colom s of they vvere grown " in all large gardens enclosures, etc., t he very great variety where hot-houses were kept."14 In the of tools * * * the gardener has offered early part of t he Eighteenth Century, to him, are all evidence of improve­ "In reporting his experiments wit h root ment . The art of training and prun­ grafting, T homas Andrew I( night, in 1811 ing so as to check over vigorous trees observes,-Six-inch lengths of pear roots were " accurately fitted and bound; as in t he splice, and promote the strength of the more or whip graft ing, to scions of P ear Trees, weak are equally improved. Though which were selected as nearly as possible of grafting and budding have been im­ the same size; and t he roots with their at­ proved;" it is yet regretted that the tached bra,nches were deposited in t he ground question whether grafts may be in­ as cuttings, so deep, that t he whole of t he root and about an inch of t he graft or scion serted sucoessfully upon stocks of a were covered. The soil was t hen drawn up contrary species has not been set at with the hoe on each side of t he plants, which rest by a course of extensive experi­ were placed in rows, so that one bud only of each graft was above t he soil, and another ments. It justifies those who main­ just within it . These grafts succeeded per­ tain an affirmative opinion upon this fectly well. " Trans. Lond. Hort . Soc., 1818, point, that such men as Pliny and Lord pp. 239-240. Bacon, declare t hey .have seen nuts, 12J ohnson, E nglish Gardening, 1829, pp. 360-36l. grapes, fi gs, apples, etc., growing on 13Cecil, Gardening in E ngland, 3d Ed., p. one stem, and an apple on a oolewort. 175. stock.)) 12 HIbid, p. 269. Oct. 1927 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 105 forcing houses, regular structures roofed POPULARIZATION OF HORTICULTURAL with glass, and artificially heated were KNOWLEDGE introduced, but they" continued, how­ ever chance-directed edifices until the Although the British horticultural com~encement of the present (Nine­ practices were a part of the general teenth) century. In 1809, Dr. An­ stream of European civilization, it is derson, and the President of the Lon­ signifi cant that by the opening of the don Horticultural Society, in 1806, Nineteenth Century the British pos­ roused the attention of gardeners to sessed an extensive and distinctive the subject; the first, by his philoso­ horticultural literature, which is in a phical reasoning ; the latter, by the measure an index of the health and same united to the voice of experience. vigor of the horticultural pursuits in Mr. Knight directed his remarks the British Isles. On analysis, it is chiefly to demonstrate the proper found that over 500 works pertaining angle for glass roofs of hot houses; to horticulture had been published in they gave rise to the patent structures England prior to 1800.17 During the of Stewart, Jordan and others; and Nineteenth Century t he number of these were still farther improved on works on horticulture published in the firm basis of mathematical demon­ Britain rapidly increased, and begin­ stration in 1815 by Sir G. Mackensie, ning in 1815 horticultural periodicals who showed what is now confirmed played an increasingly important role (1829) by practice, that an hemis­ in popularizing gardening in the land. pherical glass roof admits the most The Botanical Magazine had come into rays of light * * * Another improve­ existence as early as 1787 (and has ment, also the birth of the present been continued to this day). The (Nineteenth) century, is forming the Botanical Register appeared in 1815 frames Of houses of cast iron instead and was issued until 1847. The latter of wood. The plan of heating hot­ was followed by a number of periodi­ houses by flues is owing to the Duke of cals : Botanical Cabinet, 1817 ; Maund's Rutland about 1717. Steam was first Botanical Garden, 1825-50; t he Gar­ employed for the same purpose by Mr. dener's Magazine, 1826-43; the Pomo­ Wakefield of Liverpool in 1788 ; and logical Magazine, 1827; Harrison's more effectively for the same purpose Floricultural Cabinet, 1833-51; Pax­ by Mr. Butler, gardener to the Earl ton's Magazine of Botany, 1834 ; Gar­ of Derby at Knowle near Liverpool, dener's Chronicle, 1841. The chief in 1792. It did not begin to be gen­ function of these publications during erally adopted until about 1816; and the early part of the century seems this appears likely to be superceded to have been the spreading of infor­ by employing hot water, which was mation concerning new horticultural first strenuously advocated in 1828, varieties of plants, since the trade cata­ t hough first proposed and adopted by logues for general distribution were the A. Bacon, Esq., of Eleot in Berkshire­ exception rather than the general rule.'s in 1821."1. In the Eighteenth and The tie of a common language made early Nineteenth Centuries, various this vast storehouse of information improvements in hot-bed construc­ readily available to the American horti­ tion had been made by Knight and culturalist who was interested enough others. '6 This advance in the con­ to procure the British works and peri­ struction of hot-beds, greenhouses odicals. The fact that British treat­ and conservatories had a direct effect ises were so readily available probably upon the infant vegetable and flower for bing industry in the United States, '·Johnson, Engli sh Gardening, 1829, pp. but the further discussion of this sub­ 257- 269; 362-363. ' 6Ibid., p. 361. ject must be reserved for a later 17Cecil, Gardening in England, 3d Ed., pp. chapter. 332-377. 106 THE NA TIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct. 1927

,; ,J ! "- THE ';'c BOTANICAL MAGAZINE'; I o R, "f I Flower-Garden Difplayed: IN WH ICH

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f ,> ' C Title Page and Three Plates of American Plcvnts fTO'm the Fi7'st Volttme of cu?,tis Botanical Magazine, 1787, Oct. 1927 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 107 delayed the early development of a published-all of which has been at­ distinctly American horticultural liter­ tended by the most beneficial results."2o ature. "Our easy access to all the Although associations for the advance­ best works published in England," ment of general science and agriculture writes A. J. Downing in 1837, "while it had been organized in England, the has greatly aided our practical ad­ field of horticulture had been neglected vancement, has of course precluded in this regard. It was to the distin­ the necessity of many original books guished scientist, Thomas Andrew on the same subjects here. * * * Knight, that "the Horticultural So­ Loudon's Encyclopedia of Gardening, ciety owed its origin. * * * He the most valuable compilation on the felt the want of some stimulus to horti­ subject in any language, is the standard culture, and thought the' foundation of work here as well as in England."I9 In a society' Whose object should be the spite of the fact that the circulation of improvement of horticulture in all its English horticultural works in America branches' would have that effect. Ac­ apparently retarded the growth of an cordingly, with Sir Joseph Banks, he indigenous literature in this field, the organized the Horticultural Society role of British gardening ·literature in and a meeting to inaugurate it was the development of a native horticul­ held on March 7th, 1804."21 The tural tradition is of primary import­ papers read before the Society covered ance. Before 1800 Americans were a wide range of horticultural investi­ almost wholly dependent upon Euro­ gations, and in the published form the pean works on gardening. After the information was made available on opening of the Nineteenth Century, both sides of the Atlantic. Other ac­ Europeans, especially British immi­ tivities of the Society included the grants to America, as well as native­ stimulation of plant breeding by the born Americans, brought out gardening offering of prizes for meritorious pro­ manuals based largely upon foreign ductions, and the importation of new models. Only gradually did American plant materials from the four corners experience enter largely into the com­ of the earth.22 Prominent American position of such works. horticulturists were soon elected to Another important factor in the membership in the Society, and it popularizing of horticultural knowl­ served as the prototype for the first edge was the Horticultural Society of horticultural associations organized in London. The organization of the so­ the United States. ciety marks a turning point in the advancement of scientific horticulture IMPORTATION OF PLANT MATERIALS in England, and its influence was also I t has been noticed in connection potent in other lands. The London with the popularizing of horticulture, Society, remarks A. J. Downing in that the growing interest in horticul­ 1837, "has exerted an astonishing in­ tural pursuits led to the systematic fluence for the promotion of horticul­ ture, not only at home but in every 20Magazine of Horticulture, 1837, p. 3. 2lCecil, Gardening in England, 3d Ed., pp. country connected with England, in 270-271. Trans. Lond. Hort. Soc., Vol. I, either hemisphere, collectors have been 2d Ed., 1815. sent out on exploring expeditions, ex­ 22Linnaeus published his Species Plantarum periments have been made, grafts, in 1753 based upon the binomial system, which laid the foundation of scientific plant nomen­ seeds, and cuttings of valuable or new clature. This system soon superceded the plants distributed, and scientific dis­ cumbersome "phrase name" method in use coveries and improvements in culture prior to this time. The advent of the Lin­ naean simplified system was a fortunate event for it would have been difficult to digest the 18Cecil, ibid., pp. 288-290; Johnson, ibid., great quantities of new plant materials that pp. 329-331. were poured in Europe and America after the 19Magazine of Horticulture, 1837, p. 9. middle of the 18th Century without it. 108 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct. 1927 introduction of new plants from vari­ unculus we have nearly 500 varieties ous parts of the world. 23 According * * * of anemone about 200, of dah­ to Johnson, previous to 1700 the num­ lias * * * between 200 and 300. ber of exotic plants cultivated in Eng­ Narcissi, 200, auriculas more than 400, land probably did not exceed 1,000 pinks 300, carnations about 350, of species; during the Eighteenth Cen­ roses included in the list of hardy tury, above 5,000 new ones were intro­ shrubs, there are more than 1,450 duced, and during the first sixteen * * * the number of plants cultivated years of the Nineteenth Century an by gardeners at present amounts to average of 156 new plants were added 13,140, of these 1400 are natives of to those cultivated each year.24 Great Britain."25 There was a fairly In 1818 the London Horticultural close connection between the promi­ Society began its great work of receiv­ nent horticulturists of America and ing plants from abroad from its corre­ certain European countries, especially spondents and through its own collect­ England, and the new plant materials ors. During the Nineteenth Century imported by the London Society and the whole world was searched for de­ other agencies, sooner or later found sirable material, and the story of the their way across the Atlantic to our collectors, the dangers, even death, shores. which they courted, reads like a 1'0'; mance. As a result of this activity PROGRESS IN PLANT BREEDIKG the new plant materials available for New species and varieties of plants the garden and the embellishment of were pouring into Europe from various the home was increased at a rapid sources, and, before long, ameliorated rate. forms, or garden varieties were se­ According to Johnson, in 1829, cured by the preservation of chance about 1800 species and varieties of seedlings which possessed desirable "stove plants," "nearly 3,000 green­ new characters. With the awakening house plants, nearly 4,000 hardy trees interest in gardening in England, the and shrubs, nearly 3,000 hardy per­ subject of systematic plant breeding ennials, about 800 biennial and annual received serious attention beginning flowers, w~re cultivated in England. in the first quarter of the Nineteenth The varieties of Florist's flowers * * * Century. During the Eighteenth Cen­ are more than proportionately num­ tury and even before, isolated workerS 26 erous. Of hyacinths we have about 300, whereas in 1629, Parkinson men­ 25J ohnson, English GaTdening, 1829, pp. 356-360 .. tions but 50 * * * of tulips we have Also Loudon's Encyclopedia of Garden­ nearly 700 varieties * * * of ran- ing, 1822. . Evelyn Cecil remarks, t hat " This floral 23Johnson, English Gardening, 1829, p. 151; wealth" greatly influenced the manner of pp. 356-360. gardening. The pineturn was the result of 24An incomplete list of the ornamental the bewildering number of pines. Green­ plants and trees introduced into England be­ houses became popular to house the tender fore 1850 includes: exotics and when greenhouses became over­ Wistaria sinensis and other Chinese plants; stocked, the system of bedding out came into peonies; roses; chr):,santhemurns; orchids in vogue about 1820. Ga.rdening in England, great variety; dahltas; Douglas pme; Abtes pp. 291-292. nobilis; Taxodium sempervtrens; calochorh; 26Camerarius, in 1694, demonstrated , ex clarkias; godetias; .gaillardias;. collinsias; .lu­ in plants; his work was verified by Thomas pines; eschscholtzla ; mlmult; barbernes; Fairchild in 1719, Miller in 1731, Logan III fuschias; achimenes; anemones; Dicentra 1739, Gleiditsch in 1750. Koelreuter in 1761 spectabilis; K erria japonica; Victoria regia.; enunciated the principle of the union of male viburnum; ixias; spirea; many azaleas; Gar­ and female elements in fertilization, and dem­ denia fortunei; Daphne fortunei; Forsythia onstrated the role of insect.s as pollen car­ viridissima; W eigelia rosea; J asminum nudi­ riers. (Later developments : Amici, in 1830, fiorum; sparaxis; agapanthus; crinums; Arum traced pollen tubes to the micropyle of the lily- Abutilon st1'iata; poinsettia; etc. Cecil, ovule; Geartner, in 1835, attempted to ex­ Gal~d e ning in England, pp. 271-285. plain inheritanl'e.) Oct. 1927 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 109 had laid the scientific foundation in and Medals," read before the society part for the improvement of plants by in 1811. The following are proposed means of controlled crosses. Before as objects deserving, "amongst others, 1850, there was a considerable ac­ the attention of experimental hOlt i­ tivity in the organization of horticul­ culturists," (( New Varieties of the tural varieties of plants by cross Potatoes," "A rich and sweet variety fertili zation. of the common Red Currant," , , New T he most noteworthy practical plant varieties of the Gooseberry," "New breeders during the first quarter of the varieties of the Pear similar to those Nineteenth Century were Dr. Thomas introduced from France; but sufficient­ Andrew Knight (1759- 1838) of Lon­ ly hardy to grow and ripen on stan­ don and Dr. Van Mons (1756- 1842) of dard trees." "A good and early new Belgium. The latt.pr worked mostly Grape, better adapted to the climate with pears. During t wenty years of of Great Britain, in open air, than any experimentation, he raised somewhere known, " "better and more productive near 80,000 seedling pears, and by varieties of the apple," "A good early 1823 he had catalogued over 400 of his Nectarine," "A variety of the Straw­ own creations. Dr. Van Mons was an berry earlier than the common Scar­ honorary member of the Massachu­ let, and of the Cherry, which would setts Horticultural Society27, and he ripen before the early May," " More sent many of his seedlings to that so­ and earlier varieties of the Peach. " ciety for trial. Robert Manning, of "Several native varieties of the plum Salem, Mass., procured the best var­ afford blossoms so hardy that they ieties brought out by Van Mons, and are rarely injured by the frost . Might gave them a systematic trial. Certain not rich varieties be obtained by intro­ of Van Mons varieties of pears are ducing the farina of the fine but tender still in demand- Diel, Bosc, Manning 's kind into the prepared blossoms of Elizabeth-and this is an undeniable these? * * * It is stated, in the argument in favor of the practical Pomona HerefordIensis, that very rich results of the process of mass selection and very hardy varieties of the apple in the breeding of plants. have been thus obtained immediately Thomas Andrew Knight first made from the seeds of the Siberian Crab."'8 use of the principle of cross-fertiliza­ T he methods of both Van Mons and tion on a systematic and extensive Knight were soon adopted by practical scale in the improvement of horticul­ plant breeders in North America, and tural varieties of plants. Knight held the results achieved by these workers that this method was a more certain will be related in detailing the story method in the road to success in plant of American horticultural develop­ improvement. He produced valuable ment. varieties of apples, pears, plums, peaches, nectarines, cherries, and straw­ PROGRESS IN LANDSCAPE GARDENIN G berries that remained in vogue for a Parallel with the gradual develop­ long period. ment of a scientific tradition in horti­ The reader can best form an esti­ culture, the English ideal of landscape mate of the concrete manner in which gardening was slowly taking shape. the subject of plant breeding was During centuries of gradual evolution, brought before the public by an ex­ the ideals of the English regarding a amination of some ,of the contents of national conception of landscape de­ a paper entitled, " Some of the Objects sign underwent progressive change due for which the Horticultural Society to a variety of local and foreign in­ (London) intends to present Premiums fl uences. T he monastic garden gave

27 See t he H istory of The Massachusetts Hor­ ' 8Trans. Lond. Hort. Soc., vol. 1, 2d Ed., ticul tural Society, 1880. 1815 app., p . 1. 110 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct. 1927 way to the feudal garden, which in be planted with Sweet Brier, White turn was superceded by the Elizabeth­ Jessamine, and Honeysuckle, envi­ an formal garden29 ; this latter type was roned at the bottom with a small circle progressively modified in the Seven­ of Dwarf Stock, Candytuft and Pinks.' teenth Century, under the. influence of 'Hills and dales be made by art where the French ideal as exemplified in Le nature has not performed the act be­ Notre's Versailles, and the Dutch fore.' 'That the intersections of walks formal garden, finally culminating in be adorned with statues,' and many the decadent "Old English Garden." rules for the correct way of making A sharp reaction against "The stiff, 'rivulets, aviaries, grottoes, cascades, regular garden" culminated during rocks, runs, niches, canals and fi sh­ the latter half of the Eighteenth Cen­ ponds. * * *' " Such were the high tury in the introduction of the so-called flown ideas which inspired these de­ " Landscape gardening "30, an attempt signers, but in their efforts to repro­ to imitate nature in all garden design. duce the beauties of nature tiley fell The chief principles underlying the into the most artificial system that ca,n theory of " landscape gardening" as possibly be imagi ~e d. 3 1 So complete set down by Batty Langley have been was the change in fashion that the expo­ summarized by Evelyn Cecil, "The nents of "landscape gardening" were grand front of the building lies open not "content to layout new gardens upon an elegant lawn, adorned with to suit the prevailing style, but they statues, terminated on its sides with freely destroyed and abused, where they open groves. 'Such walks whose could not obliterate the work of former views can not be extended terminate generations."32 The work of destruc­ in woods, forests, misshapen rocks, tion reached its height under the in­ strange precipices, mountains, old fluence of Lancelot Brown, commonly ruins, grand buildings, etc.' 'No bor­ known as "Capability Brown": "Old ders or scroll work cut in any lawn or gardens in every part of England dis­ parterre.' 'That all gardens to be appeared before the transforming in­ grand, beautiful and natural.' 'That fluence of Brown, but luckily, before all trees in ;rour shady walks and groves many years had passed, a reaction set in, or it is doubtful whether a single 29The Elizabethan formal garden is ade­ garden would have survived."33 quately described in the following passage: " In front of the house there was usually a became the more elaborate garden of the terrace from which the plan of the garden Elizabethan era. * * * What is nmy could be surveyed. Flights of steps and meant by a ' formal ' or 'old fashioned' garden broad straight walks, called' forthrights, ' con­ is one of this type, but as genuine and unadul­ nected the parts of the garden as well as the terated Elizabethan gardens ar.e rare, it is garden with the house. Smaller walks ran generally the further development of this parallel to the terrace, and the spaces between same style a hundred yea,rs later which is were filled with grass plots, mazes or knotted known as a 'formal old English garden.' beds. * * * This square garden was usu­ Cecil, Ga,rdening in England, 3d Ed., pp. ally enclosed by a high brick or stone wall. " 94-95. Cecil, Gardening in England, 3d Ed., pp. " We must look for the beginnings of the 95-96. landscape style in the gradual change or de­ 30The Elizabethan garden was the outcome cadence of the old formal school. The Dutch of the older fashions in gardens combined with style introduced by William III was an exag­ t he new ideas imported from France, Italy geration of the old manner of clipping trees. and Holland. The result was a purely na­ Topiary work in yew, box, and' other greens ' tional style, better suited to this country was carried to such an excess, the gardens (England) than a slavish imitation of the ter­ were so overcrowded with cut trees as to be­ raced gardens of Italy or those of Holland, come the laughing stock of the succeeding with their canals and fish ponds. There was generation, and so bring about their o,,-n no breaking away from old forms and cus­ destruction." Ibid., p. 204. toms, no sudden change. The primitive 31Cecil, Gardening in England, 3d Ed., pp. mediaeval garden grew into the pleasure gar­ 246-248. den of the early Tudors, which by a process 32Ibid., p. 243. of slow and gradual development eventually 33Ibid., p. 252. Oct, 1927 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 111

/

A. J. DOWNING FTom "Rw·o.l Essay" 1855

Under the cntlclsm of his contem­ or s~all , whether varied 01' formal, it pOI'aries and due to the loss of popu­ ought to be protected from hares and larity suffered by the extremists, smaller animals by an inner fence; Humphrey Repton modified his con­ within this enclosure rare plants of ception of landscape design,-"He did every description should be encour­ not always alter all he found at a place, aged, and the provision made of soil before commencing additions, and he and aspect for every different class."34 did not entirely confine himself to the Under the constructive criticism of Sir 'landscape'style. He maintained that 34Cecil, Gardening in England, 3d Ed., poo a 'flower garden should be an 0 b j ect 2.''>7. detached and distinct from the general See also Repton, Observations of Landscape scenery of the place; and whether large Gardening, 1803. 112 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct. 1927

Walter Scott, Sir Uvedale Price, Lou­ Although American horticulturists · don, Knight, and others, "who pointed were serving a long apprenticeship in out that some beauties were to be the school of British horticultural ex­ found in the formal garden, and the perience, and they were drawing heav­ great folly of ruthlessly destroying ily upon the European supply of avail­ everything in that style, * * * the able plant materials and profited much progress of destruction (was gradually from the researches of foreign scien­ arrested). The taste became modi­ tists, it must be borne in mind, how­ fied, and further attempts to improve ever, that in spite of the fact that in were not accompanied by such disas­ the first instance attempts were un­ trous results."35 doubtedly made to adopt British and As the end of the Eighteenth Cen­ continental European horticultural tury was reached the modified ideal of practices without modification, the landscape design had become the recog­ inevitable result was an adaptation to nized national style of the British, and it the new conditions, the physical limi­ was copied on the continent of Europe. tations, and . the economic demand as When, in 1841, A.J.Downing published conditioned by the character of the the first separate treatise on landscape American people. 36 design in America, it was based pri­ Also submitted to the faculty of the Gradu­ marily on the firm foundation of the ate School of the University of Minnesota in British constructive ideal. partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science, June, 1924. 35Ibid ., pp. 263-264. For stimulating constructive criticism dur­ 36A portion of a thesis on The History of ing the progress of the work, the ·\VTiter is American Horticulture, 1800-1850. deeply indebted to Dr. N. S. B. Gras, formerly Published with the approval of the Di­ Professor of Economic History at the Uni­ rector as Paper No. 716 of the Journal Series versity of Minnesota, and now Professor of of the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Business History at Harvard University, who Station. directed the research.

It is a purple coneflower whatever summer bloom, coming in mid-July the botanists call it, and they have when times of drought generally settle named it "Echinacea purpurea, Rud­ upon the midwestern states and giving beclcia purp~~Tea and Brauneria pur­ its big picturesque bristling cones and purea. ·The last name does not seem ray flowers ranging from light pink to have achieved wide commercial with a purplish cast to deep, rich red distribution, but under the first two purple. It has at times been adver­ names is a prairie plant that has tised as "red sunflower," a misnomer. achieved tardy distinction at home The garden forms, oftE

THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE I ssued quaTterly by The American HorticultuTal Society, a Union of The National HorticultuTal Society and The A.mel'ican Horticult·uml Society, at Washington, D. C. Editorial Committee, B. Y. Morrison, Chairman; Sherman R Duffy, V. E. Grot­ lisch, P. L. Ricker, J. Marion Shull, John P. Schumacher, Hamilton Traub. All members are cordially urged to send in papers and notes for publication to the chairman, al 116 Chestnut St., Takoma Park, D. C.

With this issue, we come to the encl material on any subject that interest. of Volume 6. It is difficult to realize the members. There is a certain pres - that our year is so soon over, particu­ ure in making up any magazine for larly so when there is as yet no sign publication, which hurries one into the of frost without. To be sure the whole use of the best available material, with­ summer season has been cold. enough out making a great effort to coerce to call out the annual comments on the members into writing papers on sub­ unusual weather, but even so there is jects which would "be good for" the much left to be done before winter paper. It is really no part of the com­ Teally brings our gardening to a close. mittee's duty to conduct such a cam­ As this magazine is a cooperative paign. If the conten·ts, t herefore, do affair, written largely by members for not meet all the needs of the members, other members of the Society, we, the those neglected folk are the very ones editors who have served in the me­ to bestir themselves either to furnish chanical work of putting the whole the desired copy or to write in their together, hope that you have been very specific needs which will be a pleased with the work of this first year great help to the editorial staff, who and will have faith in the development carryon this part of the society work that is to follow. It is too soon, per­ in addition to their many private inter­ haps, to say with absolute finality how ests and their several official businesses many and how great changes will be which are totally different. made. Some rearrangements will come in the make-up of the paper and in the For the cordial cooperation of those use of the illustrations which we hope who have helped this year, we gladly will be more numerous as the issues record our appreciation. And although follow one another. In each number, perhaps it is not customary in orthodox hereafter, will be a table of contents publications of this type to set down which will make unnecessary the index one's gratitude for the assistance of which fills part of this issue. As to printers, photographers and engravers, the changes in what the table of con­ the chairman is pleased to record the tents will record, no prediction can be help that has been given by Mr. Mc­ made. Suggestions have already been Queen, in the printing and publishing, made that the ornamental side of hor­ and Miss Guernsey in the preparation ticulture has been overstressed. If so, of many of the illustrations. Without this has resulted merely from the fact their kind assistance and ready sugges­ that the material sent by members has tion much of what merit we have dealt with these subjects. If members achieved might be missing. To our who are devoted to the pursuit of more committee members much credit is due and better vegetables or fruits, will for their help in the somewhat tiresome contribute papers on those subjects, duties of seeing copy through and of the editors will very gladly consider sharing the work of writing in emerg­ them. ency. With these expressions of our Indeed, it is impossible to overem­ appreciation and our pleasure in the phasize the willingness of all our com­ approval of our members we bring to mittee to consider and publish the best an end our last editorial page. 11 4 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct. 1927

En.t?-ance to Hemlock Grove. From ihe Arnold A.. rboretum, J amaica Plain, Mass.

Wild Roses and a B it of M eadow Road. From t.he Arnold Arborettun, Jamaica Plain, A/ass. Oct. 1927 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 115

The Future of the Arnold Arboretum

By B. Y. MORRISOX

As you are reading these pages, there thus into the American trade. In are thousands of plants of Japan bar­ these hand the future of the Arbore­ berry adding t heir crimson leafage and tum is as ured in so far as its valuable berries to t he pageant of autumn color. work is concerned. The problem that It is so common a shrub in all our nurs­ confronts the institution is the ever eries, in all our gardens that it is taken present one of maintenance. very much for granted. Nevertheless The income for the work comes from it is a foreigner and the fir t came into an endowment fund and amounts to use through the Arnold Arboretum. "not more than $60,000; whereas its The same story might be told for many average expenditure during the last other plants, though none, with the five years has been $80,000 with a possible exception of the Japan cle­ pretty steady tendency to increase." matis (Clematis paniculata) have This is now met "by gifts which, from played as yet so large a part in our the standpoint of sound finance, should horticultural industry or in our garden be added to the principal." developmen ts. "To place the Arboretum on a firm To those who know and appreciate financial foundation, to enable it to the Arboretum and its amazing contri­ meet the demands which growing butions to and influence on American' America will make on it, the friends horticulture, it is difficult to realize of the institution have organized to that there are many who are quite raise a Million Dollar Fund for the familiar with this barberry and yet Endowment of the Arnold Arboretum. quite ignorant of the institution. Lo­ In the amassing of this Memorial Fund cated in Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts, the participation of the friends and it forms part of the great park system admirers of Professor Sargent is in­ of the city of Boston, but is attached vited, of those who are interested in the to Harvard University. It was es­ preservation and continued growth of tablished in 1872 and given into the a great institution, of believers in the care of the late Professor Charles value of research and of the quest of Sprague Sargent about a year and a scientific knowledge, and of all lovers half later, remaining in his care until of trees and shrubs, of parks and gar­ his recent passing. So completely had dens, and of natural beauty as an im­ he identified himself with the institu­ portant cultural elenient in life. For tion and so entirely did he make it his many years the Arboretum rested upon life, that it is almost impossible to the shoulders of one man, then upon think of the one without the other, and an increasing group who came to share yet that is precisely what must now the belief and enthusiasm of the lead­ be done. The new director is Professor er. Just as it has expanded its use­ Oakes Ames of the Bussey Institute, fulness it should also expand the circle and the Keeper is Dr. Ernest H. Wil­ of its friends. The appeal which it son, the widely known and distin·· now makes for funds can justly be guished plant explorer who has long national, for t here is no American who been attached to the staff and through is not, consciously or unconsciously, whose efforts many new plants have to some degree indebted to the Arnold been brought into the Arboretum and Arboretum.' , 116 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGA:::.:ZI:.:...:.:NE__ Oct. 1927 Oct. 1927 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 117

In presenting this information to the diminution and may further be emu­ members of The American Horticultu­ lated by imilar institutions over our ral Society, the committee feel sure that entire country. it is reaching a part of the public which The executive offices for The Charles is particularly interested in the Arbore­ Sprague Sargent Memorial Fund are tum and all for which it stands. The at 1014 National City Building, 42d writer has long known the institution Street at Madison Avenue, New York and has spent much time there to his City. The first half of the fund has great benefit and delight and shares been accomplished. More is needed with others the hope that the work of and as rapidly as possible. Will you the institution may never know any not help?

Hot-House Flowers as Roadside Weeds

By MRS. CHARLES H. TOUT

There is probably no more spec­ nance from the rottino' wood and grew tacular trip from a horticultural stand- to amazing ize in this damp, cool cli­ . point than one by motor over the mate. ByTophyllum pinnatum, Life mountains of Martinique. Starting Plant, or Tree of Life, as they some­ from Fort de France early one morning, times call it, threw up its stately flower we were soon zig-zagging through stalks everywhere. Lantanas in pink, gorges, across flimsy bridges, onward yellow, red or orange become shrubs and upward four thousand feet or of good size, covered by a wealth of more. Re:sting among the drifting bloom. Wild cannas; Pentstemon baT­ clouds on a shoulder of Mt. Pelee, we batus in both coral pink and red; ate our lunch and took the opportun­ Strelitzia regina, or Bird of Paradise ity to wander through the forest of and its coarser cousins; caladiums of tree ferns and along the banks of a many forms; all are hopelessly tangled tumbling stream. among the hedges of dracaenas which It was maddening to see growing, the natives plant around their huts. lush of green and brilliant with bloom, The Heavenly Blue Morning Glory, some of the treasures of our hot houses. so tenderly cultivated in our gardens, The slopes were matted with Wander­ fairly smothers everything over which ing Jew (Tmdescantia zebTina pendula), it may twist. Shady cliffs were draped the purplish variegated plant which with ferns of the "Boston" types, I had always imagined to be a hy­ their fronds, some two yards long or bridizer's child. Occasionally we met more, dripping with the cloud-damp­ with the pale green form of Trade­ ness of that altitude. The meadows, scantia. Shady nooks were carpeted shaded by overhanging crags, were with scarlet mimulus, all of these run­ carpeted by a mass of fluffy, pale green ning and rooting as they go. Gutters ferns, dotted here and there by tree­ by the roadside were choked with the ferns thirty feet high or more. golden "Black-eyed Clock-vine," Stately age-old mahogany trees re­ Thunbergia alata, clambering over newec1 their youth with a dress of everything within its reach. Fall en orchids, or sometimes with bright Are­ trees and old stumps harbored the gelias or Billbergias, relatives of the Stag-horn fern, which drew its suste- humble pineapple. 118 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct. 1927

Down the mountain side toward Bougainvilleas were a revelation to St. Pierre, the hotter, dryer part of me there. In the Hope Gardens at the island permits the growth of many Kingston, Jamaica, they have a coHec:­ types of cactus, aloes and a beautiful tion of many kinds. Most of them form of haworthia which throws up were gathered from other islands and long sprays of tender apricot bells. established there, while some are evi­ There are few gardens of merit in dently hybrids. A trellis, quite 500 any of the West Indian islands. The feet long, bordering this garden is a poorer classes have a happy faculty of mass of henna-colored 'bougainvillea. combining the vivid colors of their A long arbor is smothered with what native shrubs and vines as nature loves at first I thought was a Dorothy Per­ them best. A common sight is a kins Rose, but proved also to be a thatched hut, draped with blood-red hybrid. bougainvillea, hedged by a tangled In the mountains of St. Thomas' mass of poinsettia. Often that gorge­ Islands (" one of the Virgins! "), bou­ ous tree, Flame of the Forest, stands gainvilleas drape the crags and clamber sentinel beside it. Was ever a name over forest trees. They are pale yel­ better suited to a tree, which for six low, orange, blood red and clear salmon months of each year is a blaze of orange pink. One pure white I saw, though and red? they told me it was rare. The tresses These people of mixed savage races are looser than the old magenta kind prefer their plants of vivid hue. Eng­ which we know so well in our South, lish and Americans, however, hedge and except for the crimson and henna their gardens with dainty Plumbago colored, the growth is not quite so capensis, which, in spite of constant vigorous. Let us hope that soon we clipping, keeps throwing out its sprays may see these beautiful wildings es­ of china blue bells. Crepe myrtle, pale tablished in our greenhouses and south­ hibiscus, roses and pink or white ern gardens. bougainvilleas add to the coolness of the picture . .. The name "Shasta Daisy" applied with its greater dimensions that some originally to about the only production of the tribe display. This is a daisy of the late Luther Burbank that has well worth adding to the garden. It gained wide use in our gardens has is a very robust type reaching 4 feet been adopted even in England to in rich soil and under good cultivation. apply to the various forms of Chrys­ The Chrysanthemum maximum varie­ anthemum maximum. While Mr. Bur­ ties and even to a greater extent the bank's daisy is supposed to have been Shasta daisies sometinles show a a hybrid of C. maximum, leucanthemum tendency to die out. This is obviated and other daisies, the Shasta Daisies by division every third year. This in the general lists in England are C. division is necessary owing to the maximum, with the exception of the thick matting of the clumps so that Burbank Alaska which is now listed the center of the clump has a hard abroad. struggle to keep up with the outer There have been a number of new divisions. and improved forms of this plant in Mayfield Giant, like most of these recent years and one of the finest, daisies, shows some variation from seed, honored by a R. H . S. award of merit, but all the types are unusually good is Mayfield Giant, now offered in and the true huge Mayfield Giant some American lists, truly a giant types with their small centers are among daisies, of a glistening white­ readily selected from the lot. The per­ ness and not showing the coarseness centage of inferior plants is small. Oct. 1927 THE NATIONAL HOI{TICULTUI{AL MAGAZINE 119

List of Plants Requiring Circumneutral Soils

By EDGAH T. WHEHHY In The American Horticultural Society Bulletin No.4, Ii ts of plants pre­ ferring soils of different degrees of acidity were published. In response to numerous requests a supplementary list is a follows, including 100 plants pre­ ferring circumneutral soils. Tests by the one-indicator method should give a strong purple color with soils adapted to the e plants. This list may be inserted between pages 14 and 15 of Bulletin 4. Abelia ...... · Abelia. Acer (many species) · Maple. Actaea · Baneberry. Adiantum · Maidenhair Fern. Aesculus . · Buckeye Alyssum · Alyssum. Ampelopsis · Ampelopsis, Creeper. Amygdalus · Almond, Peach. Anemone ... · Anemone. Apium gr!lveolens · Celery. Asparagus · Asparagus. Aster (many species) · Aster. Ast il be · Astilbe. Begonia · Begonia. Berberis . . . . · Barberry. Beta vulgaris . . · Beet. Brassica oleracea · Cabbage, Cauliflower. Bromus · Bromegrass. Buddleia · Butterfly bush. Buxus sempervirens · Common Box. Calendula officinalis · Calendula. Callicarpa · Beauty berry. Callistephus chiner.sis . . · China-aster. Campanula (many species) · Bellflower. Canna indica . . · Canna. Celastrus · Bittelsweet. Chrysanthemum · Chrysanthemum. Clematis . . . . · Clematis. Coleus blumei · Common coleus. Convolvulus . . . · Convolvulus. Coreopsis (many species) · Coreopsis. Cosmos bipinnatus · Common Cosmos. Cotoneaster · Cotoneaster. Crataegus · Ha'oythorn. Crocus .. · Crocus. Cucumis .. · Cucumber, Melon, Squash. Cucurbita · Pump~in. Dahlia · Dahlia. Daucus carota .. . . . · CaIl'ot. Delphinium (many species) · Larkspur. Deutzia · Deutzia. Dianthus · Carnation, Pink. Euonymus · Euonymus, '~T int erc re eper. Fagus . · Beech. Forsythia · Forysthia. Fraxinus . · Ash. Gladiolus . · Gladiolus. Hedera . . Ivy Helianthus · E=unfiower. Hibiscus ..... · Hibiscus, Rosemallow. Hyacinthus orientalis . · Common Hyacinth. Hydrangea (many species) · Hydrangea. 120 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct. 1927

Iris (many species) · Iris. Juniperus · Juniper Lactuca sativa · Garden Lettuce. Lespedeza · Bushclover. Ligustrum · Privet. Lonicera . · Honeysuckle. Lychnis. . ... · Campion. Lycopersicum esculentum · Tomato. Malus ...... · Apple, Crab. Medicago sativa · Alfalfa. Melilotus . . . . . · Sweetclover. Mertensia virginica · Virginia Bluebells. Narcissus · Narcissus. Oenothera · Evening-primrose. Paeonia · Peony. Papaver . · Poppy. Pastinaca sativa · Parsnip. Pelargonium . . · Geranium. Pbaseolus (many species) .Bean. Philadelpbus . . · Mock orange. Phlox paniculata · Garden Phlox. Pisum sativum · Common Pea. Poa ... · Bluegrass. Polygonum · Fleeceflower. Primula · Primrose. PruDus .. · Cherry, Plum. Pyrus .. · Pear. Ranunculus · Buttercup. Rhamnus · Ruckthof!l. Ribes · Currant, Gooseberry. Rosa · Rose. Secale cereale. . Rye. Spinacis oleracea . . · Common Spinach. Spiraea (many species) · Spirea. Syringa ..... · Lilac. Taxodium distichum · Common Baldcypress. Taxus ...... Yew. Thuja ...... · Arborvitae. Trifolium (many species) · Clover. Triticum aesti~m · Wheat. Tulipa .... . · Tulip. Ulmis .. .. . · Elm. Viola (many species) · Violet, Pansy. Vitis (many species) · Grape. Wisteria . · Wisteria. Yucca .. · Yucca. .. Zea mays · Maize, Indian Corn. Zinnia .. · Zinnia.

Plants for shady borders and par­ dered because of serious losses in ticularly useful for ·lighting up shrub­ stock. It is a violent poison for bery in deep shade in midsummer and stock and also for human beings, but into the fall are Eupatorium urticae­ there is no ban on its use in the garden. folium, usually listed as E. agemtoides, The three-lobed coneflower is found and Rudbeckia triloba. Both are na­ in the woods but it also flourishes in tives and will naturalize if given a fu ll sun and its brilliant " Black Eyed chance. Susans" covering the three-foot plants The eupatorium or white snakeroot give a brilliant touch to dark corners resembles a white ageratum both in that no other plant affords. It is a bloom and leafage. It is under the biennial or shortlived perennial that ban of the Department of Agriculture self-sows so numerously it may become in. Illinois and its destruction is 01'- a pest if not rigorously limited. Oct. 1927 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 121

Herbaceous Lobelias

By E. LADI1AMS

With the advent of the modern combinations. No particular record hybrid varieties, the race of herbaceous were kept of this stage. Seedlings lobelias now in commerce is surelv from this queer lot were grown and coming into a well-deserved promi­ much mOl'e hopeful progeny resulted, nence, but being as yet comparatively none, however, good enough to re­ little known, a brief description of the main permanently. By following out origin, culture and varieties available this method, selecting the best of each may be of interest. Some of the generation for crossing, the first com­ original types, as well as some of the mercially good kinds eventually came, named varieties may be known to having as their characteristics hardi­ many readers but I frequently meet ness, desirable colorings, and robust people who are totally unfamiliar with free flowering habits. either and their surprise when told Three of these distributed about that they are admiring lobelias is very 1910 and still good and largely grown: real. B. Ladham., brilliant scarlet; Mrs. To begin with, I should like to say Humbert, clear pink, distinct in habit that many years ago, over thirty, Mr. from any other variety before or ince B. Ladhams, after growing some fine that date; Purple Emperor, rich purple specimens of L . fulgens obtained from spikes, very branching. Later came: North America, conceived the idea of Carmineus, with slightly darker foli­ breeding a race of this admirable plant age and clear carmine flowers; Purple with a better, hardier constitution and King, then nearest to deep blue and a also greater variety. For this purpose, rich color which has not yet been re­ he took the two forms of L. siphylitica placed. ,,·hite and blue, fulgens and caTdinalis, We had then, by 1912, a fairly good all from North America, and set to range of color in hardy types sufficient ,york to see what an admixture of the to work for greater variety. A syste­ lot would bring him in variety and matic course was then adopted with hardiness. He noticed that they would definite objects in view, a greater not readily intercross or hybridize of range of coloring, larger flowers, richer themselves, so carefully sterilized se­ foliage, and an even increased robust­ lected flowers and hand pollinated ness. This had hardly been com­ them, a tedious and lengthy business. menced when the Great War inter­ This was done, however, with all vened, upsetting these plans for other t hree kinds, the two siphylitica forms more essential work. being one species, and a limited quanti­ On resuming, the stocks of some ty of seed was harvested. The net re­ kinds that had promised well were sult of this first experiment produced found to be lost, bu t some remained, and nothing of outstanding merit, but it after getting them in order again, tile did give a much improved siphylit1·ca, work went on along the lines of the a strong growing green leaved hybrid plan with very gratifying results until ,,·ith inferior colored purple flowers, to-day there are at least twenty dis­ one or two dirty reds, a 500 or 600 for tinct good serviceable kinds, all hav­ the rubbish heap. ing the characteristics of the original The next step was to hand pollinate hybrids but with both flowers and the whole of this series in various foliage (( glorified. " 122 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct. 1921

When you picture plants from single to date, green leaves; B. Ladhams, crowns, which grow each year to the glorious scarlet crimson, green foliage, height of five feet, some very branch­ very hardy; Carmineus, lovely car­ ing with as many as twenty branchlets mine; Crimson Velvet, almost black each, with dark crimson and beet­ crimson, foliage dark beet color; De­ colored leaves, or in other cases vivid light, a novel gray-blue color, 4 ft.; green, the branchlets covered with Southern Beauty, 5 ft., very large flowers, some an inch across, others brick red flowers, carmine flush, dark smaller but more numerous, you be­ leaves; Kimbridge, robust rich foliage gin to realize there is something in this of bronze, large spikes of rich purple race to justify the amount of work en­ maroon flowers, 5 ft.; Lady Gregory, tailed over many years. soft terra cotta, 3 ft.; Mrs. Humbert, Culture is the simplest if a few re­ bushy, branching plants, lovely in quirements are met, and the plants are mass, rosy pink; Purple King) rich much too good to neglect these purple blue spikes, intense color, 4 measures. There should be: Rich, ft.; Purple Emperor, immense spikes, well-drained, moist soil with provisions, rich purple; Shirley Beauty, produces for watering in case of drought, as the huge quantities of rich mulberry crim­ plants must not be allowed to flag son flowers, very fine, 4-5 ft.; Mul­ \'V'hen in growth; division of the roots berry, richest deep purple, dark leaves) immediately growth commences in the 4 ft. spring, to prevent fungous rots in This work of improvement is still the crowded crowns; covering of the going on. This season several im­ roots during winter with ashes or sand proved kinds will probably be put on to protect against slugs and to insure the market if stock permits, while the even moisture, the covering being re­ large quantity of pedigreed seedlings moved in spring when the plants are due to flower later, now that the work divided; even moisture, with no abate­ is so well in hand, should bring still ment in moisture when once it has other good distinct things, perhaps been increased; ordinary soil well enabling us to discard older sorts, to enriched with rotted manure. keep the number of varieties well in The following are some of the best hand, retaining only the best. and most distinct varieties in com­ merce to-day. Blue Bird, finest blue Southampton, England.

Among the shrubs that should be One of the brooms that rivals a more commonly grown especially in juniper as a ground cover is Genista the South are the several species of pilosa. At the Arnold Arboretum it pyracantha. These plants, evergreen forms great mats of dense, ascending relatives of the hawthorn· ancl the twigs about ten inches in height and cotoneasters, are hardy as far north as bears myriads of its brilliant yellow Long Island and survive in sheltered flowers in May. It does not appeal' locations even in Massachusetts. The to self sow as does its more rampant old .coccinea and its variety Lalandi relative, Genista tinctoria. have been in the trade for some time) but are now augmented by several When a small tree of rather large forms of crenulata which have been . foliage is needed in a planting a paw­ introduced from China. Except for paw is not bad for variety. Its leaves some on the Pacific Coast, these last have something of the decorative have been little tested for hardiness. quality of the loquat but of course If possible, when planting pyracantha, lack the richness of texture that comes secure small plants pot grown. from the furry loquat leaf. Oct. 1927 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 123

A BOOK OR TWO following a long period of reduced planting of apples, pric3s tend to ad­ In his little book entitled "Balanc­ vance, the chances are that, because ing the Farm Output," Dr. W. J. of the long cycle required in apple Spillman, of the Department of Agri­ production, over-planting will resu.lt culture, clearly sets forth the funda­ because of the stimulation of an up­ mental difficulties in adjusting farm ward trend in apple prices. Such a production to the requirements of the result is almost certain to be followed consuming public; for balancing the by a corre ponding period of depressed farm output means so adjusting the prices resulting from large production production of the land that there shall as a result of the stimulation to plant­ be a sufficient food supply without ing from the previous period of falling ov.er-production to unduly depress production. pnces. These illustrations of the behavior of In his first chapter entitled " The various farm crops and the relation Minor Crops," Dr. Spillman states which they bear to one another and very clearly the important difference to the total output of agriculture lead between intensive crops which return up to the importance of the considera­ a large yield and consequently a large tion of statistical information by agri­ output per acre, in comparison with culturists engaged in annual produc­ the more extensive and less remuner­ tion or contemplated expansio!l of any ative crops when considered on a per particular agricultural industry. Until acre basis. "For instance, a 10 per exploitation can be removed from agri­ cent reduction in the acreage of pota­ cultural development and a definite toes means in round numbers a de­ agricultural program worked out which crease of 350,000 acres. Such a change is based on experience over a long in acreage might double or treble the period, there is little hope that ag;ri­ price of potatoes. But if corn, for culture will not be face to face WIth instance, were substituted for this depressions extending over greater or area of potatoes it would mean an less periods of tiIl1e. To the extent increase of only one-third of 1 per that producers understand the food cent in the corn area, and the resulting requirements, both from the stand­ effect on the price of corn would be so point of kind as well as total supply, slight as to be scarcely noticeable." to that extent will it be possible to This clearly brings out the difference balance the farm output. between an intensive agricultural crop Dr. Spillman has in "Balancing the and an extensive agricultural crop in Farm Output" developed in a very · the farm organization. What is stated clear and concise manner many of the regarding potatoes is equally true of important and fundamental features many other intensive crops spoken of of the problem involved in balancing in this volume as "minor crops." They the farm output. He is optimistic are minor only from the standpoint of enough to believe that what he calls the area of the cultivated land which the "Limited Debenture Plan" will they occupy. solve the problem. This plan is ad­ Another important distinction which mittedly applicable only to those crops must be taken into consideration in any which he designates as "major crops." effort which is made towards" Balanc­ In other words, those which occupy a ing the Farm Output" is brought out large acreage of the land involved in. in connection with the production of agricultural production and those apples. The apple crop is dependent which are capable of being warehoused upon a long period of preparation dur­ and especially those which enter into ing which time there is no direct in­ international trade. The idea is to come from the apple trees themselves. establish a domestic price for these If, during this period of development products which shall be the world 124 THE NATtoNAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct. 1927 price plus a tariff which is levied After various chapters in which are against the importation of such prod­ found clear and interesting definitions ucts by the Congress; and to arrange of the various terms employed, the it so that each producer of an export­ author passes on to the discussion of able commodity will receive for a the basis of the development of a for­ product which he sells in the domestic mal plan. There are several points market the world price of that com­ on which one might quibble perhaps, modity plus the import tariff duty, the but, for the main part, the text is both buyer who engages in the merchandis­ clear and stimulating and is full of ing of such commodities to pay the meat, especially for the non-profes­ grower the world price plus the tariff sional reader. Written with the same and to have rebated to him the tariff vital quality that marks most of Pro­ upon all of that portion of the com­ fessor Waugh's work, this book makes modity which he exports. The" red a very able advocate for the formal tape" suggested for the handling of style and should engage the interest this proposition appears rather for­ and attention of many gardeners who midable but it is probably not impos­ are not now interested in the more ar- . sible of execution. The plan, however, tificial styles of gardening. is so entirely different from any eco­ The illustrations are numerous and nomic system which has heretofore excellent. been extensively practiced by the The discussion of plant materials is agric·ultural public that it appears to too brief and might well have been the writer to lack the appeal necessary omitted if so limited a treatment was to " put such a proposition over" with obligatory. B. Y. M . the general public. Among the various legislative remedies which have been Waugh, F . A. Formal Design in Land­ scape Architecture. Orange J udcl Publishing proposed this one appears to be more Co., New York. 1927. economically sound than any other which has been proposed. Its chief handicap, it is believed, will be found in the machinery necessary for its oper­ ation; but once inaugurated, it may prove to be capable of much simpler Many gardeners have regretfully methods of handling than are proposed given up trying to succeed with Judas by its author.' L. c. C. trees or red buds in the garden because of their destruction by borers. The 'Spillman, W. J . Balancing the Farm Out­ same directions given by Mr. Wister put. Orange Judd Co., New York. 1927 . in the January issue of this magazine for attacking lil ac borers will conquer To those of us who rightly or wrong­ them. A sharp pointed wire, a knife, ly have always associated the work of and a can of carbon bisulphide are Professor Waugh with the informal the weapons. Stab them with the style of landscape gardening, his recent wire, dig them out with the knife and book, "Formal Design in Landscape create a hostile atmosphere for them Architecture," is of particular interest. with the bisulphide. They wreck the In the preface the author states that redbud in no time if allowed to work there is to be no attempt to recapitu­ at will. The red buds want partial late the history of the development of shade to be at their best. They formal gardening, but rather an exami­ fl ourish on the north side of woods in nation of formal gardening from the particular. basis of pure design and an endeavor Landscape architects have produced to examine its suitability to American . gorgeous effects planting together red­ conditions, since it has had so foreign buds and Early Richmond cherries, an origin and growth. kept ~ow branched. Oct. 1927 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 125

The Gardener's Miscellany

LENGTH OF BLOOM OF CLIMBING ROSES with them a hybrid (setigera x wichura­ iana) closes the season. Some 500 varieties of climbing roses Crosses of Tea, Hybrid Tea and Ben­ are now listed; at least 300 are in the gal with Multiflora give the early hy­ trade. As these are divided into at brids, and with Wichuraiana they are least a dozen types there is more di­ mid-season to late. The Setigera forms versity of habit than in the bush roses, are inclined to be late, and by proper and there is less approximation or crossings it may be possible to prolong publication of flower effects. Each the season into August. The present variety is quite distinct and has its range is eight weeks, from Empress of definite uses in garden decoration. China on June first to the end of July These notes are wholly on date and with the fading of Freedom and Sea­ length of bloom, from observation for gull. Each sort is effective about three two seasons in the testing garden here. weeks, but the Multiflora type is more brief than Wichuraiana, though the a. One bloom only. large-flowered hybrids are of about Empress of China (Climbing Bengal) equal staying power. Of special long is always first to bloom, with Paul's bloom are Paul's Scarlet Climber Carmine Pillar (Cl. H. T.) a close sec­ (Mult.) and Mary Lovett (H. W. ). ond. Both these have finished before Other climhing types, as macro­ the end of June. The first week of the phylla, arvensis, alpina, and semper­ season (early June) brings also many virens, have few varieties and need of the Multiflora types, such as Purple more study, but their bloom period East, Apple Blossom and Bonnie seems to be much as for multiflora. Prince, followed by the three.forms of Tausendschon. The large-flowei'ed b. "Everbloomers." Multiflora types come mostly before Greater interest is found in the types the panicled type, as Crimson Ram­ which bloom all summer. The Climb­ bler. The Wichuraiana forms follow ing Hybrid Tea and Hybrid Musk be­ these, again the large-flowered sorts gin very early in June, give heavy mostly before the panicled types, as bloom while the bush roses are at their Dorothy Perkins. Climbing American best, rest and grow in July and Au­ Beauty and Mary Lovett are the..earli­ gust, and give fair bloom from August est of the large Hybrid Wichuraiana. to October, their latest blooms being With the opening of American Pillar best, and many buds are killed by (Setigera hybrid) the procession is autumn frost. It can not be said that about at middle. Few of the Multi­ their mid-summer bloom is heavy. flora forms appear after this, but here The "Bloomfield " sorts are of these follow all the small Wichuraiana sorts, types, the flowers smaller and clus­ not opening until early July, when the tered. Climbing Gruss an Teplitz many kinds appear together, the small (Bengal) is the most free bloomer and double white Mrs. M. H. Walsh being most hardy. There should be other the last of the small Wichuraiana hy­ colors of this, and the hardy ever­ brids. Freedom and Seagull are the bloomer would be accomplished. latest of the large Wichuraiana hy­ There are no ever bloomers in the brids, not opening until mid-July. The Hybrid Wichuraiana, though Silver type forms of setigera and wichuraiar;,a Moon, Lady Godiva, Dorothy Perkins, are last, coming about July 20, and etc., do give a few flowers in October. 126 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct. 1927

The present everbloomers are Multi­ A few lilac notes from northern flora forms, the Trier group- (Lam­ Illinois.-Of the dark colored lilacs, bertiana) being fairly successful with Ludwig Spaeth, whether considered some panicles of flowers all July and as a souvenir or an andenken, is the August, but always the small-flowered most vigorous grower and profuse types. Then there are at least four bloomer. Danton is the worst grower. Climbing Baby Ramblers, larger plants Monge and Congo are good growers, but not so free blooming as the bush the latter a toned purple. forms. The climbing sport of the small Bengal, Cecile Brunner, is a more con­ Siebold, while lacking the fine quality sistent bloomer than Hybrid Tea or of bloom of some of the other light Hybrid Musk. The future ever bloom­ varieties, is desirable because of the ers may come from a parentage of unusual coloring of the buds and ex­ Dwarf Polyantha or Hybrid Polyantha panding bloom. The buds have a dis­ or Bengal on some of our present climb­ tinct amber tone and the bloom opens ers, where great hardiness must be a delicate flesh. joined to continuous bloom. Two indications of what. northern gardens may expect in large-flowered Of the " lilac)) colored varieties, ever bloomers, hardy and vigorous, are Mme. Francisque Morel or, as Mr. worthy of observation. The light yel­ Wister has it officially listed, Mme. F. low Ghislaine de Feligonde (Mult.) Morel, is the finest. It is remarkable gives more bloom than any yellow for the size of the individual flowers. Hybrid Wichuraiana, and for a longer Pasteur shares the distinction of un­ period than Trier, and in better mass usually large individual bloom. effect, from Mid-June to late July, with some flowers the months following. The lilacs are distinctly lime lovers Perfection is reached in Birdie Blye and a dose of lime will sometimes (Mult.), a Van Fleet hybrid, a kind of prove a surprising stimulant to lilacs giant climbing Hermosa, with large that are · not flourishing. rose blossoms from mid-June to the frosts of N owember. If this can be duplicated in other colors the group of In this section of the country lilacs hardy everbloomers will have come to are grafted on ash seedlings with much northern gardens, and the Climbing success. It is a simple matter to Hybrid Tea and Hybrid Musk can be gather ash keys and raise seedlings left for warmer sections. for experiment. Amateurs should learn STEPHEN F. HAMBLIN, Director. to bud plants. It is a simple process Botanic Garden, and soon learned. The longevity of Harvard University. this union as compared with privet stock is sometimes questioned but the writer can find no data. Deep planting and establishing the lilac on its own Forsythia intermedia val'. spectabilis roots ultimately is advised. Bud on is the most golden of the golden bells, the north side of the stem for protec- a gorgeous spring bloomer and much tion from the sun. . finer than the old time Forsythias. It is very free blooming and as easily There are many qu'te extraneous grown as intermedia or suspensa. A whites both in double and single. Mme. bush of spectabilis planted with the Florent Stepman appealed to the older varieties intensifies the bank of writer as a very fine white. The old gold. It seems a little more bud hardy Mme. Lemoine is a very satisfactory than the older varieties but not double white, flourishing abundantly notably so. and blooming freely year after year. Oct. 1927 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 127

Of the pinks, the old Louvainensi , Three seasons' experience with the usually spelled Lovaniensis, as a large beautiful Mariposa tulips of Cali­ bush gives the pinkest effect in a large fornia .shows that they are admirable planting. Macrostachya is another bulbs for a coldframe but are too un­ excellent pink. The pinks of the lilacs reliable for open planting in the N or­ are much the same as the pinks of the thern States, even in the rock garden irises, all with a purple tone. where they are protected. They make a beautiful display in late May in a Ascertain the habit of growth as to frame. height in planning a lilac planting. The frame may be set over the Some grow much taller than others planting in the fall and removed in the and the appearance of a group may be spring, giving the planting a chance to affected by placing tall growers in show .its full beauty. front of those of dwarfer stature. With a heavy mulching of leaves they will come through one winter Keep down suckers but do not de­ with comparative safety but do not stroy those of fine varieties. Plant reappear in quantity or with vigor them in some reserved space and there after that in the open ground. How­ will be a ready market or exchange for ever, the bulbs are so cheap that they them. s. R. D. can be replaced each year if desired.

Index to Volume 6

Albizzia julibrissin . 96 DALL, MARCUS H.-Blakesley Botanic Allium eern:uum .. 91 Garden ...... 94 Alonsoa wa7'seewiezii 66 Dimorphotheea aurantiaea . . . 66 A nag allis monelli 66 eeklonis . . . . 68 phiUipsi . 66 Dodecat heon media ...... 91 ATWOOD, ALICE C.-Rhododendrons and DUFFY, SHERMAN R.-Mulleins 28 Azaleas 51 Daffodils 62 ATetoiis breviseapa 66 E uphorbia eOTollata 87 grandis 66 Flower Shows Arnold Aboretum 42, 115 Spring, 1927 . 82 Artmesia frigida . 27 Awards ...... 83,87 FOWLER, HELEN L.-Water Lilies 33 BERGER, WILLIAM BART.-Orchids in Garden Tours Colorado ...... 79 Santa Barbara ...... 93 Botanic Garden, Harvard 42 Cilia tricolor ...... 66 Blakesley 94 GRIFFITHS, DAvID-Daffodils from Seed 18 BTaehyeome iberidifolia . . . . 66 GiJPsoph1:la elegans ...... 66 BURCHFIELD, SAII

The Society publishes The National Horticultural Magazine, a quarterly journal issued in January, April, July and October to all its members. It publishes special bulletins from time to time as material warrants special issues. Former bulletins of the Society may be secured from the secretary as long as copies are available. Number 1. The Effect of Aluminum Sulphate on Rhododendron Seed­ lings, by Frederick V. Coville ...... $1.00 Number 2. Roses for America, by F. L. Mulford ...... 50 Number 3. Insect Pests of Our Garden Plants and Their Control, by C. A. Weigel ...... 50 Number 4. Soil Reaction in Relation to Horticulture, by Edgar T. Wherry ...... 50

CLASSES OF MEMBERSHIP: Annual Members.- Persons who are interested in any branch of horticulture who shall pay annual dues of three dollars. Affiliated Members.-Horticultural societies, garden clubs, societies devoted to special interests, or other local or district organizations interested in horti­ culture may become affiliated members. Any organization eligible for affiliation shall make application to the Board of Directors, who shall act upon it. An affiliated member shall pay annual dues of $3.00 and shall be entitled to the same benefits and privileges as an annual member, including one copy of all publica­ tions. Additional copies of publications will be furnished at the rate of $2.00' per year. All publications for an affiliated member shall be sent to one address. Life Members.- Persons interested in the purposes of the Society, who shall pay one hundred dollars. Patrons.- Persons interested in the objects and aims of the Society who con­ tribute two hundred dollars or more towards its support.

Individuals or Organizations desiring to be admitted to membership in the American Horticultural Society should forward their request and remittance to the Secretary, D. Victor Lumsden, 1629 Columbia Road, Washington, D. C. Checks should be made payable to the American Horticultural Society. The address to which publications and notices are to be mailed should be stated.