Homeland Security Phoenix-Style Denver Police Files Space-Based Imperialism Victory For Judi Bari First Nations Fight Back Presidential Deceits Tobacco Smokescreen When Will Bush Fall? CovertAction Quarterly FALL 2003 NUMBER 75

Contents

2 What Happened to America? Denver Police Spying on Peace Groups 27 Eliot Weinberger Loring Wirbel The Reagan years seem peaceful Preemptive crowd control tactics, and secure compared to the Bush II watch lists and a resuscitated Law era. How did this become the most Enforcement Intelligence Unit raise reactionary in American history? spectres of COINTELPRO.

5 When Will Bush Fall? Direct Action by the First Nations of 30 immanue! Wailerstein Canada Bush is in serious trouble, and not John Moore even Karl Rove may be able to save Canadian troops, resource extraction him this time. industries and northern politics have forced indigenous groups to take drastic defensive actions.

7 Homeland Security and the Phoenix Tobacco Companies and Free Speech 37 Program Lawrence Soley Dougias Valentine Providing a corporate smokescreen The CIA's infamous Vietnam War for censorship evokes ominous con counter-insurgency program has tradictions in America's courts. resurfaced - and is now entrenched in the biggest new federal bureaucracy in history.

14 Recasting Space Supremacy Presidential Deceit 42 Loring Wirbel Philip Wheaton Afghanistan and Iraq... The first two Colin Powell may have a different "space wars"? The assimilation of the rank today than he did in 1968, but Space Command is not as benign as he's providing the same services to it appears. the Bush administration.

21 Snatching Victoiy From the Jaws of Deceit Bhopal Survivors Still Suffer 46 Dennis Cunningham and Ben Rosen feld L o u i s Wo l f Thirteen years of struggling for justice India finally acts to extradite Union has finally paid off for FBI-sieged Carbide CEO. 550,000 Indian citizens Earth First! activists. wait for justice. 2^ Anniversaiy Issue

"Congratulations to CovertAction Quarterly on its 25th Annivei^ty and its continuing invaiuable service to truth, peace and justice." - Ramsey Ciark, Esq., Co-founder of International Action Center

Contributors: Mumia Abu-Jamal, Ian Barrett, William Blum, Heather Cottin, Dennis Cunningham, Gregory Elich, Angela Garcia, Noelle Hanrahan, Bill Montross, John Moore, Dolores Neuman, Leonard Peltier, James Petras, Ben Rosenfeld, Lawrence Soley, GT, John Ulan, Douglas Valentine, Immanuel Wallerstein, Eliot Weinberger, Philip Wheaton, Nicholas Wilson, Loring Wirbel, Louis Wolf. Pubiisher: Covert Action Publications, Inc. 1500 Massachusetts Ave, NW, Suite 732, Washington, DC, 20005, USA Subscription information: Phone - 202 331 9763; Fax - 202 331 9751; Email - [email protected]. CovertAction Quarterly (ISSN 1067-7232) is published quarterjy by Covert Action Publications, Inc., 1500 Massachusetts Ave, NW, Suite 732, Washington, D.C., 20005, USA, a District of Columbia not-for-profit corporation. Member of the Independent Pr^ Association. Indexed by Alternative Press Index, University Microfilms. Copyright 2003 by CovertAction Publications, Inc. All rights reserved. No article may be reproduced, in part or whole, without prior written permission from the editor. Cover Photo: Operation "Ivy Serpent", July 2003 Mashahdah, Iraq, photo credit: APAVide World Photos.

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NUMBER 75 FALL 2003 CovertAction Quarterly What Happened to America?

trffpf Originally published in Vorwaerts, June 2003.

In the last fifty years, we have one that has turned the budget surplus collect data on the ordinary activities grown accustomed to governments into a massive deficit through its com of ordinary citizens (credit card whose policies on specific issues may bination of enormous tax cuts for the charges, library book withdrawals, uni be good or bad, but which essentially wealthy (particularly those who earn versity course enrollments) and when institute incremental changes to the more than a million doUars a year) and this is perceived as going too far, they status quo. The major exceptions have increases in defense spending. (And, change the name to "Terrorist been Thatcher and Reagan, but even although Republicans always cam Information Awareness" and continue their programs of dismantling systems paign on "less government," it has cre to do the same things. Millions are list of social welfare seem, in retrospect, ated the largest new government ed in airport security computers as mild compared to what is happening bureaucracy in history: the potential terrorists, including antiwar in the United States under George Department of Homeland Security.) demonstrators and pacifists. Critics are Bush - or more exactly, the ruling The Financial Times of England, hard warned to "watch what they say" and junta that tells Bush what to do and ly a hotbed of leftists, has categorized lists of "traitors" are posted on the say. this economic policy as "the lunatics internet. It is unquestionably the most radi taking over the asylum." The war in Iraq has been the most cal government in modem American But more than Reagan- whose poli extreme manifestation of this new history, one whose ideology and cies tended to benefit the rich in gen America, and almost a casebook study actions have become so pervasive, and eral - most of Bush's legislation specif in totalitarian techniques. are so unquestionably mirrored by the ically enriches those in his lifelong First, an Enemy is created by bla mass media here, that the population inner circle from the oil, mining, log tant lies that are endlessly repeated seems to have forgotten what "nor ging, construction, and pharmaceuti until the population believes it: in this m a l " i s . cal industries. At the middle level of case, that Iraq was linked to the attack George Bush is the first unelected the bureaucracy, where laws may be on the World Trade Center, and that it President of the United States, installed issued without congressional approval, possesses vast "weapons of mass by a right-wing Supreme Court in a hundreds of regulations have been destruction" that threaten the world. idnd of judicial coup d'etat. He is the changed to lower standards of pollu Then, a War of liberation, entirely first to actively subvert one of the pil tion or safety in the workplace. portrayed by the mass media in terms lars of American democracy: the sepa Billions in government contracts of our Heroic Troops, with little or no ration of church and state. There are have been awarded, without competi imagery of casualties and devastation, now daily prayer meetings and Bible tion, to corporations formerly run by and with morale-inspiring, scripted study groups in every branch of the administration officials. In a country "news" scenes- such as the toppling of government, and religious organiza where the most significant social the Saddam statue and the heroic tions are being given funds to take changes are enacted by court rulings, "rescue" of Private Lynch. over educational and welfare pro rather than by legislation, the Bush Finally, as has happened with grams that have always been the administration has been filling every Afghanistan, America has received domain of the state. level of the complex judicial system very little news of the chaos that has It is the first administration to with ultra-right ideologues, especially followed the Great Victory. openly declare a policy of unilateral those who have protected corpora It is very difficult to speak of what aggression, a "Pax Americana" where tions from lawsuits by individu^s or is happening in America without the presence of allies (whether environmental groups, and those who resorting to the hyperbolic cliches of England or Bulgaria) is agreeable but are opposed to women's reproductive anti-Americanism that have lost their unimportant; where international rights. meaning after so many decades, but treaties no longer apply to the United Most of all, America doesn't feel like that have now finally come true. States; and where - for the first time in America any more. The climate of mil Perhaps one can only recite the history - this coimtry reserves the itarism and fear, similar to any totali facts, and I have mentioned only some right to non-defensive, "pre-emptive" tarian state, permeates everything. of them here. This is, quite simply, the strikes against any nation on earth, for Bush is the first American president in most frightening American adminis whatever reason it declares. memory to swagger aroimd in a mili tration in modem times, one that is It is the first - since the internment tary uriiform, though he himself - like appalling both to the left and to tradi of Japanese-Americans in World War n all of his most rnUitant advisers - tional conservatives. This junta is - to enact special laws for a specific evaded the \fietnam War. (Even unabashed in its imperialist ambitions; ethnic group. Non-citizen young Eisenhower, a general and a war hero, it is enacting an Orwellian state of Muslim men are now required to regis never wore his uniform while he was Perpetual War; it is dismantling, or ter and subject themselves to interro president.) attempting to dismantle, some of the gation. Many hundreds have been In the airports of provincial cities, most fimdamental tenets of American arrested and held without trial or there are frequent announcements in democracy; it is acting without opposi access to legal assistance- a violation that assuring, disembodied voice of tion within the government, and is of another pillar of American democ science-fiction films: "The Department operating so quicldy on so many ft-onts racy: habeas corpus. In Guantanamo of Homeland Security advises that the that it has overwhelmed and exhausted Bay, where it is said that they are now Terror Alert is now .. . Code Orange." any popular opposition. preparing execution chambers, hun Every few weeks there is an armounce- Perhaps it cannot be stopped, but dreds of foreign nationals - including a ment that another terrorist attack is the first step toward slowing it down is 13-year-old and a man who claims to imminent, and citizens are urged to the recognition that this is an be 100 - have been kept for almost two take ludicrous measures, like sealing American government unlike any years in a limbo that clearly contra their windows, against biological and other in this country's history, and one venes the Geneva Convention. chemical attacks, and to report the for whom democracy is an obstacle. Similar to the Reagan era, it is an suspicious activities of their neighbors. Eliot Weinbei^er's political articles, in 18 administration opeiily devoted to The Pentagon institutes the "Total languages, published as a iDook in the U.S., helping the rich and ignoring the poor. Information Awareness" program to titled "9/12' by Prickly Paradigm Press.

NUMBER 75 FALL 2003 2 CovertAction Quarterly When Will Bush Fall?

Immanuel Wallerstein

Cheney must have taken lessons at growing. At just this moment, the U.S. has annoimced that it is going Bush'sin serious days are txouble, numbered. and the He trou is the feet of Nixon's Attorney General ble will not go away. The tissue of John Mitchell. to try six persons at Guantanamo justifications for the Iraq invasion is In politics - world politics, Bay, of whom two are British citi zens. There is a storm brewing in fraying bit by bit. Both he and Blair national politics, local politics - you have had to retreat on some of the can get a lot of support if you're Great Britain among very more egregious statements. The winning. But the support often flies respectable jurists who object to what they see as dubious, even ille famous weapons of mass destruc away as soon as you start to become tion are nowhere to be foimd. And a loser. Bush promised the U.S. and gal, procedures. They are calling for if some turn up, deeply buried the world a transformation of Iraq, Blair to get the U.S. to turn these men over to British justice. But Blair somewhere, all that will prove is indeed of the Middle East, if only that the weapons were not readily Saddam Hussein could be ousted. can't promise the U.S. that confes sions extracted in the absence of usabje in a war - certainly not in the At this point, about three months famous 45-minute interval of Tony after the military collapse of the legal coimsel will stand up in British courts. There is no easy way that Blair. The aluminum tubes seem to Iraqi regime, what is the situation in be exactly what Saddam Hussein Iraq? Every day, American soldiers the U.S. can help Blair in this diffi said they were, material for rockets. are being killed by what is clearly a culty without jeopardizing the entire structure of the Guantanamo The asserted ties between Saddam guerrilla action of some consequence. Hussein and al-Qaeda were always Iraqi policemen, newly appointed nightmare. At the same time, the by the U.S. occupiers, threatened to U.S. government is having a very improbable and no evidence has hard time convincing any U.S. been adduced to confirm them. resign if U.S. soldiers did not quit Bush has now laid the blame on the their police station, feeling their attorneys to be defense attorneys because they assert that the rules CIA, while the Republican chair of lives were in danger for too close association with the U.S. Army. are rigged against them. the Senate Intelligence Committee The U.S. victory in Iraq was sup is accusing the CIA of leaking mate Apparently, U.S. soldiers are not rial to embarrass President Bush. seen as protectors of those who posed to have the effect of getting r e c a l c i t r a n t a l l i e s - F r a n c e , The thieves are falling out. cooperate with them but as an endangerment to one's life. Germany, Russia - to reverse their The U.S. lived through this sce positions. There is no sign of this nario once before, and not too long The U.S. occupiers have been unable to restore even a minimum whatsoever. Why should they? ago. The Watergate cover-up of When Time Magazine conducted a President Nixon worked at first, of electricity in the urban centers of Iraq. Frankly, I am amazed by this. poll in Europe in March, asking with only partisan sniping for a which of three - North Korea, Iraq, long while. Nixon did win his reelec One would think that the U.S. gov ernment could assemble the neces or the United States - was the tion. He held out that long. But biggest threat to world peace, a when Nixon tried to point the fmger sary engineers, fly in the necessary at fall guys (remember John Dean), equipment, and supply the neces whopping 86.9% answered the United States. And the U.S. and they started to reveal the truth. In sary protection to the engineers so the end, he had to resign the presi that electricity could be restored in Europe are on a collision course about mundane trade matters. In dency when a successful impeach a week or two. Is it too expensive? Are there other priorities? Does the this, the U.S. has clearly been in the m e n t w a s i m m i n e n t . weak position. The World Trade Of course, the two situations are U.S. not think this is important? Ordinary Iraqis think it's the num Organization is ruling against the quite different in their details. But U.S. on these matters. Lots of little there are certain striking similari ber one priority and are getting coimtries are quietly, and some not ties. They both took place within very angry. Soon, the country may so quietly, refusing to bend to U.S. the context of the ambivalence of be awash with nostalgia for the insistence on being the only coim- U.S. public opinion about a war. regime the U.S. ousted. try above international law. They both involved presidents who Meanwhile, in Great Britain, the heroic ally of the U.S., Tony Blair is And last but not least, the U.S. were willing to use all the instru economy is not doing well at all. In m e n t s a t t h e i r c o m m a n d t o r a m in increasingly deep trouble. The Conservatives have decided there is addition, there are conservatives through policies and intimidate yelling that the Bush regime is not opponents. They both had persons no profit in supporting him. The Liberals never did. And the number really conservative, because it is around them who were masters at increasing, not reducing, the role of stonewalling. Vice-President Dick of Labor M.P.'s who are restive is

FALL 2003 NUMBER 75 CovertAction Quarterly Wallerstein the state. Howard Dean is taking off reorganizing the Taliban. very worried. Perhaps he's not. as a potential Democratic candi As for the hawks who surround Pride goeth before the fall. But 1 bet date. And even if he doesn't get the Bush, the day after the fall of some of his clever political advisers nomination, which he in fact may, Baghdad, they started clamoring to are chewing their nails. They were he has already forced the other invade Syria. But all that's quiet feeling very sure of themselves not Democratic candidates to "move to now. Neither Iran nor North Korea so long ago. But the ship of state has the left" to try to capture a little of have slowed down their drives to hit rough waters. It may not sink the support Dean seems to be get acquire nuclear weapons. Quite the immediately. But will it reach shore ting. contrary. They are virtually flaunt safely? The odds are not high Can Bush turn all this around? In ing them. The U.S. does not seem to enough for them to be smiling com the short run, maybe. If he can cap have even the troops available to do placently. ture Saddam Hussein, that would what is urgently needed, reinforc help Bush. Here again, 1 am amazed ing their position in Iraq, They Immanuel Wallerstein is Senior Research that the U.S. has not been able to do seem scarcely in a position to take Scholar and distinguished professor of this. But perhaps 1 should not be so on Iran or North Korea seriously. Sociology (Emeritus) at Yale University, amazed. Osama bin Laden has not Nor are the diplomatic initiatives and Director of the Fernand Braudel been captured, dead or alive, in the achieving much of anything - in Center for the Study of Economies, almost two years Bush has been Israel/Palestine, in Northeast Asia, Historical Systems, and Civilizations, chasing him. Mullah Omar is still at or even in Latin America. Binghamton University, State University of large, and it seems he has been If 1 were George W. Bush, I'd be New York.

T H A N K Y O U !

We take this opportunity to express our deep appreciation to all those who have read, written for, provided photographs, contributed financially, in any way supported, protected, and stayed with this magazine all these years, many for the entire 25. It is people like you - you know who you are - that make it especially rewarding when each new issue rolls off the printing presses.

- CovertAction Quarterly, 2003 Homeland Security WHERE THE PHOENIX CAME HOME TO ROOST

Douglas Valentine

"The Implication or threat of force alone was sufficient to insure that the peopie would comply."^

Former CIA Director William Colby

soil. Less than three weeks later, consequences for American citizens as well, for by launching preemp Americaideological has state been of siege in sincean again with overwhelming congres sional support. Bush signed the dra- tive strikes against foreign coun September 11,2001, when the Twin Towers came crashing down, and conian USA Patriot Act into law, tries, Bush will kill thousands of all the moral and psychological pro vastly expanding the intelligence innocent people. The mass murder hibitions on the reactionary right and law enforcement powers of the of innocents will generate more were permanently lifted. Since government, while rolling back domestic dissent, and more dissent individual rights and protections will provide Bush with the pretext then, imder the aegis of righteous he needs to impose what two-time retribution, the anger and frustra from government intrusions.^ Nobel Prize winner Johan Galtung tion the neo-conservatives cultivat Next, thanks to the horror of ed during the Vietnam War, and the September 11, the stigma of his refers to as a "legally criminal" social structure. This is the sinister, Carter and Clinton administrations, having stolen the 2000 presidential were unleashed in a torrent of election vanished, and Bush's insidious "other side" of Manifesto unabashed war mongering. Even standings in the polls nearly dou Bush, for the illegitimate Bush Democrats climbed on the warwag- bled. The world changed forever, Regime requires a legally criminal social structure to maintain its o n , a n d f o u r d a y s l a t e r, o n and in the absence of opposition from the anthrax-challenged dominance, and to ensure support September 15, 2001, Congress, save for the eternal war on terror, with for one glorious dissenter, gave Democratic Party leadership. Bush's all the personal economic benefits Bush $40 billion and the authority rationale for an eternal war on ter t h a t e n t a i l s f o r B u s h a n d h i s to use "all necessary and appropri ror evolved over the next year, and ate force" against those allegedly on September 20,2002, it was set in clique.4 In order to institutionalize involved (or could be said to have stone with the promulgation of his "legally criminal" structure. been involved) in the then uninves "The National Security Strategy of the United States," through which Bush signed the Homeland Security tigated and as yet unexplained ter Act on November 25, 2002, creat rorist attacks. Bush conferred upon himself the After the attacks. Bush divine right to laimch deadly pre ing the Department of Homeland embarked on his Holy Crusade. But emptive attacks on any nation he Security (DHS) under the direction characterizes as a terrorist threat.3 of former Pennsylvania Governor something insidious was happening Tom Ridge. The Department's job is behind the scenes: On October 8, This first-degree murder strat egy (call it Manifesto Bush) makes to coordinate the anti-terror ele 2001, with little fanfare. Bush ments of dozens of federal agencies announced the formation - by exec many Americans feel safer because and to secure the United States utive fiat - of the Office of its terror, for the moment, is direct "from terrorist threats or attacks," Homeland Security to detect, pre ed at the "other." But, like the homeland security apparatus Bush be they genuine or provoked by the vent, and recover from terrorist slipped into place, this first-strike Bush Regime. The Act also provides attacks, and/or "weapons of mass- for a policy-making Homeland destruction" attacks on American foreign policy has potentially lethal

THIS FIRST-DEGREE MURDER STRATEGY (CALL IT MANIFESTO BUSH) MAKES MANY AMERICANS FEEL SAFER BECAUSE ITS TERROR, FDR THE MOMENT, IS DIRECTED AT THE "OTHER."

CovertAction Quarterly 5 NUMBER 75 FALL 2003 Security Council. The Council has well as preordained as its four standing members: Bush t e r r o r a t t a c k s , t o (as chairman), Vice President Dick perpetuate his de WORLDlWORLDWIDE, THE BUSH REGIME Cheney, Secretary of Defense facto military dicta- uAt* Donald Rumsfeld, and Attorney t o r s h i p . H A SHAS A i BLACKLIST DF SIXTY General John Ashcroft. The You may wonder Homeland Security Council is the how this can be NATION^NATIONS IT INTENOS TO INVADE, flip side of the "other"-directed done? It's easy. The National Security Council.5 Bush Regime is ere- CONQUER CuNQl AND CONVERT INTO Last but not least. Bush on ating this fascist January 29, 2003, created the police state through QUISLING QUISUI QUASI-DEMOCRACIES Terrorist Threat Integration Center the Big Ue, a tech- (TTIC) at the CIA. TTIC combines nique favored by THRuUiTHROUGH A SERIES OF "SHOCK the essential anti-terror elements of Hitler. A generation the Justice Department and the CIA. has passed since theANO AND AWiAWE" MILITARY CAMPAIGNS, It reports directly to Bush, so the Vietnam War, and Bush Regime may coordinate the thirty years of FOLLOwllFOUOWED BY ENDLESS, lUEGAL w a r o n t e r r o r o u t s i d e t h e Hollywood propa- mwvr Department of Homeland Security, ganda has erased DIRTDIRTY WARS DESIGNED TO and without congressional scrutiny. from America's col- lective memory the ERADICATE ERADICt THE BUSH RiGIME'S lessons that humili T H E M E T H O D I N T H E I R ating defeat taught IDEOLOiIDEOLOGICAL OPPOSITION FROM MADNESS about the abuse of power. Americans THETHE FACE OF THE EARTH. Homeland Security is a euphemism no longer have a for internal security, and Manifesto moral imperative to Bush is based on political internal pretend that they Israel, and is about to be applied security at home, for without it care what is right or wrong. The here through the Homeland Bush cannot plunder the world. only thing that matters to them Security apparatus. T h e r e i s n o o t h e r n e e d f o r now is conquest. Homeland Security. Bush did not And yet, every day the war on concoct the Homeland Security terror is looking more like the PHOENIX: apparatus to provide Americans Phoenix Program in South Vietnam, A N T I - T E R R O R I S M A S with bigger SUVs or greater protec but on a global scale. Eighteen INTERNAL SECURITY tion from terrorism. On the con months after the burqa was lifted in trary, at a cost of $50 billion in tax Afghanistan, CIA-directed Special On December 12, 1970, the CIA payers' money, it will provide Bush Forces systematically hunt down issued a report titled Internal with the 170,000 political cadre he and murder the political opposition Security in South Vietnam-Phoenix. needs to pacify the unwitting, flag- of the Bush Regime's puppet gov It is significant for two reasons. waving American public, including ernment. And in Iraq, the "total First, it documents that the CIA the 75% that support him and his victory" Bush promised has trans equated its Phoenix "anti-terror" illegal invasion and occupation of lated into the violent suppression of Program with political "internal Iraq, and the 40% that believe thousands of Nationalists, not just security." Secondly, it acknowl Saddam Hussein was responsible Saddam's political supporters. edges that terrorism, as well as for the terror attacks of September Worldwide, the Bush Regime has a political and psychological opera 11th. Homeland security is, simply blacklist of sixty nations it intends tions, were more dangerous to stated, a Trojan Horse through to invade, conquer and convert into political internal security than main which Bush will unleash his ideo quisling quasi-democracies through force military operations. logical stormtroopers on America, a series of "shock and awe" military According to the CIA, the Viet Cong and exploit his ill-gotten power to campaigns, followed by endless, Infrastructure (VCI) managed this achieve personal and political gain. illegal dirty wars designed to eradi shadow war in South Vietnam. In This is no mean feat. Creating cate the Bush Regime's ideological the report. Internal Security in the Homeland Security apparatus is opposition from the face of the South Vietnam-Phoenix, the VCI is the largest reorganization of the earth.7 That's Manifesto Bush. defined as "the political and admin federal government in fifty years. In order to commit genocide istrative organization through According to Lawrence Korb, one of and plunder the world. Bush needs which the Communists control or the nation's leading national securi to ensure his political internal secu seek to control the people of South ty experts at the Council on Foreign rity at home. This will be done in Vietnam."® Relations, it might even "bankrupt the same way the war on terror is Keep this definition in mind, the country."^ This may be anoth being waged overseas: through a for the CIA's political and adminis er of its unstated purposes, for Bush new and improved version of the trative targets in South Vietnam will need a series of national emer CIA's Phoenix Program, as it was were civilians, not soldiers. The gencies, an economic depression as conceived in Vietnam, perfected in same holds true today. Civilians in

NUMBER 75 FALL 2003 CovertAction Quarterly Valentine

ing but unsubstantiated reports brought to you by network news agencies. The Phoenix concept also includes selective terror. The pur pose of selective terror was psycho logical: to isolate the oppressor, while demonstrating the ability of the oppressed to strike small blows for freedom, until a general upris ing was possible.^ The CIA had conducted ter ror operations since its inception in 1947, but in 1964 the Saigon sta tion concluded that in order to win the Vietnam War, it had to start neutralizing the VCI through selec tive terror. As Station Chief Peer Is this the Cabinet Room or the CIA's Vietnam closet? Ridge, DeSilva explained in his autobiogra phy, Sub Rosa, the idea was "to Bush, Lieberman, Cheney discuss exhuming Phoenix Program bring danger and death" to the skeletons for the Dept. of Homeland Security, June 7, 2002. political and administrative leaders of the insurgency by singling them out for selective terror.^O The CIA Afghanistan and Iraq who organize nitely on the false accusation of one also added its own distinctly playful politically against the Bush anonymous informant. American twist by applying the Eye Regime's puppet rulers are the More on the blacklist later: of God technique, which plays on modem equiv^ent of the VCI, and, For now I will explain how the anal the primitive fear of an ^-seeing according to Manifesto Bush, they ogy between the CIA's Phoenix cosmic eye that can look into any can be hunted and killed by the Program and the Bush Regime's one's mind and root out bad CIA. If they arm themselves in self- Homeland Security apparatus thoughts. In South Vietnam in defense of their homeland they becomes more valid every day. 1964, the CIA produced 50,000 Eye become faceless terrorists. of God playing cards. Each card was Likewise, the Homeland Security P H O E N I X A S T H E painted black and had a hideous apparatus will eventually target the CONCEPTUAL PRECEDENT white eye in the center. When a Bush Regime's political and admin FOR HOMELAND SECURITY counter-terror team suspected indi istrative opposition in America. viduals of alignment with the VCI in The December 10, 1970 The Phoenix concept is that terror a city or village, they would murder report stated that the CIA's Phoenix is an organizing principle of society, them in the most gruesome fashion Program was the only defense and it is through terror that Bush possible, along with their families if against the insurgency's managers, will create his legally criminal soci possible, and then nail one of these and the terrorists under their con ety through the Homeland Security cards in the middle of the victim's trol. Phoenbc mounted this defense apparatus. This includes every type forehead - the "third eye" - which by coordinating all American and of terror, from the explicit terror of Buddhists consider the seat of con South Vietnamese intelligence and the sadistic, feudalistic siege that sciousness. anti-terror agencies in an effort to strangled, starved, and obliterated The Eye of God terror tech identify and then neutralize the Baghdad, and delivered it into a nique has been adopted by Bush VCI. To neutralize meant to kill, humanitarian catastrophe and a and applied to the counterinsur- capture, or make to defect, and the Vietnam-style insurgency: to the gency in Iraq through the distribu CIA went about this in typical cor collective terror Israel dishes out to tion of a deck of cards that identi porate fashion: It imposed an deny Palestinians homes, jobs, fies, for capture or assassination, 1,800-per-month neutralization health and education. It also the leaders of Saddam Hussein's quota on its Phoenix officers in the includes the pure terror of rubber regime and the Ba'ath Party. This field. Those officers in turn relied bullets that pepper war protesters exercise in motivational indoctrina upon a computerized blacklist of in America. There is also the implic tion (the brainwashing technique the VCI, which included not only it psychological terror of jack-boot developed by the CIA in Vietnam to Communists, but also their sympa ed National Guardsmen patrolling convert average soldiers into assas thizers and, more significantly, any airports and plainclothes police sins) has become so popular in one not actively supporting men armed with automatic rifles, America that the CIA is actually America's puppet government. searching cars without probable advertising these death cards to Innocent people who found their cause. It's color-coded warnings kids on the Internet. names on the Phoenix blacklist issued by anxious Homeland Little do the kids know that could be killed, kidnapped, Security officials of terror attacks the Bush Regime is subliminally detained and/or tortured indefi that never occur, and its frighten applying the Eye of God terror tech-

CovertAction Qualierly 7 NUMBER 75 FALL 2003 nique to Homeland Security, to make everyone feel as if Big Brother is watching them personally. Either at home or abroad, the idea is to instill the fear of God in everyone. That is why the CIA's Phoenix was always pictured, in the various psy chological warfare materials the CIA distributed among the Vietnamese, as holding a blacklist in its jaws and a s n a k e r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e Communists in its talons. The Phoenix is the all-seeing CAH BINH VlfT bird that selectively snatches its OXY I.A DXU HI#J COA THS»I prey. It is the archetype of terror, and Bush is about to unleash it on America.

THE FOUNDATION STONES OF A TERRORIST STATE

In 1964 the CIA set in place three of the four foundation stones upon which the Phoenix Program was built: counter-terror teams; the Province Interrogation Center Program, through which an American engineering and con COM Tlip Toc CHiiN o&o chSng lai' cmamh kghia qti6c, struction firm built an interroga G1A, CAC &AM CHAC CH^iN sS*sl CHCT TH(I THA* HHU TM6 tion center in each of South NAY I ! ' Vietnam's 44 provinces (one of The CIA's deck of death. Caption reads: "Viet Cong! This is a which, in 1972, was managed by Representative Rob Simmons [R- sign of death! Continue your struggle against the National CONN.]); and the Hamlet Informant Cause and you will surely die a mournful death like this!" Program (HIP), which was designed to identify VCI suspects at the grass blanket surveillance systems up Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, where so- roots level of society. Attorney their sleeves, like the Total called illegal combatants (civilians General John Ashcroft's short-lived Information Awareness Program. who resist American occupation in Terrorism Information and These three programs worked their homelands) are banished into Prevention System (TIP) was the in tandem. On the basis of a false a modern Black Hole of Calcutta, Homeland Security version of HIP. accusation from a single anony where psychological terror is the Although Congress would not allow mous HIP informant, a counter-ter torture of choice, the lights are him to implement TIP, Ashcroft, the ror team would kidnap or assassi never tumed off in the tiny isola CIA and the military have other nate a VCI suspect. If kidnapped, tion cells built by Brown & Root, the suspect was detained in an and the hooded CIA interrogators interrogation center, jail, or one of are America's boys next door. the hundreds of detention centers Administrative detention, the THE GREATEST DANGER the CIA paid American firms like fourth foundation stone of the Brown & Root to build everywhere Phoenix Program, is the extra-legal FACING AMERICA TODAY in South Vietnam; VCI suspects nail upon which the Homeland were shuffled back and forth Security apparatus and war on ter IS THE SECRET POLITICAL between interrogation centers, ror hang. Administrative detention detention centers, and jails until is a neat way of circumventing the WARFARE PROGRAM THE they died or defected. Otherwise Geneva Convention by creating they were sent for disposition to a crimes of status. It was used by the BUSH REGIME HAS military tribunal or a CIA-advised, CIA in Vietnam through the McCarthyite security committee. Phoenix Program against anyone HIDDEN WITHIN ITS Disposition meant summary execu sympathizing with the Communists tion or imprisonment on Con Son or Nationalists, or failing to aaively HOMELAND SECURITY Island, ninety miles off the south- support the puppet regime. These em tip of South Vietnam. Con Son were crimes of status, as was being APPARATUS. Prison was the Phoenix version of a pacifist. Administrative detention Bush's macabre detention camp in practices were perfected in Israel,

NUMBER 75 FALL 2003 8 CovertAction Quarterly Valentine where it is okay to roundup civil P H O E N I X A S T H E Department of Homeland Security, ians, detain and torture them indef ORGANIZATIONAL MODEL w h i c h h a s f o u r d i v i s i o n s : initely, destroy their homes with FOR HOMELAND SECURITY Information Analysis and bulldozers, and then cast them to Infrastructure Protection, Science the four winds, simply because they Upon its creation in 1967, Phoenix and Technology, Border and are Palestinians, Being a stateless was managed by a committee of Transportation Security, and Palestinian is a crime of status. five senior CIA and military officers. Emergency Preparedness and The Patriot and Homeland This Phoenix Committee functioned Response. Senator Joseph lieberman would like to add, with Security Acts have already set in like Bush's Homeland Security place in America most of the ele Council: It was a board of directors in the Directorate of Information ments of administrative detention. that advised the chairman and for Analysis and Infrastructure John Ashcroft's forthcoming mulated policy. Directly imder the Protection, an Office of Intelligence, Domestic Security Enhancement Phoenix Committee was a Phoenix with about 1,000 analysts from Act will eliminate whatever admin Directorate. A senior CIA officer dozens of contributing agencies. If istrative burdens remain, and make served as Director and was assisted Lieberman has his way this Office of it possible for American citizens to by a staff of CIA and military per Intelligence will coordinate and be detained on the basis of their sonnel. The Directorate planned direct Homeland Security opera crimes of status; such as tions. But if Bush suc protesting the war on ter c e e d s t h e T e r r o r i s t ror, threatening critical U/UPIl •rntl/ nio li#C Center Threat will Integration handle this infrastructure programs WHEN '""P* BUSH PUBLICLY ANNOUNCED HIS by being an environmen- pj flip function, as a White H o u s e h i p - p o c k e t talist, or a peace activist, PROPOSED '' LEGISLATIDN FOR THE or organizing politically npDA rUiiH*nDITV T operation.i2 Phoenix person- against the Bush Regime. DEPARTMENTULrM OF HOMELAND SECURITY Under Phoenix, the j ') InMI T U A national, T a s s i g regional, n e d a t justice system was theDN *' JUNE 6,2002, HE STRESSED THAT ultimate form of terror- TUP f lloolUNFICCI/IA/ levels. provincial A province and district in ism. Through administra-THE ^ORGANIZATION'S PRIMARY MISSION tive detention laws, due M//l< .. IntYup lentVietnam of a is state the equiva- in the process was non-existent, WAS"Aiw TO "MOBILIZE AND FOCUS... THE and corrupt officials used AMPl^ On^gi YUP Int United Phoenix States, Province and the the Phoenix blacklist to AMERICAN nmPn PEOPLE TO ACCOMPLISH THE extort innocent civilians IbmYJPMV Coordinator top of the was Phoenix at the as well as VCI. It was the MISSION OFAUACKING THE ENEMY f f D V c o m m a n d . I n greatest blackmail yugWHERE HE HIDES AND PLANS." BY■ each of South scheme ever invented: If ▶ urtAi Vietnam's 44 provinces you didn't do what the WHICH yyu HE MEANS, HAVING HIS' NEWNtW he managed the CIA's President and his clique '''' . pupi^y counter-terror teams, of gangsters wanted, LEGIONSIPQinj ROOT OUT THE POLITICAL■ ENEMY tntmi Province Interrogation your name appeared on ^cwiwi - Center, and informant the blacklist - and you yyi C UIM program. The CIA's were as good as dead. WITHIN AMERICA, JUST AS THE CIA Be forewarned: the WnUi loIC nUvv MnUi will Counter-Terror post officers Centerwithin Bush Regime and its cor- WOULD RODT OUT THE VCI, AND IS NDW in An Justice Department porate gangsters have ROOTING nrt OUT INSURGENTS IN IRAQ.IKMUm terrorism task forces in their blacklists: The INS- at least 56 American State Department TIPOFF localities, to "plan blacklist; the No-Fly and conducted anti-VCI operations, daily operations." Just like the CIA's blacklist, distributed to airUnes by Province Coordinator was the top the FBI and the Transportation managed the judicial processing of man in the Phoenix chain of com Security Administration, often iden some 200,000 Vietnamese civilians caught in the Phoenbc dragnet, and mand, these CIA counter-terror offi tifying peace activists; CAPPS II, cers will dominate terror operations which uses credit card information made sure that all the American within the Department of and secret databases to assess a per and South Vietnamese intelligence and anti-terror programs it coordi Homeland Security.i^ son's security risk level; and local The involvement of CIA blacklists like the one kept by the nated - as well as programs for counter-terror officers in domestic Denver Police Department. defectors, territorial security, law enforcement is extra-legal and You know these lists. You just refugees, public safety, civil affairs, tactical - their job is to sniff out ter don't know about the secret ones - and psychological warfare - stayed the illegitimate Bush Regime's ene focused on anti-VCI operations. rorists and launch preemptive The Phoenix Directorate is attacks that neutralize terrorists mies list of its most powerful before they strike - even if their domestic political opponents. the organizational model for the crime is a labor dispute. That's what

NUMBER 75 FALL 2003 CovertAction Quarterly Phoenix did, and what the e s o f M i n n e s o t a S e n a t o r P a u l Department of Homeland Security Wellstone and Missouri Governor P H O E N I X A S T H E will do. But there is also a strategic Mel Camahan. Like the anthrax let PSYCHOLOGICAL WARFARE facet to Phoenix, and just as the ters mailed to Democratic senators, PRECEDENT FOR Phoenix Committee managed the it takes only a few black propagan HOMELAND SECURITY strategic internal security function da terror operations to silence the in Vietnam, Bush's Homeland Bush Regime's political opposition. As noted, information management Security Council, through the There is no doubt that the - the Big Lie - is key to the Bush Terrorist Threat Integration Center, Bush Regime intends to use terror Regime's effort to make terror the will wage secret political warfare to subdue its political opposition. organizing principle in American against the Bush Regime's domestic As right-wing pundit Michael society, and to making its opposition in America. Ledeen stated, "New times require Homeland Security apparatus and new people with new standards." war on terror appear to be legal, P H O E N I X A S T H E P R O TO T Y P E Ledeen's new people will have the moral, and, most importantly, pop OF POLITICAL WARFARE will power to "stamp out" the "cor ular. This is being done through the rupt habits of mind" manifest in the most ambitious psychological war The greatest danger facing America thoughts or actions of anyone who fare campaign ever conducted. today is the secret political warfare opposes Bush Regime aggression. The first step is organizing program the Bush Regime has hid According to Ledeen, "The entire political cadre - Ledeen's legions of den within its Homeland Security political world will understand it new people with the will power to apparatus. The precedent to this and applaud it. And it will give Tom stamp out the corrupt habits of internal security operation is the Ridge a chance to succeed, and us mind of Bush Regime opponents. Phoenix Program. Like the Bush [the fascists] to prevail."i5 Again the Phoenix Program is the Regime, the government of South This ideological terror is the model. The soldiers slated to partic Vietnam was inherently illegitimate maximum danger of the Homeland ipate in Phoenix were trained at a and corrupt, and was able to sus Security apparatus, and blackmail CIA-managed motivational indoctri tain its political internal security is the key. Hundreds of businesses nation school at Fort Bragg. These only through a phony war on terror and institutions across the country Phoenbc advisers were the first that had, as its ulterior motive, the have already been placed on the political cadre to infiltrate the pacification of the people it was CIA's Watch list. One Bush official American military. A successful pledged to defend. The problem has said that merely being on the career was guaranteed in return for became manifest in 1968, when list "could destroy the livelihood of South Vietnam's President Nguyen adopting the right-wing party line. all those organizations...without a Several former Phoenix officers now Van Thieu sabotaged peace negoti bomb being thrown or a spore of enjoy important Department of ations with the North because, like anthrax being released."i6 Homeland Security posts. Major Bush, he had stolen his office and Such blacklists have "the General Bruce Lawlor, a former CIA thus preferred internal political leaders of many federal depart officer who ran counter-terror security over a peaceful settlement ments and agencies...scrambling to teams in Vietnam, is now DHS Chief that would end the national emer figure out... how they can influence of Staff. The Department's chief of gency, suspend all police state [Homeland Security policy] without counter-narcotics operations, Roger actions (like administrative deten appearing disloyal." So as not to Mackin, ran Phoenix operations in tion, upon which it relied), and appear disloyal, intelligence agen the city of Da Nang. Other Phoenix allow for majority rule. cies "deliberately slant estimates to alumni lurk about. 18 Thieu's actions led to con fit a political agenda," and for over At Fort Bragg, CIA psycho gressional investigations which in a year it's been well known that the logical warfare experts instructed 1970 revealed that the CIA had Bush Regime, through its secret used the Phoenix Program as "an Phoenix advisers in using armed blacklists, "squelches dissenting propaganda to wage political war instrument of mass political mur views..."i7 der" to neutralize politicians and fare. A training manual on the sub Blackmail fosters mandatory ject was reprinted in the early activists who opposed Thieu or self-censorship: No one in authority 1980s by a former Phoenix opera espoused peace. "By analogy," said will probe Bush's relations with the then Representative Ogden Reid (D- tor involved in the Reagan Regime's bin Laden family, or ask why he illegal Contra war. Titled N.Y.), "if the Union had had a whisked the bin Ladens and mem Phoenix program during the Civil Psychological Operations in bers of the Saudi royal family out of Guerrilla Warfare, it states that "the War, its targets would have been the country in the wake of human being should be considered civilians like Jefferson Davis or the September 11th. No one will dare the priority objective in a political mayor of Macon, Georgia." 14 ask about the Israeli spy rings in the war. And conceived as the military Nowadays in America, strate United States and their possible target of guerrilla war, the human gic political neutralizations can be false flag relationship with the made to look like accidents, as most being has his most critical point in Saudis who flew the planes into the his mind. Once his mind has been likely happened in the plane crash Twin Towers. reached, the 'poHtical animal' has

NUMBER 75 FALL 2003 CovertAction Quarterly Vaientine been defeated, without necessarily percent, and defeat the five percent like the Goldberg-Lewinsky sex receiving buUets-^i^ that form the resistance. scandal that targeted Bill Clinton. Homeland Security person The pressure to join the new Thanks to blanket surveillance, the nel will pass through similar politi legions will be almost irresistible. most intimate details of a person's cal and motivational indoctrination Already we are subjected to a bar private life will become his or her courses before they go to work. rage of Bill O'Reilly and Michael greatest liability. Extramarital Critical Infrastructure personnel Savage-style TV and radio shows, affairs, drug use, and mental health will spy on colleagues who may and Tom Hanks/Steven Spielberg care will be bared to the nation. inadvertently or maliciously serve movies that appeal to our most vio If an individual is impervi as "terrorist surrogates" by publicly lent cultural beliefs; and when that ous to shame, or has no past indis or privately revealing information doesn't work, latent threats get us cretions, forged documents will be on infrastructure vulnerabilities. to denounce our ideals and accept used. One prominent political The cadres will "covertly identify" the fascist Bush Regime. In South opponent jailed by South and watch these people until it Vietnam CIA officers taught district Vietnamese President Thieu comes time to expose them in the chiefs how to teach classes on gov through the CIA's Phoenix Program media as being under investigation. ernment ideology: "problem indi revealed the existence of "a system No one will want to be identified, viduals" were given the motivation atic campaign of vilification by use even falsely, as an "inadvertent" or al indoctrination course, and every of forged documents." Forged docu "malicious terrorist surrogate," where "the populace was encour ments used to justify false arrests or knowing that once they have been aged to report the activities of the conceal illegal operations often defined in these terms they are sub VCI by dropping a note addressed emerged as captured documents. ject to being "stamped out," as to the police in local mailboxes." Aides to the Senate Foreign Michael Ledeen has suggested. This method of institutionalized Relations Committee investigating The Bush Regime is busy snitching accounted for 40% of the Phoenix in 1970 wiyly reported training its political cadres, information used in Phoenix opera that: "There seems to be captured Ledeen's "new people," whose tions. Psychological operations in documents to prove any point or to minds have been defeated by support of the attack against the support, retrospectively, almost implicit terror and who have VCI were so effective that in 1970, any conclusion."2i embraced the fascist principles the Pentagon's Special Assistant for Not just the phony justifica they've been subliminally indoctri Counterinsurgency and Special tion for the invasion, conquest and nated with for years through the A c t i v i t i e s d e s c r i b e d P h o e n i x a s " t h e occupation of Iraq, forged docu corporate propaganda machine. number one...priority."20 ments, whether captured or not, These new people are fast joining When Bush publicly announced and compromise and discredit front organizations like the his proposed legislation for the operations, are also a mainstay of Freedom Corps, the Citizen Corps, Department of Homeland Security the eternal war on terror. We have Community Emergency Response on June 6, 2002, he stressed that seen network news agencies broad Teams (which will train kids at the organization's primary mission cast edited videotapes of Osama bin school to prepare for the disasters was to "mobilize and focus... the Laden, and in Afghanistan, cap the illegitimate Bush Regime and its American people to accomplish the tured documents were routinely Timothy McVeighs will surely visit mission of attacking the enemy used as a form of black propaganda upon America); the Neighborhood where he hides and plans." By to justify military actions that Watch Program, that will allow the which he means, having his new resulted in collateral damage, Bush Regime to detain its drunk legions root out the political enemy meaning the first-degree murder of and disorderly political opponents within America, just as the CIA innocent people. as terrorist surrogates; and the would root out the VCI, and is now At the local level we can also Medical Reserve Corps (MRC), rooting out insurgents in Iraq. expect a slew of false rumors from through which overpaid doctors Homeland Security cadres, will monitor patients within the fal P H O E N I X A S T H E M O D E L F O R designed to ruin the reputations of tering health care system. M A X I M U M A B U S E S politically incorrect families in their Within these front groups, villages and towns, especially envi as stated in the CIA's Guerrilla In the forthcoming national emer ronmentalists who challenge criti Warfare manual, are the cadres gency, the CIA will form special cal infrastructure corporations. The trained "in techniques of persua units within the 56 (minimally, paranoia that currently infects the sion over control of target groups" there may now be as many as 93) Arab-American community will to support the Bush Regime. In a Justice Department counter-terror spread nationwide, until no one is national emergency these cadres task forces around the country, and sure who is a spy for the Bush will be mobilized; they will attend m C w i l l f o r m h i t t e a m s w i t h i n Regime's Thought Police. Midnight mass meetings, carry placards, security forces at its disposal for arrests and disappearances into shout slogans, and if necessary grab political internal security opera administrative detention centers guns and ropes and form lynch tions. Bush's most powerful political will be commonplace, as the defini mobs. As in Vietnam, only five per opponents will endure compromise tion of a terrorist surrogate is cent of the people need to be organ and discredit operations like the expanded to include people ized in this fashion in order to wield one the FBI used against Martin deemed dangerous to the Public control over the indifferent ninety Luther King, Jr., before his death; or O r d e r . A s A m b a s s a d o r E l l s w o r t h

CovertAction Quarterly NUMBER 75 FALL 2003 Bunker wrote in 1972, this "means else posing a challenge to the reac tion, torture, and summary execu that virtually any person arrest- tionary right and the internal secu tion, all carried out without previ ed...can now be held on criminal rity forces that are firmly in its grip. ous judgment pronounced by a reg instead of political charges."22 What makes this possible is ularly constituted court, will be per No specific charge will be that Ashcroft has vowed to "arrest fectly legal in the forthcoming, required; a Homeland Security and detain any suspected terrorist legally criminal Homeland Security informant will simply accuse his who has violated the law," but he state, because they will result from neighbor, the one whose dog tres has yet to specify what criteria administrative procedures and will passes on his lawn, of disturbing define a suspected terrorist, or what not involve a "criminal sentence."25 the public order. Then off the law (Public Order?) has been violat This is Phoenix, and it's what unlucky fellow goes into the local ed. This is what happened in the Bush clique has in store for Guantanamo detention center. Vietnam too. There was never any America. Through Ashcroft's Domestic consensus about the definition of a Security Enhancement Act, the VCI sympathizer. Four years after crime of sedition will be resurrected the Phoenbc Program was initiated, and will include disseminating the New York Times revealed that Douglas Valentine is the author of The Hotel information about government cor 26,843 VCI and sympathizers had Tacloban, TDY, and The Phoenix Program, ruption, or undermining the will of been "neutralized" in the previous v\diich are available through his web sites, the State (as Ashcroft is fond of say 14-month period. During congres http://www.DougiasValentine.com, ing) by challenging its authority. sional hearings that were being httpJ/memlDers.authorsguild.net/valentine. Calling for civil disobedience will be held at the time. Representative His new book. The Strength of the Wolf: The equated with threatening homeland Reid asked Phoenix Program direc Federal Bureau of Narcotics, 1930-1968, tranquility. A cadre in the Office of tor William Colby, "Are you certain will be published by Verso in May2004. Cyberspace Security will expose that we know a loyal member of the you as a terrorist surrogate for VCI from a loyal member of the sending sarcastic or satirical emails. South Vietnamese citizenry?" NOTES How can you prove you were only Colby said, "No."24 joking when you blamed Bush for Thus the definition of a ter 1. Vietnam Policy and Prospects 1970 the terror attacks on the World rorist suspect or surrogate is delib (Hearings Before the Committee on Trade Center, or said that Cheney's erately Irft wide open, paving the Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate, Feb. 17- refusal to investigate the attacks 20. March 3, 14, 17, 19, 1970), way for political repression through Statement for the Record on the Security institutionalized terror. The anti- proves that Bush did it?23 Aspects of Pacification and terror legislation passed by Development, by Ambassador William E. A FINAL WORD OF WARNING Congress and signed by Bush allows Colby, p. 716. for secret searches of the homes of 2. Harold Reylea, Report for Congress, Already we passively permit hood people who meet the nebulous cri Homeland Security: Department of ed policemen to search our cars, teria of "suspected terrorist." No Organization and Management, Sept. 9, without probable cause, for Osama doubt these secret searches violate 2002, p. 14. bin Laden. These policemen are the Fourth Amendment, so 3. "The National Security Strategy of the United States of America," helping us, right? They would never Ashcroft, again lifting a page from turn their guns on us, right? the Phoenix playbook, has vowed to www.whitehouse. gov/nsc/nssall. html. This White House-produced document is As stated in the CIA's terror "employ new tools that ease admin a clear public statement of Washington's istrative burdens."25 m a n u a l , a n d a s i s k n o w n t o empire policy. Homeland Security cadre like Ashcroft is laying his mean 4. Anthony Judge quoting Johan Michael Ledeen and Bill O'Reilly, ing between the lines, and what he Galtung, who coined the phrase "legally "Implicit terror always accompanies means is that the Bush Regime's criminal" in regard to oppressive social weapons, since the people are inter political police will be empowered structures, in "Metaphoric Entrapment nally 'aware' that they can be used to detain American citizens without in Time, Avoiding the Trap of Project against them." probable cause. When four con- Logic," Project Logic: An Undetected Knowing this, every town will gresspersons charged that the Policy Trap, April 21, 2000: view at form a Homeland Security administrative detention laws http://www.uia.org/uiadocs/entrap.htm 5. Homeland Security Mission Committee, chaired by the Bush under the Phoenbc Program violat & Management statement, ed that part of the fourth Geneva Regime's local political cadre, who http://www.whitehouse.gov/homeland. will process confidential reports Convention guaranteeing protec Homeland Security Act of 2002, TITLE from concerned citizen snitches tion to civilians in time of war, CIA IX-NATIONAL HOMELAND SECURITY about the activities of terrorist sus legal experts argued that Artide 3 COUNCIL pects. These reports will pass applied "only to sentencing for 6. Interview with Lawrence Korb. through an ideological filter as they crimes, and does not prohibit a 7. The job of managing overseas coimt- work their way up to the TTIC, state from interning civilians or er-terror operations will fall to National where motivationally indoctrinated Security Adviser Condoleezza Rice. A subjecting them to emergency board member of Chevron Corporation, CIA officers will gleefully pull the detention when such measures are which operates in 100 foreign countries. plug on peace activists, environ necessary for the security or safety Rice, like Bush and Cheney, has an abid mentalists, citizens espousing of the state."26 ing personal interest in the growth of the national health care, and anyone In this way indefinite deten oil industry. She is a hard-liner and

NUMBER 75 FALL 2003 12 CovertAction Quarterly Valentine advocates a worldwide war on terror 13. Dana Priest, "The CIA Is Expanding Elizabeth Becker reported a top Bush ism to be fought in more than 60 coun Domestic Operations," Washington official as saying, "The whole society is tries. As she said in an Oaober 18,2001 Post, Ort. 23, 2002. vulnerable with hundreds, thousands of article posted on the CNN website, 14. Valentine, The Phoenix Program, targets we have to protect, but the most "you've got to get to these (terrorist) p. 15 important stuff won't be released." Korb cells and root them out and disrupt 15. Michael Ledeen, Oct. 1, 2001, The goes so far as to speak of existential them before they strike again." National Review Online. threats. 8. Go to Rusk Kick's Memory Hole to 16. Bob Woodward, Washington Post, 23. Warnings by an FBI agent that view the original Phoenix documents. Oct. 21, 2001. Muslim extremists were pianning to fly www.thememoryhole.org/phoenix/inte 17. Elizabeth Becker, New York Times, planes into the World Trade Center were mal-seurity.htm. Jan. 19, 2002, first quote; James lost in a bureaucratic shuffle in August, 9. Douglas Valentine, The Phoenix Bamford, "Maintain CIA's Independence," only weeks before the attacks. We are Program (New York: William Morrow Oct 24,2002, USA Today, second quote. told that these warnings never reached Co., 1990), p. 21. 18. Valentine, Counterpunch article on the White House, although Ashcroft him 10. Ibid. Lavdon www.coimterpunch.org/valen- self was warned not to fly on commercial 11. Matthew Rothschild, "More Anti- tine0824.html. Valentine, The Phoenix airlines at precisely that same time. Jake War Activists Snagged by 'No Fly' List," Program, p. 263, Ft. Bragg, pp. 407-10, Tapper, SaIon.com, Sept. 12, 2001. Oct.l6, 2002, The Progressive. See aiso Lawlor, pp. 351-54, Mackin. Government 24. Valentine, The Phoenix Program, Unisys News Report, Blue Bell, Perm., Executive Magazine, Dec. 18, 2002, cit p. 378. Aug. 19, 2002. ing the Washington Post, Lawlor as 25. Attorney General John Ashcroft, 12. Senator Joseph Lieberman said, "If Chief of Staff; March 24, 2003, Press Prepared Remarks for the U.S. Mayors we don't create a very strong coordina Release by White House Drug Czar and Coirference, Washington, D.C., Oct. 25, tor and analyzer of intelligence, we Homeland Security chief, Mackin. 2001. have not completed our work." Qjioted 19. Tayacan, Psychological Operations 26. Valentine, The Phoenix Program, from Lieberman and Ledeen Interview in Guerrilla Warfare, published on line at p. 378. with Newt Gingrich on Fox News www.tscm.oom/CIAJ'syOpSLJlandbookhtmL 27. Ibid., p. 378, citing a document pre Channel, July 13, 2002 - 11 p.m. EOT. 20. Valentine, The Phoenix Program, pared on July 19, 1971, by the Vietnam Also author interview with Leslie p. 284. Task Force, titled "The Geneva Phillips, lieberman's aide on Homeland 21. Ibid., pp. 332-34. Convention and the Phoenix Program." Security, April 2, 2003. See also 22. Ibid., p. 402, Bunker statement re Lieberman Committee language insert "Decree Law 020, Concerning National ed into Homeland Security Act Title II, Security and Public Order." In a July 16 Subtitie A, Section 201 (d). article for the New York Times,

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CovertAction Quarterly 13 FALL 2003 NUMBER 75 Recasting Space Supremacy THE EXTRATERRESTRIAL AGENDA OF GLOBAL PREEMPTIVE WAR

LoringWirbel

dominance in orbit around the days of the Bush administration, Themade military no space secret agencies of their have desire Earth. When these networks are activists had to struggle to make the for both domination of the planet, wedded to a doctrine of total pre case that ballistic missile defense and "negation" of other nations' ventive war, spelled out in the was a first-strike technology, not a space capabilities. But they would September 2002 "National Security means of defense against non-exis rather the public not fully grasp Strategy of the United States," they tent threats. By the end of the war that each time a precision Joint constitute a blueprint for perma on Iraq, the military openly admit Direct Attack Munition, or JDAM, nent war to assure U.S. global supe ted to looking for the most effective guided by the Global Positioning riority. first-strike weapons it could find, System, was dropped on an Iraqi In the aftermath of the war on whether those weapons were mis city, the U.S. was waging a war from Iraq the Air Force Space Command sile-defense rockets and lasers, or space. Each time an Unmanned tightened collaboration with its strike aircraft used for aerial Aerial Vehicle fed intelligence to partner. Strategic Command, to assault.2 the Global Broadcast System satel bring the nuclear weapons infra By normalizing the use of space lite network, the U.S. was waging a structure into the new space-domi and rendering it invisible, the Bush war from space. Each time signals nance paradigm. The two organiza administration could maintain the intelligence satellites updated the tions were slated to meet at Offut pretense that its interest in Star coordinates of Ba'ath party leaders, Air Force Base in August 2003, to Wars weapons and space suprema the U.S. was waging a war from ponder the implications of a new cy appears to have shifted to the space. Defense Department program back burner. The second half of Forgive the legions of embedded called "Operationally Responsive 2002 appeared to be a slack time reporters traveling alongside invad Spacelift," or ORS. The ORS plan for space. The Space-Based Laser ing U.S. forces in Iraq for assuming calls for abandoning joint work Office within the Missile Defense the March assault was an earth- with NASA on a lightweight Orbital Agency was closed, and the federal- bound affair. Militaiy leaders con Space Plane, in favor of a heavy-lift level Space Command went through vening in Colorado Springs in early military space plane which could a Pentagon merger, leaving only April agreed that the attack on Iraq serve as a manned assault or recon specific Space Commands for Air utilized space to an extent never naissance vehicle. ORS entails using Force, Army, and Navy to head up before seen in modem warfare. But retired Minuteman-llI rockets for a to the media, blinded by dust service-specific space missions. The variety of new missions, including melding of the U.S. Space Command storms while fawning over Marine first-strike assault in which the mis into the Strategic Command on and Army divisions on the march siles could be outfitted with either October 1, 2002, would seem to from Kuwait to Baghdad, the role of nuclear or conventional weapons. underscore the message that space was hard to determine. And Air Force Space Command is talking Donald Rumsfeld's promise in early that is precisely how the directors about the development of a new 2001 of making dominance of plan of Air Force Space Command and Minuteman-IV missile, which would etary space a key military goal has the National Reconnaissance Office borrow mobile basing strategies fallen victim to terrestrial practical would like it. from the plans for the original MX ities. As military space doctrine has missile, while using the earth-pene Nothing could be further from evolved and sharpened from trating nuclear weapons now being the truth. The constant use of Kosovo to Colombia, from discussed for possible development space during the pre-invasion Afghanistan to Iraq, a growing at Los Alamos National Labs.i buildup in Iraq, and the three-week number of peace activists have In fact, the notion of preemp ground assault that followed, shows grasped that the mission of pre tive assault from space has found that the model of space warfare has venting the weaponization of space such favor in the aftermath of the been perfected, using a combina involves far more than opposing attack on Iraq, the Air Force's Office tion of permanent and "virtual" the missile-defense weapons of the of Space Operations and Integration space-support bases in Oman, Missile Defense Agency. Space dom (which proudly sports the new logo inance entails not just the weapons Qatar, Bahrain, Eritrea, Diego of "Air and Space Operations - The Garcia, and other nations. But the physically placed in space, but Superiority Complex"), is talking notion that space constitutes a spe weapon systems enabled through openly of using first-strike attacks cial dimension has fallen into disfa elaborate networks of intelligence, on airfields and missile fields as a vor. Since the U.S. already consid targeting, and communication sys more effective substitute for strate ers itself sole proprietor of global tems, which constitute a web of gic missile defense. In the early sea and air lanes, it is only natural

NUMBER 75 FALL 2003 CovertAction Quarterly that it manages all orbital and sub cessful the war in Afghanistan had has not bothered with the niceties orbital space on the planet, and been in proving the viability of of preserving artificial distinctions there is not nearly so much of a rea space as a force multiplier. Teets, between Pentagon and NASA space son to boast about the concept, as who serves a unique new role as use, particularly given his own his there was ten years ago when the chief Pentagon procurement officer tory as Navy secretary and comp-

THE CONCLUSIONS OF THE NUCLEAR POSTURE REVIEW, AS WELL AS RUMSFELD'S SUGGESTION THAT THE MISSILE DEFENSE AGENCY EXPLORE NUCLEAR WARHEADS FOR MISSILE INTERCEPTOR ROCKETS, SHOULD CONVINCE SKEPTICS THAT THE BUSH ADMINISTRATION SEES NUCLEAR WEAPONS AS BOTH CENTRAL TO SPACE DOMINANCE, AND USABLE IN STRATEGIES TO ATTAIN GLOBAL SUPREMACY. dominance theory was in its infan cy. In contrast to the heyday of the 1990s, when the U.S. Space Command released documents like Vision for 2020 and Long Range Plan^ which boasted of "space- based force multipliers" in all the atres of battle, the U.S. military has spent the last two years in a qui eter mode, learning by doing. Real-time support of battle groups by space platforms has been per fected by deploying tactical space units as part of a "Forward Operating Location" strategy of pre-positioning experts in intelli gence and communications to global hot spots.4 Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld let the Commission to A s s e s s U n i t e d S t a t e s N a t i o n a l Security Space Management and Organization do the talking on space supremacy on his behalf in NASA Administrator Sean O'Keefe talks of helping the Pentagon the very early days of the Bush track Taliban troops at the National Space Symposium, administration. The Commission warned of a "Pearl Harbor in space" Colorado Springs, CO, April 2002. unless total U.S. domination of the planet through unilateral control of space was achieved. This view was for space, in charge of a $68 billion troller in the Pentagon. In return, reinforced in late September 2002, space budget, said that Afghanistan the Defense Department has made when the White House released its reinforced the message previously NASA an integral part of national more general national security pol given by Teets' predecessor Keith security space networks. In early icy document that justified U.S. Hall regarding space dominance: September 2002, Teets announced efforts to establish a global empire "We have it, we like it, and we're the creation of the and wage continuous preemptive going to keep it."^ Transformational Communications war to preserve dominance.5 NASA Administrator Sean Office, a joint office of NRO, NASA, The Bush team also relied on O'Keefe has proudly touted his own and various military and intelli Peter Teets, Director of the National agency's involvement in the gence agencies, aiming for a unified Reconnaissance Office (NRG) and Afghanistan war, describing at the secure communications network.^ former COO of Lockheed Martin, to 2002 National Space Symposium Yet given this central role for do some public boasting in numer the use of the Sea-WiFS satellite for space-based forces, why was U.S. ous public speeches about how suc- tracking Taliban troops. O'Keefe Space Command apparently given

CovertAction QUBrterly 15 FALL 2003 NUMBER 75 Wirbel the heave-ho? Even conservative defensively "protecting" the U.S. sions, has since the Reagan era think tanks which favor a high-tech homeland from rogue missiles, has become a joint venture of the NSA, "revolution in military affairs," but not been paying attention to the the nation's electronic-listening question nuclear weapons, had evolution of modem military doc agency, and the forementioned trouble with the Space trine. NRO, manager of the nation's spy Command/Strategic Command The final, frightening aspect in satellites. Either of these agencies merger. The STRATFOR study this combat-command shell game is on their own dwarf the size of the group released an analysis last July the establishment of a new domes CIA. Together, they control a visi suggesting that Rumsfeld was tying tic command, the Northern ble annual budget well in excess of Space Command to a nuclear Command, which will take over $10 billion. Since the mid-1990s, dinosaur.8 facilities of the Space Command at the NRO and NSA have shared Such analyses assume that Bush Peterson Air Force Base in Colorado resources through the establish has lost interest in nuclear weapons Springs. Gen. Ed Eberhart, former ment of joint bases called Regional since cutting some informal arms- head of the Space Command, has SIGINT Operations Centers, or reduction deals with Vladimir moved to Northern Command, and RSOCs. Putin. But the conclusions of the already has begun to talk about Although these agencies' budg Nuclear Posture Review,9 as well as removing elements of the Posse ets are classified, what is known Rumsfeld's suggestion that the Comitatus Act that prevent the mil about their annual expenditures Missile Defense Agency explore itary from serving in domestic law tells only half the story. The n u c l e a r w a r h e a d s f o r m i s s i l e i n t e r enforcement roles. 12 Because biggest shift in NSA and NRO doc ceptor rockets,10 should convince Northern Command will have trine since the end of the Cold War skeptics that the Bush administra- access to the base of high-tech tools is that both agencies have kept the bulk of their resources intact, but have shifted their focus to provid ing real-time intelligence to U.S. forces involved in direct tactical battles, a strategy called "serving the warfighter." Much of the effort at getting intelligence from primary spy satellites and ground networks to tactical battle groups has come, not from NSA or NRO budgets, but from tactical intelligence budget programs called TENCAP (Tactical Exploitation of National Capabilities) and TIARA (Tactical Intelligence and Related Activities). When the billions of dollars in tacti cal intelligence programs are added to NSA and NRO agency budgets, it is reasonable to assume that exploitation of space for power pro jection consumes half or more of the nation's estimated $38 billion annual intelligence budget.!3 Former Lockheed chief - now NRO Director - Peter Teets NRO manages imaging satellites in space that capture data in both hypes up space war. visible-lightmnge (Keyhole/Kennan) and radar wavelengths, using syn tion sees nuclear weapons as both developed by aerospace corpora thetic aperture radar (Lacrosse). central to space dominance, and tions for the Space Command, it will Together, these satellite systems are useable in strategies to attain glob represent the cutting edge of sur used to build a "multispectral" al supremacy. veillance, analysis, and data-mining database for use by the National In this scenario, combining tools that will exploit the holes in Imagery and Mapping Agency, Strategic Command and Space privacy laws left by passage of the which can then be applied to air- Command make perfect sense. The USA Patriot Act. We shall explore breathing vehicles ranging from global gladiator is going to use all later how the corporate community cruise missiles to unpiloted aerial available tools to achieve what arms is taking advantage of this shift. reconnaissance vehicles, or UAVs. analyst Michael Klare calls "perma The imaging satellites will be aug nent pre-eminence."! 1 Space-based E Y E S A N D E A R S S E R V E mented in 2005 by a new family of m i l i t a r y n e t w o r k s a n d m i s s i l e - P R E E M P T I V E S U P R E M A C Y geosynchronous satellites built by defense weapons become merely Boeing, dubbed "8X," or Future two more arrows in the quiver of Technical intelligence, once the Imagery Architecture. These highly global hegemony. Anyone who realm of the National Security classified satellites represent the misconceives Star Wars weapons as Agency and specialized CIA divi most expensive military procure-

NUIV1BER75 FALL 2003 16 CovertAction Quarterly ment program in history, with each new collaboration have been fed since 1996, uses the Navy's UHF satellite prioed at several MBon dollars, directly to tactical battle groups, Follow-On satellite to transmit a mix excluding cost of the launch vehicle. raising the possibility that any of voice, data, and video streams to NRO also is lobbying heavily to future skirmish that U.S. forces are any location with a small satellite get Congress to approve a multi- involved in, becomes a "turkey dish. Some content is as benign as agency Space-Based Radar. This shoot" by definition. the Pentagon's version of a CNN would represent a vast improve In a series of experiments begun broadcast, while other content is as ment over Lacrosse, because it at Schriever Air Force Base in the sensitive as the NSA's Binocular would allow active tracking of mov mid-1990s, the Space Command intelligence distribution database. ing targets from space, what Teets practiced transmitting "fused" When American troops in called a "JSTARS weapons program intelligence information from NSA Afghanistan utilized the GBS system in space" (JSTARS is a radar-surveil and NRO to battleships, fighter jet on board the UFO satellites, Teets lance plane used in standoff "deep- cockpits, and individual Special told the 2002 Space Symposium, strike" attack). Operations soldiers in the field, Special Operations forces operating NRO's signals-intelligence, or under a classified series of pro on horseback in southern electronic-listening satellites, went grams dubbed the Talon missions. Afghanistan could receive instant through a significant revolution in Talon Shield, Talon Knight, etc. v i d e o f e e d s f r o m P r e d a t o r U A V the 1990s, moving to new families The program went "live" in July flights in other parts of the country. of geosynchronous satellites 1996. It was expanded to cover This example shows the impor dubbed Mercury, Mentor, and UAVs during the Kosovo bombing, tant role played by communica Trumpet. These satellites used using island bases off the Dalmatian tions and navigation satellites in unfurlable antennas built by TRW coast, along with specialized air enabling first-strike warfare. These and subcontractors, which could fields in Hungary and Albania. systems, often considered benign expand in space to cover the length The Pentagon used the Plan by those studying military space. of three football fields. The per formance of such satellites proved so impressive, the NSA accelerated programs to close down several DEFENSE CONTRACTORS HAVE MOVED DATA-MINING ground-based antenna fields, while moving others to remote TOOLS DIRECTLY FROM SPACE COMMAND DUTIES unmanned status. Again, these satellites will be THAT SUPPORTED THE ASSAULT ON IRAQ, TO upgraded around 2004 or 2005 by a new monster called Intruder, an element in the Integrated Overhead NORTHERN COMMAND AND DEPARTMENT OF SIGINT Architecture (lOSA) pro gram. Boeing once again serves as HOMELAND SECURITY DUTIES SUPPORTING prime contractor for this satellite. It is interesting to note that NRO DOMESTIC INTELLIGENCE AGENCIES. was pondering a move to a new architecture of many smaller satel lites operating in tandem, in a pro gram called IOSA-2. In two separate Colombia Forward Operating can be exploited to allow far more lobbying campaigns in the mid- Location (FOL) strategy in 2000 as a effective preemptive strikes. 1990s and early 21st century, model for later battles. Special The case of the Global Congress killed NRO's interest in bases were set up in El Salvador, Positioning System is particularly small satellites after intense lobby Ecuador, Antigua, and Curacao, instructive. For 20 years, activists ing by Boeing and Lockheed Martin, which served the roles of space have fought a losing battle to con which argued that support of gar downlinks, signals intelligence vince the public that GPS is first and gantuan geosynchronous spy satel antenna fields, and UAV airfields. foremost a weapon of war. Since lites was necessary for national These were used to create a "total G P S r e c e i v e r s a r e a v a i l a b l e f o r v i r security, a prime example of classi situational awareness" environ tually any car or hiking kit, its tran fied pork barrel politics, ment for Colombia, where space sition to a civilian technology seems Does the collaboration of NSA directly served soldiers on the complete. But with every step to and NRO in this field constitute a ground. "open" GPS frequencies to broader gross violation of civil liberties, as In Afghanistan, FOLs were re public use comes simultaneous critics of the Echelon program named "Forward Operating Bases," efforts to add additional militaiy- charge? In theory, yes, since satel reflecting the semi-permanent only frequencies, or to use GPS in lites can scoop up transmissions in nature of bases both in-country, ways that emphasize targeting virtually any frequency band. In and in neighboring nations such as before location-fmding. The wide reality, the agencies do not have Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. spread use of JDAM bombs in the nearly the storage space or human Capabilities were expanded by assault on Iraq shows that GPS now analysts to go over even a tiny per adding the broadband information- has more tactical targeting duties centage of their "take." What is distribution capabilities of a net than position-location or strategic more alarming, however, is the work called Global Broadcast nuclear targeting. Gen. Lance Lord, degree to which the products of the Service. GBS, in partial operation Commander of the Air Force Space

CovertAction Quarterly FALL 2003 NUMBER 75 Wirbel

Command, quipped at the 2003 In April 2003, the NRO's Teets luggage scanning for the National Space Symposium that described a new $9 billion program Transportation Security Agency " G P S p u t s t h e D A M [ s i c ] i n to further enhance satellite sys and similar U.S.-based monitoring JDAM."15 tems, while unifying the networks programs. The Pentagon has its own evo of NRO, NASA, and the Defense Often, companies show a high lutionary program for improving Information Systems Agency. NRO degree of innovation in how they GPS as a weapon of war, from the plans on a new family of broad combine operations. Raytheon, for current GETS (GPS for Enhanced band, packet-switched satellites to example, established a large, highly Theatre Support) to the future "GPS give space military networks the secure facility across the street III - Navwar" program. All steps in power of a classified Internet. This from the Buckley AFB intelligence the evolution assume an exclusive system, the Transformational- base in Aurora, where it began pro portion of the GPS program Satellite or T-SAT system, will be cessing outsourced intelligence reserved for military use, which is augmented by a new class of high- information for the NSA and NRO in why the U.S. is so anxious to pre latitude NRO satellites called the 1998. In 2000, Raytheon set up a vent the European Space Agency Advanced Polar System. Teets said secure Web-hosting operation for from going ahead with its own that the two new systems, T-SAT corporations in the same location. Galileo navigation satellite pro and APS, are designed to communi And in 2002, Raytheon created a gram. If space supremacy is to cate directly with new military division to build ground stations become a reality, neither allies nor satellites already under develop for a joint NRO/NIMA/NASA weath foes can be allowed to have the ment at DISA - the Advanced er satellite called N-POESS - again, tools in common use by the U.S. Extremely-High-Frequency satellite located in the same unified Aurora military. (a successor to Milstar), the facility where it performs NRO and Infrared satellites for missile Wideband Gapfiller satellite, and NSA spy work while hosting corpo detection have followed a similar the Multi-User Objective System, or rate Web sites.i9 path. The aging Defense Support MUOS satellite.i8 It is ironic that so much atten Program, or DSP, satellites were tion has been paid to the Defense used in passive fashion to warn of D O M I N A N C E D O C T R I N E Advanced Research Projects possible Soviet or Chinese missile I N T H E P O S T - S P A C E Agency's Information Awareness launches. These satellites were COMMAND ERA Office, under the management of upgraded in the 1990s under former National Security Adviser Project Alert, which could instanta The U.S. Space Command may have John Poindexter. The office has neously shuttle information about come to an end last October, but talked of fusing databases repre expected missile plumes to battle the mission statements described in senting several sources of intelli groups working in other regions of i t s d o c u m e n t s r e m a i n a s a c t i v e a s gence information, but has been the world. DSP's obvious limita ever. In fact, operations on the forced to pledge several genera tions were what sparked interest in ground still remain similar to those tions of tests on non-specific data, a two-tiered follow-on system, the present prior to the agency's merg in order to prove to Congress it is Space-Based Infrared System, which er into Strategic Command at Offut not violating civil liberties. was sold as an essential element of Air Force Base. The service-specific Meanwhile, however, defense con Star Wars under the separate pro c o m m a n d s - A r m y S p a c e tractors have moved data-mining grams of SBIRS-High and SBIRS-Low. Command, Navy Space Command, tools directly from Space Command The fact that the SBIRS satellites can Air Force Space Command — duties that supported the assault on be used as elements of a first-strike remain headquartered at Peterson Iraq, to Northern Command and system spotlights the fundamental AFB in Colorado Springs, operating Department of Homeland Security yet unspoken problem with missile- out of the same offices they used duties supporting domestic intelli defense: Most aspects of a national when a unified space command was gence agencies. Northrop or tactical system, particularly in charge of all three. Occupying Grumman, for example, has moved those associated with Theatre the U.S. Space Command office a tool called Web-TAS, developed in Missile Defense, can be construed space at Peterson is the new conjunction with the Air Force by adversaries as tools that allow Northern Command, boasting the Research Labs, out of early trials at more effective first strikes, rather same top management formerly the Combined Air Operations than tools that defend against assigned to U.S. Space Command. Center at Prince Sultan Air Base in incoming missiles. This gives those military con Saudi Arabia, and out to local and Even the various satellite systems tractors with an inside track on regional police intelligence agencies providing communications at UHF, space contracts continued right of within the U.S. and worldwide.20 EHF, and SHE frequencies - DSCS, first refusal for surveillance and The common thread of govern Milstar, FleetSatCom, etc. - can data-mining systems designed for ment doctrine, updating and become tools by which to assure Northern Command and its civilian expanding what once was a Space total dominance in any battlefield. equivalent, the Department of Command-specific doctrine, can be Jam resistance and stealth charac Homeland Security. Raj^heon found in Bush's June 1, 2002 teristics added to recent communi Corp., Oracle Corp., and other l£u-ge speech at West Point, and in the cation satellite systems help to companies with long histories of September 20, 2002 document on insure that the military achieves worWng with NSA and NRO are national security policy. The U.S. what the Long-Range Plan dubs tightly involved in programs for no longer disguises the fact that it "full-spectrum dominance."i7 biometric scanning at U.S. borders. considers itself the planetary boss.

NUMBER 75 FALL 2003 CovertAction Quarterly Programs for militarily utilizing a nize the new unilateralism. If Theatre Missile Defense, mean particular medium - space, air, sea American allies do not speak out while, is based on the Aegis missile - are based on the assumption that about ground-based missile- cruiser, its SPY-1 radar, and a fami the U.S. is the only nation with the defense weapons now, why should ly of short-range missiles which unilateral right to control such ven they speak out about space-based would prove very useful in chal ues, and that if other nations weapons and the abrogation of the lenging Chinese naval power in any attempt to share control of space or 1967 Outer Space Treaty five years battles for Taiwan. In short, it sea lanes they must be halted by f r o m n o w ? becomes difficult to discern tactical force. It should be obvious to those missile defense from overall strate This dominance operates allies by now that the Missile gies of offense used in preemptive through a planetary consensus sys Defense Agency is not in place to war.22 tem of global deference to the protect the United States and allies In some senses, the demise of the United States, rather than through from intermediate missiles fired by Space Command hurts activists, the naked exercise of power present "rogue states." Missile defense since it deprives us of a lightning in the British empire of a century instead is a means of reinforcing rod that helped direct attention to ago. Martin Walker, sen the overall aggressive ior fellow at the World nature of American pol Policy Institute, calls this icy in the neo-imperial- a " v i r t u a l e m p i r e , " ist era. Space suprema because American power cy goals are just as "is so evident and sweep active, but have been ing that it does not need subsumed into a to be formally exercised... S t r a t e g i c C o m m a n d [direct] rule is hardly nec infrastructure whose essary when so many of use of space is so com the goods that flow from monplace it becomes the virtual empire are too part of the background desirable or essential to noise. b e a d j u r e d . " W h e n Peace activists also nations directly confront are not helped by the this unwritten rule, as "planetary consensus" France, Germany, and of leaders of nations Russia attempted to do ^ who assume that a within the U.N. Security I world under U.S. impe Council in mid-March, f rial control is the best they are simply ignored, ° one imaginable, if and later condemned for Space Commander Lance Lord at the Space nations are to be pro failure to acknowledge the t e c t e d f r o m f a i l e d legitimacy of hegemony.21 Symposium: "GPS puts the DAM in JDAM." s t a t e s a n d s u b - s t a t e This "planetary con terrorists. That is why sensus" bears some resem it is all the more cru blance to the "Washington the military dominance created by cial for activists in this country to Consensus" on economic policy of the new precision weapons and join together with those in other the mid-1990s, because both oper intelligence tools utilized from nations. Accepting a planetary boss ate tacitly and subtly, yet assume space, air, and sea. While the is a bad bargain for all concerned. that any fundament^ challenge to Defense Science Board has tried to The boss will demand physical con t h e c o n s e n s u s s e r v e s a s e v i d e n c e narrow the original Bush Missile trol of all resources globally, will that those challenging it must be Defense Agency approach of s e e k t o o w n a l l e c o n o m i c t r a d e mentally disturbed. Such a consen approving any form of missile- routes, and will insist on absolute s u s w a s d e m a n d e d o f a l l i e s a n d defense weapon in any venue, the exemption from transnational partners in issues of space milita choices it suggested in September agencies that might restrict its rization and weaponization long 2002 are interesting for what they action. (These include not only the before the assault on Iraq. Initial say about missile-defense goals. International Criminal Court, but, European opposition to re-entry- DSB suggested the top two priorities ironically, the World Trade phase missile-defense weapons in for MDA should be ground-based Organization, whose rulings on for 2001 all but disappeared in the interceptors and sea-based theatre eign corporate taxes may demon aftermath of the September 11 missile defense. The kinetic-kill strate to the United States that the attacks. China, which had pledged ground-based interceptors are pre Frankenstein it helped create has to lead an anti-space-dominance cisely those systems that warrant turned with a vengeance on its mas coalition in the UN, quickly forgot near-term deployment of X-band ter.) its promises after being admitted radars, control networks run out of Developing a strategy of opposi into the World Trade Organization. Fort Greely, Alaska, the SBIRS tion requires, at its base, absolute France and Russia now face tremen infrared sensor system, and other non-compliance with the politics of dous pressure in the aftermath of elements that have a dual role in unilateral domination of the planet. the UN Security Council breach to aiding U.S. tactical intelligence of Preemptive war must be opposed "get with the program" and recog regional battlefields. Sea-based not only in Iraq, but everywhere.

CovertAction Quarterly 19 FALL 2003 NUMBER 75 Wirbel

Missile-defense weapons must be Loring Wirbel is editorial director for com Command," Aviation Week & Space opposed not only because they will munications at CMP Media LLC, a media Technology, July 29, 2002, p. 48. not work or are too expensive, but company based in New York and London. 9. William Arkin, "March Madness," because they constitute first-strike He is on the board of directors of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, May- Global Network Against Weapons and June 2002, p. 76. weapons. 10. Bradley Graham, "Nuclear-Tipped But opposition to space suprema Nuclear Power in Space, and has been active in peace and civil liberties groups Interceptors Studied, Rumsfeld Revives cy cannot stop there. Some arms- Rejected Missile-Defense Concept,"' in the southwest for two decades. His control advocates insist we should Washington Post, April 11, 2002, p. A2; draw the line on space weaponiza- book, Star Wars and U.S. Tools of Space Michael Kraig and Michael Roston, tion, while accepting the fact that Supremacy, will be published by Pluto "Nuclear-Tipped Foolishness," May 21, space militarization has been a fact Press of London in December. 2002, Foreign Policy in Focus, of life for 40 years. In a recent pol www.fpif.org/commentary/2002/0205n icy paper, Philip Coyle, of the uke.html Center for Defense Information, and NOTES 11. Michael Klare, "Permanent Pre- John Rhinelander, former vice Eminence: US Policy for the 21st chairman of the Arms Control 1. William B. Scott, "Rapid Response," Century," NACLA Report on the Aviation Week & Space Technology, Association, argue correctly that Americas, Nov-Dec 2000, Vol. 34, No. 3. April 7, 2003, pp. 66-76; interview. Gen. 12. Eric Schmitt, "Military Role in U.S. planetary space can never again Lance Lord, April 8, 2003. Gains Favor," New York Times, July 21, become a "sanctuary," the equiva 2. Col. Robert Kent Traylor, HMD panel. 2002, p. 16. lent of Antarctica. They are right: National Space Symposium, April 9, 13. Walter Pincus, "Panel Faults CIA's Military satellites for communica 2003. Use of Case Officers in Crisis Support," tions and intelligence are unlikely 3. U.S. Space Command, Vision for 2020, Washington Post, June 19, 2003, p. AS. to ever go away.23 Peterson AFB, 1996; U.S. Space 14. Robert Dreyfuss, "Orbit of Influence: The appropriate line to draw is on Command, Director of Plans, Long- Spy Finance and the Black Budget," The the issue of destabilization and uni Range Plan, Peterson AFB, 1998. American Prospect, March-April 1996. lateralism. Space Command, NRO, 4. Loring Wirbel, "Forward Operating 15. Gen. Lance Lord, keynote speech. and NSA, have stated in public Locations: Plan Colombia Experiment National Space Symposium, April 8, numerous times in the past decade Moves to Afghanistan," PeaceWork, Nov. 2003. that their mission no longer 2001; Phillip Bannowsly, "In the Grip of 16. Oliver Morton, "Europe's New Air involves treaty verification, if it ever the Anaconda," NACIA Report on the War," Mred, Aug. 2002, p. 76. did.24 Instead, their business is to Americas, July/Aug. 2001, p. 38. 17. Long-Range Plan, ibid., p. 7. 5. U.S. Government Printing Office, 18. Loring Wirbel, "Space Nets Take re-target strategic platforms for tac tical purposes, serving the warfight- Report of the Commission to Assess Commanding Role," EE Times, April 14, United States National Security Space 2003, p. 1. er with real-time information that Management and Organization, Jan. 11, 19. Ibid. helps insure total tactical victory in 2001; Office of the White House, The 20. Ibid. any region. When seen in the light National Security Strategy of the United 21. "Unilateralism Goes to Space," EE of the new global supremacy policy, States, Sept. 20, 2002. Times, May 19, 2003, p. 18. such a mission is obviously danger 6. Loring Wirbel, "The Common 22. Martin Walker, "America's Virtual ous. Advocates for peace in space Language of 'Space Supremacy'," Empire," World Policy Journal, Summer must oppose not only weapons in Nonviolent Activist, May-June 2002, pp. 2002, pp. 13-20. space, but those militaiy systems in 8-9. 23. Bradley Graham, "Missile Defense space that serve unilateral domi 7. George Leopold, "U.S. Network to Tie Choices Sought: Panel Urges Focus on nance. This implies opposing more DoD, Intelligence Agencies, NASA," EE Two Approaches," Washington Post, than half of the space systems field Times, Sept. 9, 2002, p. 10. Sept. 3, 2002, p. Al. ed by the U.S. military. But to strive 8. WorldNetDaily/STRATFOR, "Bush's 24. Philip E. Coyle and John B. for anything less is to provide tacit Battle Doctrine for Space," July 2, 2002, Rhinelander, "Drawing the Line: The http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/ar Path to Controlling Weapons in Space," support for the new planetary con ticle.asp?ARTICLE_ID=28153; William B. sensus supporting U.S. global Disarmament Diplomacy, Issue No. 66, Scott, ""Stratcom' to Be All-New Sept. 2002. supremacy.

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NUMBER 75 FALL 2003 20 CovertAction Quarterly Snatching Victory From the Jaws of Deceit'

Dennis Cunningham and Ben Rosenfeid

to trump up a preposterous charge, frightening threats. When Judi Onexploded May 24, 1990, under a the pipe driver'sbomb accusing them of knowingly trans- reported receiving a photo with a seat of Judi Bari's Subaru wagon as portiiig the bomb. With their rifle cross-hairs drawn over her she drove through Oakland, almost immediate arrest, this slan face, a Sheriffs Department ser California, shattering her pelvis and der was quickly broadcast across geant told her they didn't have nearly killing her. 2 Her passenger the country.4 In 1991, Judi and enough manpower to deal with the case. "If you turn up dead," he and fellow Earth First! environmen Darryl filed a federal civil rights tal activist, Darryl Chemey, was less lawsuit against these police and FBI said, "then we'll investigate."^ Over a longer period, environmen severely injured but equally terri agents. Eleven years later, on June fied by the attempted assassination 11, 2002, a ten-member Jury in talists in the area had been victims of several physical attacks, despite and the sinister government frame- Oakland saw through the frame-up their pledges of nonviolence and up which ensued. Senior FBI agents and awarded the plaintiffs $4.4 mil from the San Francisco Terrorism lion in compensatory and punitive Judi's public renunciation of tree- spiking and "monkey-wrenching."^ Squad arrived at the scene very damages, the great majority of it for soon after the explosion and told violation of their First Amendment Eight months before the bombing, Darryl, Judi, her children, and sev responding Oakland police officers rights. Judi and Darryl had been on eral others were run off the road essentially that Judi and Darryl into a ditch, Karen Silkwood-style, were known members of a violent their way to Santa Cruz, where they terrorist group, the type of people were scheduled to speak and sing by an irate logging truck driver. who would be involved in making folk songs (she fiddled, he plays Miraculously, they escaped serious and placing bombs. This was an guitar) as part of a recruitment injury, even though Judi's car was drive for a "Redwood Summer" totaled; far from being charged outright lie. Over the previous two with attempted murder, assault or years, the FBI had worked very hard campaign of nonviolent civil dis obedience planned for the coming reckless endangerment, the truck to infiltrate Earth First! circles in months, aimed at bringing activists driver got a traffic ticket.^ Arizona, in order - in the words of The FBI Special Agent in Charge an undercover agent who acciden a n d s t u d e n t s f r o m a r o u n d t h e country for direct action to pre of the San Francisco Office at the tally recorded himself talking to his time of the bombing was Richard W. handlers - to "pop" its co-founder, serve California's cathedral forests Dave Foreman; "to send a message" from rapacious corporate clear-cut Held, son of one of J. Edgar Hoover's top lieutenants from the to the environmental defense ting. In the months leading up to the bombing, as the issues and salad days of COINTELPRO, the once movement,^ Now, at the very least, official - now covert - program of the FBI was ready and waiting for protests surrounding the logging of secret, extra-legal FBI operations the opportunity to use the car- old growth, clear-cutting, mill clo sures and the like became more and designed to "expose, disrupt, misdi bombing to smear and discredit rect, discredit or otherwise neutral Earth First! and disrupt its work. more contentious, and efforts led by Judi to bring environmentalists ize" political targets such as the Although the evidence plainly Black Panther Party, the anti-war showed that Judi and Darryl were a n d t i m b e r w o r k e r s t o g e t h e r movement, etc. Held Jr. was him the victims of a very sophisticated against the common corporate foe self a well-known COINTELPRO "improvised explosive device," the began to bear fruit, she and Darryl and others had received a series of maven, whose history of dirty tricks FBI and Oakland police proceeded included helping to disrupt the American Indian Movement, frame Black Panther leader Geronimo ji jaga (Pratt), and undermine the WHEN JUDI REPORTED RECEIVING A PHOTO WITH A Puerto Rican independence move ment in the late 1970s and early RIFLE CROSS-HAIRS DRAWN OVER HER FACE, A 1980S.8 A highly trained Bureau bomb SHERIFFS DEPARTMENT SERGEANT TOLD HER "IF technician. Special Agent Frank Doyle, inspected the blown-up car YOU TURN UP DEAD, THEN WE'LL INVESTIGATE." and quickly proclaimed to the other investigators his opinion that the

CovertAction Quarterly FALL 2003 NUMBER 75 bomb had sat on the "rear seat floorboard," behind the driver's seat, where he said it would have been visible to the occupants when they loaded their gear into the back seat. Ergo, said Doyle, it was their bomb.9 Both Judi and Darryl were booked on charges of knowing pos session and transportation of a bomb, although the car was Judi's, and Darryl demonstrably was rid ing with her only by chance. The two were lumped together by police and the FBI throughout the pro ceedings because, in reality, evi dence was irrelevant; headlines were the objective. Police records showed that Judi and Darryl were put under arrest just three hours after the bomb "Community Solidarity Coalition" backs up Big Timber at Fort went off - despite the fact that Judi Bragg, July 21, 1990. was in emergency surgery at the time, in critical condition. lO The c h a r g e s a g a i n s t t h e m w e r e been placed, was unscathed except undermine the frame-up. announced to the public the next for a tear along the seam of the seat Instead, they concocted other morning, drawing top stories of cover. The rear door, just next to fabrications to support the central dreadful "eco-terrorism" from coast where Agent Doyle said the bomb lie that the bomb was in plain view, to coast. A police application for was placed, was only superficially which they incorporated into their an "enhancement" of the regular damaged. In contrast, the driver's request for a warrant to search bail, from $12,000 to $250,000, door was bowed out and mangled, Darryl's and Judi's homes later that stated that Judi was a danger to the with a corresponding bulge in the night, with the media in tow. The community.i2 All three original car frame. The first fireman on the warrant application included, in color-coded copies of the bail s c e n e - w h o w i t h h i s m a t e s h a d particular, an assertion ascribed to enhancement request form for heard the explosion at their station Agent Doyle that the nails taped Darryl, however, like a number of a block away - testified that the rear around the bomb - "for shrapnel other potentially revealing docu d o o r o n t h e d r i v e r ' s s i d e d o o r e ff e c t " - w e r e " i d e n t i c a l " t o t h e ments in the case, were "lost." The opened normally, permitting him nails found in a bag in the hatch FBI took possession of all the physi to step inside and hold Judi's head back area of the car. This persua cal evidence except the car, suppos and neck still, in order to prevent sive detail was another outright lie. edly for "processing" at the now- a n y f u r t h e r s p i n a l i n j u r y. i ^ There were in fact two bags of nails infamous crime lab in Washington, Conversely, rescuers had to use the in the car, with other materials D.C., then left it lying on a confer "jaws of life" to cut away the man from Judi's job as a carpenter, but ence table in San Francisco for the g l e d d r i v e r ' s d o o r i n o r d e r t o both were plainly different than next week. Darryl sat in jail for sev extract her. those recovered in the bombing eral days until supporters raised a T h u s i t w a s o b v i o u s t h a t t h e debris. The nails taped to the bomb non-refundable $10,000 bond to investigators knew or should have were long finishing nails. The nails bail him out. An Oakland judge known the bomb was hidden under in bags were roof tacks and sinkers, refused to allow Judi and Darryl's the driver's seat, by someone who both with heads. This didn't come lawyers to inspect the bombed car. intended to harm Judi. The ortho to light, however, because the bags The headlines raged on. pedist who attended to her at the were held back from the evidence - When they were able to inspect hospital, now the chief orthopedic along with the cushion from the the car, and later, when they gained surgeon there, knew from her back seat and other significant access to the evidence photos, it injuries - as he demonstrated with items - when the FBI finally sent it was clear that anyone would have x-rays at the trial - that the force to the lab. Meanwhile, the Oakland known the bomb was located under had come up from below, shatter officers contributed their own lies the driver's seat, not behind it. The ing her pelvis, destroying her coc to prop up the false search warrant seat had a large hole in it, through cyx, tearing her colon and perma application, to the effect that Judi's which the pavement below was nently injuring organs and nerves and Darryl's associates had told clearly visible. The floorboard of in the region and along her right them the pair had a reputation for the car contained a much larger, leg. He testified, however, that no violence, when in fact the officers diamond-shaped hole, with the investigator came to him to ask were told the exact opposite. At the wide spot directly under the seat. about her injuries.i'^ The police and same time, the investigators with The back seat, just above where FBI agents steered clear of the facts, held from the court (and the pub Agent Doyle said the bomb had since facts could only serve to lic) crudal, exculpatory information.

NUMBER 75 FALL 2003 22 CovertAction Quarterly Cunningham and Rosenfeld ment sabotage or tree-spiking dur ing Redwood Summer. Instead, they planned direct action: tree-sits, road blockades, lockdowns to bull dozers and other heavy machinery, logging road gates, etc., against the corporate predators. Prolonged efforts to build an alliance with tim ber workers had begun to bear fruit, notably at a county board meeting where several local people had come in support of Judi's pro posal in response to a timber com pany announcement that it would soon close one of its mills - that the county take over the mill by emi nent domain, and operate it for the benefit of the workers and the local community. Nevertheless, there was a vicious backlash against the Redwood Summer campaign. At least two people had been physical ly attacked at recent protest actions, another group had been threatened at gunpoint, and several people had been chased by a man revving a chain saw. Like the ram ming of Judi's car, these incidents were studiously ignored by the local police. Moreover, looming in the back ground at the time was a popular and controversial state-wide ballot Judi Bari was scapegoated by the FBI even after her death. initiative called "Forests Forever" (Proposition 130), which called for such as that the bomb was trig Judi Bari and Darryl Cherney gered by a motion device (show ing that it was intended to go off while Judi was driving), that Darryl and Judi had in their pos session at the time copies of many of the threats they had received, and that they and their associates had suggested the names of sever al potential suspects to the police after the explosion. In reality. Earth Firstlers were repeatedly the targets of violent acts in the logging distria, never perpetrators of it. Like the origi nal Freedom Summer campaign in Mississippi, Redwood Summer was to be strictly nonviolent; partici pants would be required to sign a pledge and receive intensive non violence training to help them sur vive attacks and provocations without responding in kind. In addition, Judi and Darryl, with others, held a public meeting to announce the movement's prom ise that there would be no equip-

FALL 2003 NUMBER 75 CovertAction Quarterly 23 radical revision of the rules govern ing device, and affirmed that it had fingerprint it carried or trace the i n g t i m b e r " h a r v e s t i n g " i n been hidden under the seat. He watermark in the paper it was writ California, which, at the time of the claimed to be acting on instructions ten on. Nor, with one desultory bombing, had high ratings in opin from the Lord to scourge the "devil exception, did they investigate peo ion polls. 15 The initiative enjoyed woman" for her part in defending a ple in the loccil anti-abortion ranks, broad-based support, and Earth Planned Parenthood clinic during like those photographed at the clin First! carefully kept its public dis an anti-abortion rally a year and a ic protest, who might have written tance, hoping through direct action half earlier. He rejoiced that she it. Instead, they pretended to to preserve as many trees as possi believe that Judi was behind the let ble until the initiative passed and ter, even though it was written (or preserved them forever. After the ONE JUROR, at least finished) after the bombing, bombing, the opposition branded and the writer ranted on in very elaborate fundamentalist Biblical Forests Forever "the Earth First! INTERVIEWED AFTER Initiative," and signs and fliers rhetoric, which Judi knew nothing appeared urging votes against the about. The police used the letter as so-called "bombers' proposition"; TRIAL, SAID SHE WAS justification for a second search of her home, which they tore up again in November, the measure lost by INSULTED THAT THE 1.5% of the vote. One semi-system just as her children were regaining atic calculation has it that the tim DEFENDANT OFFICERS some semblance of emotional sta ber companies have taken in some bility, producing another round of $3 billion in revenues since 1990 AND AGENTS EXPECTED nasty, defamatory headlines and that they would not have received top stories.18 had the initiative passed. HER TO BELIEVE THEIR The Lord's Avenger letter also Chief among the companies then described another, very similar and now is the Maxxam Corp., run COVER-UP. pipe bomb that had partially by the notorious corporate raider exploded two weeks before the Charles Hurwitz, famous for the Oakland bombing, at a Louisiana- legalized theft of $1.6 billion from Pacific mill in Cloverdale, taxpayers that was needed to bail had not died, but would live on in California, some way south of the out his looted Texas savings and pain, and warned others who would areas where Earth First! was active. loan enterprise. Maxxam had "worship trees" that a similar fate Although it was accompanied by a recently taken over the Pacific lay in store for them. sign that read "L-P screws mill Lumber Company, the oldest tim Although the FBI Crime Lab workers," fully qualifying it as an ber operation in the area; Maxxam quickly confirmed that the letter's act of terrorism under the FBI's def paid for P.L. with junk bonds, then description of the bomb was accu inition, the Terrorism Squad had tripled its annual timber cut to pay rate, the FBI and OPD investigators completely ignored it. Then, the down the debt. Another timber made no serious attempt to analyze evening after the bomb exploded in mogul, Harry Merlo of Louisiana- the letter itself, identify a usable Oakland, FBI agents told the Pacific, had said publicly of the uncut timber still "on the stump": "We log to infinity, because we need The FBI contended that Judi and Darryl had planted the it all. It's ours. It's out there, and we need it all. Now."i6 Strikingly, P.L. bomb themselves. u n d e r M a x x a m h a d r e c e n t l y retained the Washington P.R. firm Hill & Knowlton - notorious for con cocting the lie during the first Gulf W a r t h a t S a d d a m H u s s e i n ' s s t o r m troopers were stealing babies from t h e i r i n c u b a t o r s i n K u w a i t - t o t e n d his company's image and help defeat the "Forests Forever" initia tive. A week after the bombing the plot thickened considerably when an apparent anti-abortion religious fanatic, calling himself "the Lord's Avenger," sent a letter to a local newspaper taking credit for the bombing. 17 He recited details about the construction of the bomb that only the bombers (and the FBI, which had the evidence) would know, including the motion-trigger

NUMBER 75 FALL 2003 24 CovertAction Quarterly Cunningham and Rosenfeid

Oakland cops they believed there edged in the civil trial. Instead, gation." Despite this myopia, how was a connection between the two they tried to defend themselves on ever, a perfectly mainstream bombs, and the OPD passed this the grounds that their actions were American jury, when it finally saw along to the press. The Lord's legally reasonable, even if mistak the evidence in this case, also clear Avenger described the construaion en. But there was no mistake. Even ly saw the frame-up, and the malev of both bombs, and said he placed after their own expert, Williams, olence behind it, and for once the the first one "to bring infamy" on debunked their case on June 17, the FBI was busted. The First the devil woman, but its failure to FBI kept up its sham "investigation" Amendment awards in particular, work properly had been a sign from of the bombing, surveilling and more than 80% of the total, con the Lord that he should not work by harassing a wider group of environ firmed the basic allegation: that San "indirection." Why the FBI ignored mental activists throughout Francisco FBI agents had set out t h i s e a r l i e r b o m b u n t i l i t s c o u n t e r California. If they talked to anyone deliberately to "expose, disrupt, part exploded under Judi's car seat outside this community, it was only misdirect, discredit or otherwise - despite the fact that it was duly to try to get dirt on Judi and Darryl. neutralize" Redwood Summer, reported to the Terrorism Squad by In the meantime, never seriously Earth First!, and Judi and Darryl. local police - remains an abiding sought by any law enforcement Unlike the bust of Judi and mystery in the case. agency, the bomber{s) are still at Darryl, however, the verdict failed After the letter, as the controver large. to reverberate in the news from sy continued to boil - and counter In 1991 Judi and Darryl named coast to coast. It was front-page charges of political persecution various FBI agents and Oakland news in the Bay Area, but page thir against the FBI actually broke police officers in a lawsuit charging teen in the New York Times - where through in the press in a modest unlawful interference with their the bombing itself had been on way - the FBI brought a high-level rights of free expression and associ page one - with one clueless follow- bomb expert to Oakland from its ation, under the First Amendment up article a few days later, then Washington, D.C., Crime Lab, to to the U.S. Constitution, and false nothing more.21 Despite an inspect the bombed car first-hand. arrest and illegal search and unprecedented multi-million-dollar This agent, David R. Williams, seizure, under the Fourth jury award against FBI agents for quickly pointed out the obvious to A m e n d m e n t . A f t e r s i x w e e k s o f blatantly anti-constitutional schem the assembled investigators: The trial, and seventeen days of deliber ing, fabrication, and false swearing, pipe bomb had sat crosswise under ation, the jury sustained most of the verdict has received no mention the driver's seat, and was covered these claims and awarded plaintiffs in media accounts or assessments of with a blue towel in any case, so it a total of $4.4 million in compensa recent FBI practice in connection was not in plain view at all.i9 its tory and punitive damages. The with the failures and lapses leading end caps had flown off sideways in jury - two men and eight women, up to the September 11th attacks, the explosion and left "impact two Blacks and eight Whites, two or abolition of the Attorney points" in the frame of the car, city dwellers and eight suburban General's Guidelines ~ which can be marking exactly where the pipe had ites - had not, by and large, con theoretically used to prohibit sur been located; Agent Williams con fronted police repression in their veillance and investigation, let firmed that any competent bomb own lives. The Court barred plain alone deliberate, illegal slander and ing investigator would have known tiffs from putting on evidence of disruption of legitimate protests - this. He also confirmed the pres COINTELPRO, the secret persecu by the usurper administration ence of the motion trigger device (a tion of the Committee in Solidarity which has since come to power. ball bearing set in a depression in with the People of El Salvador (CIS- Still, the case does matter to a the masonite base the pipe and cir PES) and other groups and individ large and conscientious group of cuitry were mounted on, designed uals active in the Central American people appalled by the rapidly to bounce up and contact live wires solidarity ("Sanctuary") movement, developing U.S. police state, and the crossed above it, completing a cir the hiding of the evidence against Bush administration's quest for cuit), and later testified that the the Birmingham church bombers, world domination through endless bomb had "functioned as the murder frame-ups engineered war. designed." in Boston to protect FBI mafia We won this case through a com However, rather than drop the informants, the false prosecution of bination of powerful evidence, skill manifestly baseless case, the police nuclear scientist Wen Ho Lee, and ful lawyering, great and sustained kept this information secret, and other FBI misdeeds throughout its volunteer work and financial sup went on publicly insisting that Judi long history of political repression. port, and good luck. The plaintiffs' and Darryl were "the only sus- The Court dismissed COINTELPRO many dedicated supporters deserve pects."20 Finally, on July 17, 1990, specialist Richard W. Held, Jr., from credit for helping to bring the case the Alameda County District the case early on, accepting at face to trial and conclusion. They lined Attorney announced he would not value his bald denial that he had up daily to pack the courtroom, and pursue the case, because there was any active role in or particular many were turned away each day. not enough evidence "to prove guilt knowledge of the frame-up, and The trial was a dramatic contest beyond a reasonable doubt." In holding that plaintiffs had not pro between opposing cultures and aes fact, there was no evidence at all vided evidence that he was under thetics - a showdown between flow connecting Judi or Darryl to the "any duty to supervise the day-to- ers and flags. Our side wore colorful bomb, as the defendants acknowl day activities in any given investi ties and fresh flowers on our lapels

CovertAction Quarterly 25 FALL 2003 NUMBER 75 each day. The other side dressed into a Brawl," Pat McKay, Santa Rosa funereally in dark suits, with Press Democrat, Aug. 17, 1989; American flag pins. We interrogat 1. Portions of this article originally "Loggers, Protesters Scuffle; One ed the interrogators, for once, and appeared in the Sept. 2002 issue of Injured," Ukiah Daily Journal, Aug. 17, Guild Notes, the Newsletter of the 1989. "Logging Protesters Claim Pattern caught them in lie after lie. One National Lawyers Guild, and also the of Violence," Mike Geniella, Santa Rosa juror, interviewed after trial, said Fall 2003 edition of Guild Practitioner, Press Democrat, March 28,1990. she was insulted that the defendant the NLG law journal. More information 7. Randy Foster, "A Carload of Earth officers and agents expected her to and many original documents from the Firstlers Rear-ended by Logging Truck," believe their cover-up. case can be found at www.judibari.org. Ukiah Daily Journal, Aug. 20, 1989; 2. Judi, who survived her terrible Keith Michaud, "Accident? Intentional? When COINTELPRO was exposed injuries, albeit with crippling pain, died It may depend on your point of view," Ukiah Daily Journal, Aug. 1,1989. by the Church Committee of the tragically of breast cancer on March 2, U.S. Senate in the 1970s, the FBI 1997, at age 47. Until then, she contin 8. Director's Memo, Aug. 25, 1967; took it off the books, but they con ued to work tirelessly in defense of the included in Counterintelligence: A environment and workers, and against tinued to practice it. Now - as Documentary Look at America's Secret repression by the political police in her Police, a collection published by the Ashcroft has indicated ~ they can own case. She has inspired countless National Lawyers Guild, first edition, be expected to write down even activists and her living legacy includes 1980; see generally, www.Cointel.org. less, keep fewer records which the alliance between Teamsters and 9. See OPD search warrant application, might become evidence in court Turtles at the WTO protests in Seattle April 25,1990; Trial Exhibit No. 128, p. 3. and generally ratchet up the and the Alliance for Sustainable Jobs 10. See OPD "Consolidated Arrest secrecy of the secret police. In and the Environment between steel- Reports", Trial Exhibit No. 101, this struggle, as eleven years of workers and environmentalists in pp. 15-16. California. When the end was near, Judi 11. See Note 4, above. unflagging and clamorous support would say, "Don't mourn, organize"; 12. Trial Exhibit No. 124. by a wide community of talented and her great spirit guided her friends 13. Trial testimony of Tom Viers, OFD, supporters showed, our best assets to victory in this case. April 10, 2002. are each other. The People kept 3. Four people, including Foreman, had 14. Trial Exhibit Nos. 1601, 02, 03; this case alive and brought it to been arrested at Tucson for conspiracy Testimony of Dr. Peter Slabaugh, Oct. trial, and proved that we can win. and attempt to sabotage power lines, 22, 2002; Slabaugh Deposition, p.l8. after an FBI undercover agent, Michael 15. Trial testimony of Cecelia Lanman, Viva Judi Bari! Fain, managed to get inside their group, May 1, 2002; the text of Prop. 130 can which, without Foreman, had indeed be found through http://holmes.uchast- engaged in sabotage and was planning ings.edu/Welcome.html. more. The case ended abortively in 16. Seth Zuckerman, Saving Our Ancient mid-trial in 1991, before Agent Fain was Forests, (Venice, Calif.: Living Planet, to testify, with a plea deal in which most 1991), p. 44. charges were dropped. Foreman 17. "1 Built Bomb," Mike Geniella, Santa received probation, and the other three Rosa Press Democrat, May 31, 1990. served short prison terms. See deposi Trial Exhibit No. 210-A (not in evi tions of Peg Millett, and SA Fain. dence); see website. Dennis Cunningham, lead counsel, and Ben 4. The plaintiffs collected a large 18. "Nails, Ribbon Seized in Second Bari Rosenfeid are two members of the plaintiffs' amount of clippings and TV news video Home Search," Santa Rosa Press l^al team, which aiso included Bill Simpich tapes, from the first days and the whole Democrat, June 28, 1990; "Police swoop and Robert Bloom of Oakland, J. Tony Serra period, a number of which were submit down again on Earth First! suspect's of San Francisco, and paralegal Alicia ted to the Court in an omnibus exhibit home," Oakland Tribune, June 29, Littletree, the team M. V.P. Cunningham and helping to show the overall impact of 1990; "Bomb materials linked to vic the arrest and the sensational false Rosenfeid practice law together in San tims," San Francisco Chronicle, July 6, charges. See Trial Exhibits Nos. 401 and 1990; "Police claim nails link car bomb Francisco, California, specializing in civil 702, and website. to activists," Oakland Tribune, July 6, rights police misconduct Dennis was a 5. Judi Bari, "The Feminization of Earth 1990; "Search links Bari, bomb," Santa founding memtjer of the People's Law Office First!," Ms. Magazine, May 1992, Rosa Press Democrat, July 10, 1990; in Chicago, and helped represent the Attica reprinted in Bari's Timber Wars "Earth First! car bomb was built at home Prison Brothers in their 28-year civil rights (Monroe, Me: Common Courage Press, of victim, police say," San Jose Mercury suit against the State of New York, and the 1994); Deposition of Betty Ball, pp. 61- News, July 11, 1990. family of slain Chicago BPP leader Fred 62. 19. Testimony of SSA David R. Williams, 6. Judi Bari, "Timber Wars," Industrial Hampton against the FBI and Chicago April 18, 2002. 20. Press conference statement of defen Police, after they assassinated Hampton Worker, Oct. 1989, reprinted in Timber Wars; "Punch Punctuates L-P Wood dant Clyde M Sims, OPD lieutenant, on wifti Mark Clark in 1969. Ben Rosenfeid Chip Protest," Mike Geniella, Santa Rosa May 25, 1990; Trial Exhibit No. 702. joined the Bari case in 1997 while he was Press Democrat, June 10, 1989; 21. "Environmentalists hurt, then held still a law student. For more information "Altercation Mars Peaceful Protest," in Blast," New York Times, May 26, about the case, and the other members of Keith Michaud, Ukiah Daily Journal, 1990; "Environmentalists Win Bombing the legal team, please visit www.Judibari.org. June 16, 1989; "Loggers, Protesters Get Lawsuit," New York Times, June 12,2002.

NUMBER 75 FALL 2003 CovertAction Quarterly Denver Police Keeping Files on Peace Groups

COINTELPRO MAKES A COMEBACK

Loring Wirbel

Filesby releasedthe Denver in NovemberPolice Intelligence 2002 lance sion ofthat justice followed Department the Seattle surveil- anti- Bureau indicate constant infiltra- globalization demonstrations of tion and observation of such groups November 1999. Mark Silverstein, as American Friends Service legal director for the American Civil Committee, Citizens for Peace in Liberties Union's Denver office, said Space, and Pikes Peak Justice and that release of the files represents Peace Commission. The files indi- an anomaly that says little about cate regular information- sharing between undercov er police groups in Denver, Colorado Springs, and POLICE INTELLIGENCE BUREAUS Omaha, Nebraska. The files cover the peri HAVE BEEN SHARING INFORMATION od of 1998-99, well before both the post-September ACROSS JURISDICTIONS, RAISING 11th increase in civil sur veillance in U.S. metropoli SPECTRES OF A RESUSCITATED LAW tan police squads, and even pre-dating the expan- ENFORCEMENT INTELLIGENCE UNIT

A Denver group prepares to "take the streets" in Colorado Springs on Feb. 15, 2003, shortly before police used tear gas on the crowd -- which they had been prepared to use before any civil disobedience was attempted.

CovertAction Quarterly 27 FALL 2003 NUMBER 75 Wirbel

what cities may be doing in the At the Peterson demonstration North American Aerospace Defense wake of the Bush administration's and Denver law conference license Command and the U.S. Space " W a r o n Te r r o r . " plate numbers were tallied and Command.5 "If this is what police agencies associated with individuals. The Release of the police files were doing four years ago, it only police also tracked ties between the sparked a one-day media frenzy, serves to suggest what they might b o a r d s o f C P I S a n d t h e P i k e s P e a k initiated by a detailed discussion of be doing now - though we may JPC. At the February 1998 confer police policy in the Colorado have little chance of finding that ence police were particularly inter Springs Independent^ Writers out," Silverstein said.l ested in the presentations from two pried out some interesting discrep Release of the files happened as board members of the Global ancies on surveillance policies from a r e s u l t o f a n A C L U l a w s u i t fi l e d Network Against Weapons and police in Denver and Colorado against the city of Denver in March Nuclear Power in Space: Helen John, Springs, and the Colorado Springs 2002. Because the group had evi of the Menwith Hill Women's Peace City Council agreed to hold hear dence of snooping on social justice Camp in England; and Regina ings on police actions. But the groups, which the police had kept Hagen, of the Darmstadt Peace attention did not extend beyond hidden from Mayor Wellington Center in Germany. While coverage the immediate issue of CPIS, AFSC, Webb, the mayor and city council of the John and Hagen speeches and PPJPC. It did not look into the supported a purging of the police was largely accurate, the police general issue of false information files. Furthermore, the city attor agent covering the conference false being shared by police agencies via ney supported opening the files to ly claimed that CPIS director Bill regional networks. citizens for a 90-day period before Sulzman had called for sabotage at Since several other social justice they were destroyed. The Denver military bases. groups were slated to receive police admitted to maintaining files Detailed coverage of the expanded files before year's end, on 3,200 individuals and 208 Colorado Springs conference, and the story of the Denver files is organizations.2 coverage of a speech Sulzman gave scarcely at an end. But we still Because of heavy police presence in Omaha, indicate that police intel- know very little about the expan at peace rallies at Buckley Air Force iigence bureaus have been sharing sion of regional police intelligence- Base and Schriever Air Force Base information across jurisdictions, sharing under RISS funding. And in during the 1990s, this writer elect raising spectres of a resuscitated the aftermath of the secrecy sur ed to ask for his personal file, and Law Enforcement Intelligence rounding the USA Patriot Act and the files of the Citizens for Peace in Unit (LEIU). the establishment of the Space organization, in early In the 1970s, discovery in the Department of Homeland Security, October. The police released single- Karen Silkwood civil case revealed activists will have to work hard to page personal and organizational that the Justice Department's Law insure that the Denver revelations files that same day. Enforcement Asastance Administration are not a special case in an other On November 15th, Silverstein's had funded the LEIU, a private wise solid wall of secrecy nation staff sent out a letter asking for police-intelligence "club," for more wide. more details from any citizen who than a decade. LEIU utilized had been notified that additional regional intelligence centers like information had been "found" in the Rocky Mountain Information September, during an expanded Network (RMIN) in Arizona, as a NOTES search at police headquarters man way of sharing unverified "Red dated by the ACLU's discovery Squad" files across municipal 1. Silverstein, personal communications, process. That same day 1 received boundaries. LEIU abuse was so per Nov. 25, 2002. 2. Sean Kelly, "Police 'Spy Files' several pages of file information, vasive, the organization went into indicating why the Denver Police sleeper status in 1978, and the Assailed," Denver Post, March 12, 2002, had been anxious to keep this scandals were one factor leading to p. 1; Sarah Huntley, "Cops Have 'Spy Files', Groups Say," Rocky Mountain the demise of LEAA in 1980. LEIU, group of files out of sight. News, March 12, 2002, p. 5A; John The files, with names of individ however, never died.^ Ingold, "Webb Orders Spy-Files Review," uals blacked out, reveal regular There had been suggestions since Denver Post, March 14, 2002, p. 1; John detailed monitoring of a Global the mid-1990s that federal funding Ensslin, "'Spy Files' A Mistake, Webb Network peace conference in April for LEIU was being revived under Says," Rocky Mountain News, March 14, 1998 at Colorado College; of an the Justice Department's Regional 2002, p. 4A; "Police Files Raise Rights August 1998 Plowshares action at a Information Sharing Systems (RISS) Concerns," The New York Times, March Minuteman-11 silo; of a legal June 14, 2002. program. RISS sponsored comput 3. Denver Police Intelligence Bureau 1998 demonstration at Buckley; of er-system upgrades for regional Information Summaries, property of the a Space and International Law con centers like RMIN. And the interest author, op. dt. ference in Denver in February of these police groups in peace 4. Richard Rashke, The Killing of Karen 1999; and of a March 1999 demon activists was obvious - John Vinson, Silkwood; Jim Hougan, Spooks: The stration at Peterson Air Force Base director of RMIN since 1997, was Haunting of America - The Private Use of in Colorado Springs.3 the former director of both the Secret Agents (New York: Bantam Books,

NUMBER 75 FALL 2003 CovertAction Quarterly DENVER POLICE DEPARTMENT INTELLIGENCE BUREAU INFORMATION SUMMARY

fi O S P S C T S m K B r

ALSO SP^KINO WAS BEEN^ACTIVOILSIIIB^^ SHE HA§ NOT BE]^^P5?PPD/lNCiyTL^ D]^OBiDIE®CE; VERY GOOD . ENGLISH AND WAS VERY WELL SPO^; .EHE RELATED SHE KASnffllr TRAVELING FOR SEVERAL WEEKS IN TH^jjg^D STA^mS A^ ^CKOTLY^SITED THE KENNEDY SPACE CENTER IN FLORIDA. . FOUND IT VERY INTERESTING, BUT RELATED THAT NAi^ DOTS ^nSTOD^PUBLIC REL^^ TIOTS JOB ON COVERING UP iiVERYTHING THEY ARE INVOLVED ,IN BESIDES .THE .MApED MIOTIONST SHE RELATED LITTLE INFORMATION WAS A^IIABLE ONT|ffi SPACECRAFT. THE "CASSINI" WAS- LAUNCHED AND IS NUCLEAR E^WBHED AND-TK^S GROUP FEARS THAT IT WILL CONTAMINATE SPACE OR FALL TO EARTH CAUSING NUCLEAR POLLUTION; ALSOJBEBBE^NTING GERMANY WAS A JH I HE DIDN

ALSO IN . ATTENDANCE- ▶ WITH THEY . WERE IDENTIFIED. AS-^ WHO A G, TIME PROTESTORS.

CovertAction Quarterly 29 Direct Action by the First Nations of Canada "ANTI-TERRORIST" TACTICS USED TO SUPPRESS DEMOCRACY

John Moore

northeast of Vancouver, five hun cially encouraged a policy of inter As inglyworld desperate buyers become for forest increas prod dred Mounties assembled to arrest marriage, to promote the idea of a ucts, rare minerals and cheap oil, and disperse about fifty Shuswap "seamless" society. One product of and as the multinationals and the Indians as they gathered for their this policy was a numerous and cul Canadian government grow annual Sun Dance.5 This was the turally unique society, the Me'ti, who now number about 200,000 increasingly anxious to make the largest contingent of Mounties con sale, the native peoples of Canada centrated in one spot since the persons in Canada, as compared to have come under enormous pres Indian Wars. Unable to squelch the nearly a million people of the north sure to provide these resources natives, the RCMP called in JTF2, and First Nations. Located in the from their ancestral lands, l While which responded with a helicopter west and north, the Me'tis have the aggressors proceed simultane and two Bison armored personnel tended to ally politically with the ously on three fronts—political, leg carriers. A state of siege was created First Nations or the French, and islative and military—it is the mili when government forces surround they claim considerable natural tary and paramilitary threats that ed the camp, which was soon resup- resources.^ s e e m m o s t o m i n o u s t o e m b a t t l e d plied by truck and foot from near Unlike the British, the French native communities. The Royal by First Nations communities. government wrote no official Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) Chief Wolverine of the Shuswap treaties with Indians, and did not each day look less like Dudley Do- Nation became a resistance hero at segregate the population and Right of cartoon and movie fame Gustafsen Lake when he rescued define who would live where in and more like a SWAT unit from the t w o c o m r a d e s f r o m a n R C M P New France, but, inspired by the Philadelphia police force. Even ambush, which was initiated by the French Revolution, they tried to more frightening is the mysterious detonation of a land mine. The next create a nation in which the citizens were politically, if not economical regular army unit called Joint Task day, according to court testimony Force 2 (JTF2), which may already in 1998, the RCMP followed up with ly, equal. Even now, the separatist have Indian blood on its hands a sniper attack on the Shuswap P a r t i Q u e b e c o i s h a s a n n o u n c e d from a "training exercise" in Peru.2 camp. Apparently disappointed in that a sovereign Quebec state Unfortunately, JTF2 may soon the results, they applied to the reg would allow native Nations to have have an opportunity to test the ade ular army for .50-caliber sniper autonomous regions within its bor quacy of its "anti-terrorist" train rifies.6 So how did Indian affairs in ders, a position which is anathema ing. On the heels of a phony refer Canada reach the point where to Anglo politicians. endum on Indian rights held in ambushes, land mines, and sniper The citizens of Ontario, many of British Columbia last summer, rifles have become ordinary parts whom are descendants of English- native leaders of the First Nations of daily conversation in Indian speaking "Loyalists," who emigrat have stated that any attempt by the communities? To answer that, we e d f r o m t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s a f t e r t h e government to implement the need to take a short trip through Revolutionary War, or the "New propositions of the referendum Canadian history, unfamiliar terri Loyalists" who arrived to claim might result in "direct action" from tory for most North Americans. abundant new land offered to native people, reminiscent of the immigrants in the 19th century, bloody standoff at Oka, Quebec, in A F E W F A C T S have maintained entirely different 1990, which cost the government attitudes toward native people.® upwards of 200 million Canadian To begin with, Canada was first set Like their Stateside cousins, they dollars.3 Consistently, violence has tled by France, not England, and wanted written treaties and a slid followed political setbacks for the French had entirely different ing scale of citizenship rights which native peoples, more recently when notions about proper relations with depended largely on the "blood police killed unarmed Indian Indians and their territories. The quantum" of native people, a racist demonstrator Dudley George at original French immigrants to "New notion adapted from the classifica Ipperwash Park, Ontario, in 1995, France," now evolved into Quebec, tion of African slaves in the United ironically while he was protesting were traders, not farmers, and they States.9 It was Ontario, along with government violence at a military tried to meld into the Indian popu Quebec, which provided the two base.4 At about the same time, at lation in the interests of promoting major components of what became Gustafsen Lake, 350 kilometers trade. The French government offi the Canadian nation, and it was

NUMBER 75 FALL 2003 CovertAction Quarterly Ontario, farther west up the St. nors, have considerably more To that end, the Indian Act of 1876 Lawrence River, rather than autonomy in Indian Affairs than specified that legal Indians lived in Quebec, which supplied the bulk of states do in the U.S. They can write "bands," and that bands occupied the population for the western their own treaties with Indians. As a "reserves," within which they could provinces as they were settled and result, native leaders must operate exercise political powers specified organized in the nineteenth centu- in a political environment where by the central government. "Bands" ry. The prairie provinces of provinces jockey with the national were directed by the Act to hold Manitoba, Saskatchewan and government and with each other elections for chief every three Alberta became sparsely settled for political advantage, with con- years. Anglophone versions of their moth- stantly changing policies and gov- The First Peoples of Canada er province, Ontario. emment "white papers" periodical- immediately exploded in protest The far west of Canada (British ly augmented or retracted, n against this "one size fits all" form Columbia including Vancouver "Indian Country" in Canada is a of government. The Iroquois of the Island) was settled in the middle of patchwork of lands where title is east pointed out that they were a the century, and comprised a pro- guaranteed variously by French "matriarchy" in which citizenship gressive Anglo and immigrant pop- administrative documents, con- was inherited through women only, ulation which was initially rather tracts with private companies and and they already had a perfectly generous toward the First Nations, religious organizations, treaties satisfactory ancient method of elec- Through its Governor, James with provinces, treaties with the tion whereby the women selected Douglas, a few limited treaties were feder^ government, or no docu- the chiefs, and so they ignored the written which essentially guaran- ments at all. The central govern- Indian Act. This was an issue which teed the sovereignty and aboriginal ment is only now trying to enforce came up again in the armed con- rights of the First Nations. But these its hegemony over all other claims frontation at Oka, when the govem- political tendencies were soon over- to Indian land, and overall political ment at first refused to negotiate whelmed when the territory bodies which daim to represent with the Mohawk women who were became a province in 1871.10 Indians. They operate in a legal set forward as their tribal leaders.l2 The eastern Maritime Provinces environment in which both English The Cree and other First Nations were also different from the other common law and the Napoleonic west of Hudson's Bay said that tra- regions, oriented toward fishing Codes, as well as fragments of ditionally sons followed fathers as and ship-building, with populations United States law, must be respect- chiefs, so they obligingly elected dating from very early times, ed. sons at the death or retirement of Portuguese, Welsh, Irish and Breton While the 1831 U.S. Supreme their fathers, in seeming conformi- fishermen were building settle- Court decision in Cherokee Nation ty to the Indian Act. The First ments here at the same time as v. State of Georgia (301 U.S. 1) Nations of the Pacific coast, the so- Columbus was sailing the Indies, dedared that Native Americans in called "totem pole Indians," were Impatient with Indians, the early the United States constituted more perplexed than angry, fishermen exterminated the "dependent nations," and were sub- Sedentary, seafaring people with Beothuk Indians of Labrador, and ordinate to the federal government, populations in the thousands, they drove other native groups away and although the United States maintained a complex, sophisticat- from the coast, so they would not Congress asserted its authority over ed political system comprising interfere with commerdal fishing. Indian land in the infamous Lone towns, clans, phratries, elaborate The North West Territories, from Wbif decision of 1903, there are no titles and solemn political cere- the Arctic Ocean to Hudson's Bay, equivalent documents in Canada, monies, and they didn't know what were originally placed under con- That is why provinces still jockey to make of the idea of reverting to a trol of the Hudson's Bay Company, for authority over Indian lands, simple chiefship.i3 Like the which operated as an independent why private companies think they Iroquois, they ignored the Indian colony chartered by the British can acquire untrammeled control Act. Crown. They were organizationally of natural resources, and why First But the government was dead intertwined with the North West Peoples believe they have a chance serious about imposing this struc- Moimted Police, which became the to defend their ancient patrimony ture on native peoples, as a means Royal Canadian Mounted Police in by legal means. of extinguishing in advance poten- 1920. To improve their weak legal posi- tial Indian claims to natural tion and move toward federal hege- resources. In 1871 they had initiat- THE LEGAL SITUATION mony, the new Dominion of ed the period of "numbered Canada, after it was confederated in treaties," which sought to confine When Canada was reorganized as a 1867, looked for means to clarify Indians and Indian rights to small British "Dominion" in 1867, it rep- and amplify their legal position vis- isolated tracts of land, as had hap- resented a tentative cobbling a-vis the native populations. At the pened in the U.S. with the reserva- together of these extremely diverse least, they hoped that their admin- tion system. At that time in Canada, provinces, rather than a forceful istrative policies in the west and only about 150 of 500 bands, tribes creation of a nation under federal northwest, an area just coming and nations had negotiated a treaty hegemony, as happened in the under control of the federal gov- with a province or the federal gov- United States after the Civil War. emment, would not replicate the emment. For purposes of treaty- Consequently Canadian provinces, complexities and contradictions of making, then, most of Canada led by premiers instead of gover- Indian law in Quebec and Ontario, between Ontario and the Rocky

CovertAction Quarterly 31 FALL 2003 NUMBER 75 Moore

Mountains was divided into eleven to overcome problems of per Settlement Act of 1971 assigned fif numbered treaty areas, and basic mafrost and frigid temperatures. It teen percent of the area of the state, negotiations within these areas last was Conservative John Diefenbaker 40 million acres, to 220 Indian and ed fifty years, until 1921. For each who first recognized that only a "Eskimo" villages. The native peo area, native leaders were called to a ^ant consortium of governments ples also received subsurface rights central place, where negotiations and large corporations could collect to another 16 million acres, and were held concerning how many the necessary capital, and he was government approval to negotiate "bands" there were in the area, who elected Prime Minister in 1957 on a for themselves with multinational was in each one, and where a platform of developing the "New corporations for the extraction of reserve might be located. North" with the cooperation of resources. They were to receive a Many Indian people were given native people. Such collaborative half billion dollars in cash from the the choice of being a citizen of a projects, now referred to as federal government, paid in eleven band, a "status" Indian assigned to "megaprojects," are defined as rep yearly installments, and another no reserve, or an ordinary resenting an investment of more half billion to be paid by the State Canadian citizen. Sometimes differ than a billion U. S. dollars per proj of Alaska for land and resources ent members of a family, even full ect. 15 conveyed to the State by native brothers and sisters, chose dif peoples. It sounded like a ferent statuses. And so the legal good deal. battleground was set, with the D Til What the native peo- government claiming that they THE NEW NORTH IS WORTHT #n pies did not fully under- had, with the treaties, extin . stand, however, was that guished all other land claims of DEVELOPING, FROM AI t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l m a r k e t the signatory bands, except for Ifor oil and minerals was the small parcels of reserve CORPORATE PERSPECTIVE.Vtm extremely volatile, and land. They silso claimed, in dra megaprojects had to be matic fashion, that title to FR OM TH E N ORTH WESTT prepared to close down reserves came not by right of periodically, even for original occupancy or "aborigi TERRITORIES ALONE, THE"t years. But the monthly nal title," but by right of British . T M / n f o r e q u i p - conquest and the generosity of TOTAL i AMOUNT IS ABOUT TWOTWU ment still had to be paid, the Monarch. This seemed odd , property main- to many tribes, which had con- BILLIONt U.S. DOLLARS A YEAR,ft Anf tained. The multinational sistently fought on the British JMf* corporations usually side against the Americans, and IN OIL, GOLD, SILVER, ZINC,Nu, hedged against these had never been at war against market fluctuations by the British or Canadian govern AND ESPECIALLY DIAMONDS"Do creating an international ments. But nevertheless the economic structure in Crown stated further that, as FROM THE which they could tem political organizers of previous porarily move their capi ly amorphous political units, EKATI MINE. t a l a n d o t h e r a s s e t s f r o m they also had the right to deter a money-losing enter mine who the citizens of the prise to some other proj bands would be. But as the struggle The New North is worth devel ect where the market was up- for natural resources developed, oping, from a corporate perspec Indonesian nickel or Bolivian tin. the Crown discovered that their tive. Although the full extent of The Indians couldn't do that. legal position was not as strong as mineral and petroleum reserves is Instead they had to use their gov they thought. kept secret, the amount can be ernment grants, and mortgage their roughly estimated by looking at subsurface rights to pay contractual W H A T ' S A T S T A K E ? current annual production of oil, obligations. A cynic would say, MEGAPROJECTS! gas and minerals. From the North "That's what the multinationals West Territories alone, the total wanted in the first place." By 1990 The intensity of the current strug amount is about two bUlion U.S. most Alaskan natives' enterprises gle over natural resources reflects dollars a year, in oil, gold, silver, were bankrupt, and there remained nothing so much as the value of the zinc, and especially diamonds from an enormous pile of debt, with no prize. Although it was known for a the Ekati Mine. way to get out of the mess except long time that fabulous oil and min One of the first experiments with selling off the resources they had eral deposits existed on Indian land, megaprojects in the Arctic, as a originally been determined to pro especi^y in Alberta and the North "collaboration" with native peoples, tect. West Territories, the costs of extrac occurred not in Canada but in The creation of the Canadian tion were unprecedented—it was Alaska, where it was carefully mon native territory of Inuvialuit in required to build roads, rail lines, itored by native leaders both in the 1984 constituted the second major seaports and pipelines within a U.S. and Canada. Hailed as the step by multinationals and govern sparsely populated hinterland, all " fi n a l s o l u t i o n " f o r n a t i v e c l a i m s t o ments to extinguish native land title the while developing technologies resources, the Alaska Native Claims in the American arctic. The

NUMBER 75 FALL 2003 CovertAction Quarterly Inuvialuit agreement was followed will have a free hand in drilling for look around for allies. But then it by four more in the Canadian arc- oil in the Beaufort Sea and piping will be too late." tic, of which the 1993 arrangement the oil to Alberta, where a modem with the Inuit to create the oil-processing infrastructure LUBICON AND DELGAMUUKW Territory of Nunavut was the already exists, 2) BHT Diamonds largest. Several more agreements Inc., which hopes to encircle the The two decisive battles of the legal remain to be written in what is now Canadian Shield with its diamond w a r o v e r I n d i a n r e s o u r c e s w i l l called the Territorial North—every- production facilities, and 3) Metal! probably be fought around issues raised in the cases called Lubicon and Delgamuukw.i^ Lubicon, as a community and a court case, has been described as the spiritual heart of the struggles of the First Nations, and Delgamuukw has been called, perhaps prematurely, "the first real victory."^® The Lubicon Lake Indian Nation is a Cree Indian community in northern Alberta which was prom ised a reserve under Treaty Eight in 1939. Primarily dependent on hunting and trapping for survival, they rejected the small reserve ini tially offered, and claimed a larger territory. Negotiations and court cases dragged on and on until 1979 when, against Lubicon objections, a road was cleared to Lubicon Lake. In retrospect it seems that by that time the authorities realized that the Lubicon Nation was sitting on top of one of the richest oil fields in North America. So the road was built and by 1982, more than 400 oil wells had been drilled within fif Isolated Mohawks reacted to army abuse like psychological teen miles of the community and lake. Their economy was ruined warfare tactics and spoilt supplies at the Treatment Centre in and the community sank into Kanehsatake, Sept. 4, 1990. poverty, but they held on in the negotiations, asking compensation for their ruined economy and thing north of the southern tier of Mining Corporation, which has demanding a share of the oil rev provinces. The agreements essen already invested one billion enues. tially award title to about 20 per C a n a d i a n d o l l a r s i n i t s I z o k L a k e In October of 1988 the Lubicon cent of the land to native peoples. Project to extract lead and zinc community took direct action to They also get mineral rights to from complex ores.l^ preserve their land. They armed about one-fourth of that 20 per But the Beaufort Sea and Izok themselves and built roadblocks on cent, five percent of the total origi Lake are a long way from Ottawa all roads leading to Lubicon. They nal area. They will get one billion and Winnipeg, and the problems of hid behind the barricades and wait Canadian dollars in cash, to spend t h e N o r t h e m T e r r i t o r i e s d o n o t ed for the government response. It on projeas affecting about 100,000 seem to be of a piece with the prob came soon enough as the RCMP citizens. Also, they have exclusive lems of Indian communities at Oka, appeared in force, complete with hunting, trapping and fishing rights E d m o n t o n o r V i c t o r i a . A s o n e snarling attack dogs and helicop over the 20 percent of the land Vancouver activist put it: "We don't ters. They arrested 27 people, but assigned to them, and can negotiate get much support from the Inuit. the Lubicon tactic worked. The for such rights on the rest of the They live in kind of a fantasy land. Premier of Alberta soon appeared land. Most native leaders who have They think they can buzz around in to offer a temporary reserve of 246 made public statements realize that their motorboats and hunt seals square kilometers. They all went 80 percent of their land, its wealth forever. But the full force of back to the negotiating table. and resources, are gone forever, Canadian capitalism hasn't hit them In 1989, the government added despite government promises. But yet. Some day the company geolo insult to injury by awarding timber they have kept a little something gists will come around and want to rights for the contested Lubicon ter for themselves. The rest lies in the negotiate for the rest of the land, ritory to Daishowa, a Japanese pulp hands of 1) Esso Resources, which and the Inuit will get alarmed and and paper company. But through it

CovertAction Quarterly 33 FALL 2003 NUMBER 75 Moore all the Lubicon community stood No. 6. Aboriginal self-government basis, they served as squadrons of fast, surrounded by millions of dol should have the characteristics of cavalry in the Kiel Rebellion of lars in resources they feel they own, local government, with powers del Metis in 1885 and as camouflaged but supported day to day by contri egated from Canada and British infantry in the confrontation at butions of food, clothing and Columbia. Gustafsen Lake.24 money from religious groups and No. 8. The existing tax exemptions In 1919 the Northwest Mounted from other First Nation communi- for Aboriginal people should be Police became the Royal Canadian ties.i^ Still hopeful after more than phased out. Mounted Police, and some units sixty years, each week the Lubicon Premier Campbell wasted no began to take on charaaeristics of community puts together "gas time in providing an money" so that their negotiators enthusiastic interpreta can travel to the seemingly endless tion of the results of meetings with government officials. the referendum. On Stakes in the Delgamuukw case July 3 he announced: are even higher, nothing less than "The government is the billions of dollars in resources pleased that British remaining in British Columbia Columbians have pro which, for historical reasons, have vided clear and posi never been addressed in treaties. tive support for all the The case is named after a man who principles set out in the formed a coalition of native plain referendum...The tiffs in 1987 and sued to force the r e s u l t s s h o w t h a t province to negotiate for Indian British Columbians are resources, instead of simply taking fi r m i n t h e i r r e s o l v e t o them at will. They were encouraged negotiate workable, to do this by the Sparrow decision affordable treaties that of 1990, which endorsed, although will provide certainty, ambiguously, the idea of "aborigi finality and equality." nal rights" as against rights of con He didn't mention that quest. The Delgamuukw case was only about a third of referred to the Supreme Court of those receiving the C a n a d a w h i c h , a f t e r m o n t h s o f mailed questionnaire deliberation, ruled in December of had responded. 1997 that "...Native people in Commenting on the Canada have a unique claim to their referendum, a negotia- traditional lands, that provinces tor for the native side, Cp.|Hiorc don't have the power to arbitrarily Elmer Derrick, described assaulted roadblocks at Oka. extinguish aboriginal title, and that the effort as "engineered" future courts must accept valid and "amateurish." "He Native oral history as a key ingredi doesn't have a mandate; he doesn't the FBI, especially the RCMP ent in proving such claims."20 even have a majority." He reported Intelligence Branch, later reorgan Attorneys on the Indian side that members of the First Nations ized as the Security Service in were beyond "surprised" on hear Summit, meeting on Vancouver 1970.25 The Canadian government ing the decision. "We were para Island on September 16, had heard at that time did not have an equiv lyzed," one said. "We didn't know a lot of talk about "direct action." alent to the FBI, and so the what to do next because we expect "What they mean by that," he said, Mounties were reconfigured to fill ed to lose." So how to account for "is blockades and demonstrations. the bill. By 1950 they were the offi this apparent change of heart on People in the communities are cial snoopers of the Canadian state, the government side? One Indian angry."22 As anger and frustration although they didn't do it very well. leader cautioned, "All they said was mount on both sides, it may be time Mounties complained that before that they will negotiate. They for the Canadian government to they could plant illegal bugs in a haven't given up anything yet." examine the constituent forces of house or office, government regula Recognizing that everything its order of battle. tions required that they first enter depended on the negotiations, the it surreptitiously several times to Premier of British Columbia, T H E R O Y A L C A N A D I A N inventory the contents. They found Gordon Campbell, organized a ref MOUNTED POLICE the paperwork overwhelming.26 erendum by mail on the relevant Pressed into duty as SWAT teams, issues, sent out in April 2002. Although first conceived as having called Emergency Response Teams Although only 35 percent of the an Indian component, when the (ERT in Mountie-talk), out-of-shape voters responded, they gave 84-95 RCMP hit the saddle in 1873, they Mounties complained about wear percent approval on eight proposi constituted 150 white men to over ing helmets and full body armor as tions such as the following:^! see territories where over eighty they ran down the alleyways of No. 1. Private property should not percent of the population was Montreal chasing French sepa be expropriated for treaty settlements. Indian.23 Organized on a military ratists—not exactly the romantic

NUMBER 75 FALL 2003 34 CovertAction Quarterly image of the Mounties. They were also cited for their lack of "special skills" at Oka, Lubicon and Gustafsen Lake, and the decision was made to create a force which looked less like police men, and more like urban assault forces or SEALs— lean, mean and well- trained.

JTF2

The name "JTF2" was inspired when Canadian officials visited Key West, Florida, in 1992, to watch a demonstration by the American anti-drug force JTF4. The Canadian group thought the name was snazzy and "sounded American" so they took it for themselves, primarily for public relations rea sons; there never was a Canadian JTF1.27 Over a Assembly of First Nations elects a new chief in Edmonton, Alberta. thousand Canadian sol diers volunteered for the new "anti-terrorist force" that year, by several thousand regular army societies. Their level of activity and by October the group was oper troops. JTF2 would be responsible depends on the political situation. ation^. They continued to train for removing roadblocks and barri When the first barricade was built and in February 1994 there came cades, and capturing water supplies at Oka in 1990, preventing the town an "action alert." The target was the and sources of electricity. The gov from expanding a golf course onto a same group of three Mohawk ernment was worried that the Mohawk burial ground, young M o h a w k Wa r r i o r S o c i e t i e s w e r e reserves—Akwesasne, Kahnawake Iroquois men flocked to join the and Kanesatake—where Oka was capable of deploying "a potent Warrior Societies. When 100 police located. From the government arsenal," consisting of rifles, officers of the Surete de Quebec standpoint, hundreds of young machine guns and grenade launch assaulted the roadblock on July 11, Mohawks, "under the guise of a ers, at nearby Indian reserves, and the defenders not only included native sovereignty movement," had could close the major highway Mohawk warriors, women and chil seized control of the reservations through Ontario, Highway 401. dren, but also warriors from other for the purpose of "smuggling" cig Unfortunately for the government, I r o q u o i s n a t i o n s , a s w e l l a s the planned attack on the reserves arettes, firearms and drugs.28 Ojibways, Crees and Blackfoot from was discovered by the press, who According to government sources, the west. The battle began as the lost tax revenues already totaled published what they knew, result police fired tear gas and concussion more than a billion Canadian dol ing in a mobilization of the grenades into the barricade. The lars. From the Indian side, Mohawks Mohawks, a dispersal of their forces defenders were quiet until the pointed out that, as a sovereign throughout Quebec and Ontario, police began firing lethal rounds, and then a cancellation of the and then the Indians fired back. A nation, they were not required to attack. Members of JTF2 com charge Canadian or American taxes policeman was killed. Almost imme on cigarettes sold on the reserves, plained to the press, "We had them diately the police fell back, and that the firearms were for their own right in our sights, and we let them then began to run. Brenda Gabriel, "29 use, and that they had nothing to go a Mohawk woman who was present, do with the drug traffic. had this recollection: "All I can say M O H A W K W A R R I O R about it is that we were certainly Nevertheless, senior police and military leaders on the Canadian MOVEMENT surprised by their choice to retreat. side were forming a plan that was 1 guess they were caught off guard The Mohawk Nation, like other essentially an invasion of Indian by our strength...I know we didn't Iroquois nations, and like most of have the numbers that they territory. The plan was to sweep the the First Nations in Canada and the entire area of the reserves with a did...but we were determined to U. S., maintains traditional warrior force of 800 RCMP officers, backed hold onto our land...When we saw

CovertAction Quarterly 35 NUMBER 75 FALL 2003 Moore them run back we understood that Matthew Coon Come, who had pur 7. See Jacqueline Peterson and Jennifer we had control ...from that point I sued a confrontational policy with Brown, eds.. The New Peoples: Being and knew it would be different."30 official govemments. This resulted Becoming Metis in North America (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, Another militant at Oka learned in a cut-back of 50 percent in gov emment funding for AFN, in a 1985). about the tactical significance of 8. These are the people called "Tories" bridges, based on their occupancy country where the federal govem from the American side. of the Mercier Bridge over the St. ment routinely finances the activi 9. They say "quarter-blood," instead of L a w r e n c e R i v e r n e a r M o n t r e a l . ties of its critics and opponents. By quadroon, and "half-blood" instead of Mohawk Warrior Jean Catafard stat contrast, Fontaine is said to be mulatto, but the intent is the same—to ed: "We felt that we could convince "cozy" with Liberal Prime Minister deprive a large portion of the population the provincial police that we would Jean Chretien, who has already of their civil rights. blow up the bridge if they attacked touted Fonteine as the "13th 10. Olive Patricia Dickason, Canada's a second time. And they wanted Premier" of Canada, alongside the First Nations (Toronto: McClelland & that bridge back in one piece, they Premiers of the Provinces. Stewart, 1992), pp. 202-15. Fontaine said he expects to "coop 11. See Govemment in Conflict: needed it. So as long as we con Provinces and Indian Nations in Canada, trolled the bridge, we had a lot of erate" with the federal govemment. edited by J. Anthony Long and Menno power. It was their fear of what we "Collaborate, I'd say," snorted a Boldt (University of Toronto Press, would do to that bridge that gave us Mohawk elder to reporters after the 1998). part of our power."^! results of a mn-off were 12. The Mohawks are one component In the past two decades. First announced. Whether Fontaine's nation of the League of the Iroquois. Nation militants—from Lubicon to election is enough to discourage or 13. A phratry is a group of clans. Oka—have focused on building prevent armed conflicts between 14. For a description of the treaty-mak r o a d b l o c k s a n d b a r r i c a d e s a s t h e i r natives and police has yet to be ing process, see Ch. 19 of Dickason. 15. For a close look at the consequences determined. tactic of choice when political situa of the U.S. Settlement Act, see Joseph tions have reached an impasse. In Jorgensen, Oil Age Eskimos (Berkeley: the words of a modem activist in University of California Press, 1990). Alberta: "I don't believe the govem- John Moore is a long-time activist for 16. Robert M. Bone, The Regional ment really wants to shoot Indians. native causes in Canada, the U.S., Geography of Canada (Oxford This is because they know we are in Mexico, and Nicaragua. He is Professor University Press, 2000), Chapter 10. the right, morally and legally. But of Anthropology at the University of 17. Anglos usually mispronounce the word as "Delgamooka," but native peo we must be willing to give our lives Florida, and a member of the Editorial for our people, and for what we Board of Science and Society. ple say that's close enough. 18. See Don Ryan's "Foreword" in believe. If we show we are strong, Delgamuukw (Vancouver: Grey stone they will come to the bargaining Books, 1998). table."32 19. For a 68-page native perspective on Another activist, a Mohawk living the Lubicon controversy, see in Montreal, spoke more bluntly NOTES http://nativenet.uthscsa.edu/archive/nl about the festering situation in /history British Columbia: "At Oka, the other 20. As summarized by Stan Persky in his tribes rallied around to help us, and 1. The people called "Native Americans" "Commentary" in Delgamuukw, p. 1. we will help them. It will take me in the US prefer to be called "First 21. Press Release, "Report on two days, tops, to drive to British Nations" in Canada. So-called "Eskimos" Referendum," Premier's Office, Victoria, prefer to be called by their band, tribe or BC, July 3, 2002. Columbia. And the Premier needs national affiliation, such as Inuit or 22. Telephone interview, Sept. 18, 2002. to understand that his capital city Gwich'in. 23. Dickason, p. 281. sits on an island."33 As the news 2. David Pugliese, Canada's Secret 24. Ibid., p. 309. paper stories unfold over the next Commandos: The Unauthorized Story of 25. John Sawatsky, Men in the Shadows: several months, we will see how Joint Task Force Two (Ottawa: Esprit de The RCMP Security Service (Toronto: determined the First Nations are to Corps Books, 2002), pp. 69-70. Doubleday, 1980), pp. 59-60, 110. defend their sovereignty and 3. According to Ed Bianchi, Policy 26. For two unauthorized views of the Advocate for the Aboriginal Rights resources, and whether or not the Mounties, see John Sawatsky, Men in the Canadian govemment really wants Coalition, Ottawa. For a good description Shadows (Doubleday Canada), and of the Oka uprising, see linda Pertusati, Richard Fidler, RCMP: The Real to shoot Indians. In Defense of Mohawk Land (Albany: Subversives (New York: Pathfinder Press, State University of New York Press, 1978). 1997). For the Canadian military side, 27. Pugliese, p. 25. POSTSCRIPT: On July 16, 2003, see Scott Taylor and Brian Nolan, Tested 28. Ibid., pp. 25-36. in Edmonton, Alberta, Phil Mettle (Ottawa: Esprit de Corps Books, 29. Ibid., pp. 33-36. Fontaine, an Ojibwa, was elected 1998), pp. 34-35. 30. Pertusati, p. 103. Chief of the Assembly of First 4. Pugliese, p. 54. 31. Tbid, p. 105. Nations (AFN), the most powerful 5. See http://arcbc.tripod.com/lima.htm 32. Telephone interview, "Robert native lobbjdng group in Canada. and Pugliese, pp. 52-55. Horse," Sept. 9, 2002. He was elected over the incumbent, 6. Testimony in a trial reported in the 33. Telephone interview. Anonymous, Ottawa Citizen, Nov. 4, 1998. Sept. 16, 2002.

NUMBER 75 FALL 2003 36 CovertAction Quarterly Tobacco Companies and Free Speech A SMOKESCREEN FOR CENSORSHIP

Lawrence Soley

the right to advertise cigarettes. T H E I N V I S I B L E G A G In 1998, as Congress consid Intobacco 2002, as companies in previous defended years, their right to advertise cigarettes as ered a bill that would ban billboard While Philip Morris and other and sports advertising reaching tobacco companies were publicly consistently as the American Civil Liberties Union defended unpopu minors, the tobacco industry promoting free speech, they were lar political speech. When denounced the bill for trampling on simultaneously, but silently, California Superior Court Judge freedom of speech. "We intend to squelching discourse about the haz ards of smoking. Like their cam Ronald Prager ruled on June 6 that assert our First Amendment, due tobacco companies violated a 1998 process and other constitutional paigns promoting the right to advo cate cigarette smoking, their cam agreement to stop advertising to rights to [overturn] this legislation in court," threatened tobacco minors, the companies denounced paigns to silence critics lasted the ruling. Tommy J. Payne, vice industry attorney J. Philip Carlton."! decades. A decade earlier, in an effort to In their efforts to gag critics, the president of external relations at derail a different proposal to regu tobacco companies developed a R.J. Reynolds, issued a lengthy statement condemning the decision late tobacco advertising, the Philip series of censorious tactics that are as "politically correct, but it disre Morris Corporation, now called now commonly used by other cor Altria, Inc., sponsored an essay- porations, making private censor gards the facts, the law, the First Amendment.... and establishes the writing contest about the First ship in the United States as great a Amendment rights of cigarette threat to free speech as government precedent of censorship of legiti manufacturers. Advertisements for mate information."! censorship. These tactics include The following September, when the contest appeared in influential, confidentiality clauses in employ large circulation periodicals, ment contracts; civil lawsuits; court- Judge Prager indicated that he ordered protection or gag orders; would dismiss a related class action including The New Yorker and the s u i t fi l e d b y f o u r S a n D i e g o New York Times, asking entrants to economic pressures on the mass write about why a ban on cigarette media; assertions of private proper teenagers alleging that Reynolds and other tobacco companies ille advertising infringed on free ty and privacy rights about docu speech. The contest's purpose was ments; and a host of other tactics gally advertised to them and other to suggest that limits on tobacco youths, R.J. Reynolds senior vice designed to curb discussions about advertising hindered the average tobacco companies and their prod president Daniel E. Donahue citizen's First Amendment rights. ucts. praised the decision. Donahue These restraints go far beyond claimed that Prager finally recog Philip Morris published a book traditional torts such as defamation nized "that there is such a thing as including some of these essays, commercial free speech and people titled American Voices: Prize- and invasion of privacy, which are who manufaaure and sell products Winning Essays on Freedom of designed to protect individuals. Instead, the tobacco companies that are lawful to be sold have a Speech, Censorship and Advertising Bans, which it distributed to thou and, increasingly, other corpora protected First Amendment right to advertise."^ sands of libraries in the United tions use their deep pockets and The same month, tobacco com States. power to limit discourse about their Before that, Philip Morris spon industries, products and consumer panies in Canada challenged in court that nation's Tobacco Act, sored a $60 million advertising safety. which required picture-based warn campaign to celebrate the Because the First Amendment Bicentennial of the Bill of Rights bars Congress, not private entities, ings on cigarette packages. The from "abridging the freedom of tobacco companies claim the Act and free speech. More than two million copies of the historic docu violates their constitutional rights speech or of the press," private to free expression.^ ment were distributed by Philip restrictions on speech are and have become at least as effective at The complaints voiced by the Morris, which also sent a traveling tobacco industry in 2002 about exhibit with one of the original restricting speech as government restrictions. infringements of their free speech copies of the Bill of Rights to all 50 states. A highly publicized example of rights are part of a two decade-long how tobacco companies restrict campaign equating free speech with

CovertAction Quarterly FALL 2003 NUMBER 75 Brown & Williamson's pressure, it speech is provided by former journalists investigating industry Brown & Williamson research direc practices everywhere."^ never mentioned that ABC had a tor Jeffrey Wigand, whose plight After three months of criticism year earlier than CBS also caved in became the subject of the 1999 that sullied its reputation as a to tobacco company pressures. In that case, Philip Morris and R.J. movie, The Insider. Wigand's muckraker, 60 Minutes belatedly employment contract contained a broadcast the Wigand interview. Reynolds actually filed a lawsuit secrecy clause that prohibited him The New York Times described this against ABC charging that a seg from disclosing information about decision as "half-heroic. It was pre ment on Day One about the tobac the company, including its research cipitated not by a newfound co companies' spiking nicotine in showing nicotine to be addictive. courage from CBS's lawyers, but by cigarettes was libelous. The suit When discharged by Brown & the Wall Street Journal, which a was filed during negotiations about Williamson, Wigand was warned to week ago obtained and published the sale of the network to Disney. remain silent. Eventually, Wigand its own account of Mr. Wigand's ABC settled the suit, thereby t o l d C B S ' s 6 0 M i n u t e s w h a t h e allegations, thereby reducing CBS's eliminating an impediment to the knew. The tobacco company then risk of a lawsuit.""^ sale of the network. The settlement threatened to sue CBS if 60 Minutes In 1999, the Disney Corp., owner included a protective order and broadcast Wigand's interview, of CBS rival ABC, released The secrecy agreement that prohibited the network from discussing the claiming that 60 Minutes had tor- Insider, a feature film about 60 case or revealing tobacco company tiously interfered with a contract Minutes's spiking of the Wigand documents. The tobacco compa by encouraging Wigand to violate interview. Although the movie was his confidentiality agreement. based on well-known events. Brown nies asserted that the documents were private property and stamped Lawsuits, or threats of lawsuits, & Williamson nevertheless publicly to curb debate or to pun legal warnings that the ish speakers are known as documents were "confi- SLAPPs, an acronjmi for HbR•UCD document clential" and or that its content "This Strategic Lawsuits Against VvniWHILE PHILIP MORRIS AND OTHER Public Participation. YflPAl 91 ini\/ ^ shown SLAPPs are lawsuits specif- »UDMTOBACCO ( COMPANIES WERE PUBLICLYjLICLY or distributed as provid- jri/ court's order."^ ically designed to punish p- ft r Edward L. Sweda, Jr., an speech and have become PROMOTING FREE SPEECH, THEY a favorite tactic used by ' T Tobaccoa t t o Liability r n e y w Project i t h t h at e corporations to silence WERE " SIMULTANEOUSLY, BUT c r i t i c s . S L A P P s e f f e c t i v e l y , /RSblocr Northeasternsays that tobacco University, compa- squelch speech because OiLLSILENTLY, SQUELCHING DISCOURSE they make speakers worry - fikin commonly use this that anything more they MDUABOUT THE HAZARDS OF SMOKING.ilNG. tactic to "keep informa- say might be used against . ITINGiTikin also public, from government but them in court; foist upon LIKE LInC THEIR CAMPAIGNS PROMOTING ____ authorities and public speakers the financial tUC burden of defending i THE tlC RIGHT TO ADVOCATE CIGARETTEIt fit health officials. The cor- , p o r a t e e n v i r o n m e n t i s themselves; shift debate TO highly secretive." from the conduct of cor- SMOKING, THEIR CAMPAIGNS TO porations to that of the qu t Sealing documents and speakers; and move SILENCE OlLt CRITICS LASTED DECADES.iDcS. transcripts in court cases debate from public arenas h a s b e c o m e a n o t h e r t a c to private, judicial tic frequently used by forums. New York Justice corporations to hide their Nicholas Colabella tersely summed suggested that it would SLAPP wrongdoing. An egregious exam up the impact of SLAPPs, noting Disney with a libel suit because the ple of this is provided by Ford and that "of a gun to the head, a greater film suggested that Jeffrey Wigand Firestone, which settled many cases threat to First Amendment expres was physically, rather than just ver of tire failure on Ford Explorers sion can scarcely be imagined.''^ bally, threatened by the tobacco equipped with ATX tires before the Brown & Williamson's SLAPP company. To bolster its libel claim. problems became widely known. threat was made while CBS's owners Brown & Williamson had survey When the companies settled law were negotiating the sale of the net researchers go to theaters in seven suits against them, the settlements work in 1995. Fearing that a SLAPP cities, asking filmgoers their beliefs included gag clauses and the courts could interfere with the sale, CBS about the tobacco company.^ sealed the settlement terms, depriv executives spiked the interview, Despite the threats and other ing the public of knowledge about the dangers posed by the SUV/tire generating howls of "censorship" machinations, such as sending press from competitors in the news releases to movie critics asserting combination. media, even though they engage in that the movie was false, no libel Companies not only assert that similar actions themselves. The suit against Disney was filed. documents are private property, New York Times described CBS's Athough The Insider accurate but also assert that their places of decision as "a chilling message to ly depicted CBS's capitulation to business are private property, pro-

CovertAction Quarterly NUMBER75 FALL 2003 Soley hibiting access to the property even later broke his silence. whose news outlets excerpted parts; when the public may gather there, The tobacco companies have and even subpoenaed members of as is the case with shopping centers used SLAPPs to silence other critics, the U.S. House, an action described and malls. In only three states - not just the news media and former by a judge as "an attempt to intim California, New Jersey and employees. After Dr. Paul Fischer idate and, in a sense, punish" law Colorado - have state high courts of the Medical College of Georgia makers, is ruled that shopping centers are published a study in 1991 showing "The tobacco industry public gathering places where citi that young children recognized Joe lashes out at those who go against zens' rights to free speech are pro Camel as easily as McDonald's gold them," says the Tobacco Liability tected. Even in these states, en arches, R.J. Re)molds slapped Project's Sweda. "It punishes those protesting or distributing leaflets Fischer with a subpoena, demand who go against the corporate inter- about corporate misdeeds on pri ing that he produce his notes and est."i6 vately owned property other than the names of the children whom he Although the tobacco com in the designated "free speech studied. The subpoena claimed panies often use the courts to muz z o n e s " i n m a l l s i s c o n s i d e r e d t r e s that the tobacco company needed zle the news media, they have passing. By asserting private prop the notes to defend itself from a found that threats to withdraw erty rights, many corporations lawsuit in California. advertising dollars from news have successfully banned speech Fischer refused to disclose media can be just as effective. on their property. the names of his subjects and his Mother Jones, Reader's Digest, and To settle the suit filed against notes, and sought to quash other magazines that have carried it, ABC agreed to pay the tobacco Reynolds' subpoena. Although it stories about the health hazards of companies' legal expenses and, in a cost him $35,000 in legal expenses, smoking have had their tobacco carefully crafted statement, pub Fischer won in the Georgia Appeals advertising yanked as punishment. licly apologized for airing the pro court. However, the tobacco com This type of public, finan gram, saying that the network pany would not give up. It then cial punishment has made periodi could not prove that the tobacco filed a request for Fischer's notes cals that accept tobacco advertising companies spiked cigarettes. under Georgia's Open Records reluctant to carry stories about the Despite the court seal, USA law.i3 health hazards of smoking. Today nevertheless obtained copies Exhausted by the protracted Research in academic journals over of the secret ABC brief and accom- legal battle and the Medical College the last decade has consistently pan3dng Philip Morris documents. of Georgia's failure to help him, found that magazines carrying The newspaper concluded that the Fischer resigned from the college tobacco advertising rarely carry "evidence appears at odds with and went into private practice. "I'm stories about the perils of smoking. both the tobacco company's public glad 1 did the research," says A1992 study found that magazines statements and the network's apol- Fischer. "It was an important that accept tobacco advertising ogy."ll study, but the consequences for me were 50 percent less likely to carry B r o w n & W i l l i a m s o n i s n o t t h e personally were not what I expect- stories about the health hazards of only tobacco company to use ed."i4 smoking than magazines free of employee confidentiality agree The suit against Fischer is ments to suppress discourse about only one of many the hazards of smoking; they all do. designed to punish Brown & Williamson was just more c r i t i c s o f t h e t o b a c ham-fisted than the other compa co companies. Cfyippc . nies, but only marginally so. After its incriminat-SLAPPS OLMrro HAVE i BEEN FILED BY THE Philip Morris conducted a sim i n g d o c u m e n t s F N F P i ilar campaign against Dr. Victor were leaked to the ENERGY tiVcliC INDUSTRY AGAINST DeNoble, whose research for the p r e s s . B r o w n & F M U I company showed that nicotine, in Williamson tried to tfVIr#ENVIRDNMENTALISTS, BY addition to being addictive, altered u s e t h e c o u r t s t o • brain chemistry. Fearing that punish almost DEVELOPERS * AND DeNoble's research could be used everyone involved. n as damning evidence against the B r o w n & W i l l i a m s o n BUILDERS AGAINST company in lawsuits, the company sued a legal secre- rAI|/ip/1Afi tried to bury the research. DeNoble tary who photo- ENVIRONMENTAL CfwIrffil/IV/ AND COMMUNITY was told to withdraw an article sub c o p i e d i n c r i m i n a t - , mitted to a scientific journal, i n g c o m p a n y d o c u - 'GROUPS, AND BY Psychopharmacology, and Philip ments; sought a r Morris contemplated moving the court order against PHARMACEUTICAL ' experiments to Switzerland, away a U n i v e r s i t y o f from U.S. court subpoenas. Finally, California, San COMPANIES AGAINST A Philip Morris pulled the plug on the Francisco, professor i research, dismissed DeNoble, and who received the HOST ' OF CRITICS. warned him to remain silent or be documents; sub sued.l2 like Wigand, DeNoble poenaed reporters

CovertAction Quarterly FALL 2003 NUMBER 75 tobacco advertising, and a 1997 tive consequences for the public, dant who has successfully defend ed against a SLAPP to collect com study found "the coverage of tobac particularly young people, but the co-related cancers is virtually greatest problem is that it has pensatory and punitive damages if absent" in African-American demonstrated to other corpora the court finds that the lawsuit was women's magazines carrying tobac tions that critics can be silenced filed "for the purpose of harass co ads.17 with SLAPPs, secrecy agreements, ment, to inhibit the moving party's Many other advertisers employment contracts, advertising public participation, to interfere have learned that threats to with pressures, and private property with the moving party's exercise of draw, or actually withdrawing, claims. protected constitutional rights or otherwise wrongfully injure the advertising from news media can Suing critics of corporate poli neutralize negative coverage. c i e s h a s b e c o m e c o m m o n p l a c e , moving party." Anti-SLAPP statutes such as Minnesota's curb corpora Automotive, real estate and con making SLAPPs one of the major struction advertisers have threat deterrents to free speech. SLAPPs tions' abilities to sue critics into ened newspapers so often that have been filed by the energy silence. In California, an anti-SLAPP many newspapers have turned industry against environmentalists, their "real estate" and "transporta by developers and builders against statute was passed after the news tion" sections over to these adver environmental and community media and activist groups lobbied tisers. For example, the "trans groups, and by pharmaceutical the legislature. Anti-SLAPP legisla companies against a host of critics. tion is an area where news media portation" section of the Milwaukee and activists have a common goal. Journal-Sentinel, Milwaukee's only For example, the Western Fuels Association, a coal industry cooper In states such as Pennsylvania, daily newspaper, is produced by where corporations and industry the Automobile Dealers Association ative and lobby group, filed a law of Mega Milwaukee. The section suit against six environmental groups, rather than media and carries advertorials with such head groups, including Friends of the activists, were the primary lobby lines such as "Rally 'Round the Earth and Ozone Artion, because ists, anti-SLAPP legislation was evis the groups linked coal burning and c e r a t e d o r k i l l e d . Dodge Avenger" and "Buick In addition to anti-SLAPP Rendezvous Adds All-Wheel Drive" global warming.i9 Another exam that have the appearance of news ple is provided by Matria statutes, legislation is also needed stories, but are actually ads.i® Healthcare, Inc., which filed a law that curbs the abilities of courts to seal documents, issue protective Magazines, television sta suit against the National Women's orders and approve secrecy agree tions and other media also routine Healthcare Network because the Network urged the U.S. Food and ments in civil cases. Several legisla ly gag themselves at the behest of tors have introduced bills to do advertisers. Drug Administration to stop Matria The tobacco companies from promoting use of the terbu- that. In California, former State S e n a t o r A d a m S c h i f f , n o w a have used a carrot approach with taline pump by pregnant women at magazine publishers, rather than risk of premature delivery, because Congressman, introduced SB 1254 just a stick: The tobacco companies it had never been approved as a during the 2000 session to curb have joined forces with large pub pregnancy device.20 courts' powers to issue protective orders and approve confidential lishers, producing magazines with The mass media have also been settlement agreements in cases tobacco-friendly content. Brown & the targets of numerous SLAPPs, Williamson produces Simple Living filed by corporations intent on lim involving financial fraud, defective and Flair with Hearst publications, iting criticism of their products and products and environmental haz and Real Edge with EMAP Peterson practices. For example, Metabolife, ards. The bill was narrowly focused on three specific areas of corporate publishing. The three are written Inc., maker of the popular diet sup by Hearst and EMAP Peterson so plement Metabolife 356, sued misconduct, and contained provi they appear to be bona fide maga WCVB-TV Boston because a news sions assuring the confidentiality of cast suggested that ma huang, private and personal information, zines, but their contents are care and "privileged communications," fully controlled by Brown & Metabolife 356's main ingredient, Williamson. Philip Morris and R.J. was dangerous. Briggs and thereby protecting the confiden Reynolds produce similar maga Stratton, Inc., a manufacturer of tiality of Informants, such as those zines: Philip Morris produces small engines, sued the National used by CovertAction Quarterly. Unlimited with Hachette Filipacchi Catholic Reporter for suggesting The bill garnered support from the news media and activist groups, Publishing and R.J. Reynolds pro that the company's decision to duces CML with Time, Inc. move jobs from the Midwest to but was roundly criticized by busi As a consequence of these Mexico and the sunbelt to save on nesses, which successfully lobbied for its defeat. cooperative agreements, young wage costs violated "the social people continue to receive ambigu teachings" of the Catholic Church. Wisconsin Senator Herb Kohl ous information from big media Corporate SLAPPs have introduced federal le^slation limit about the hazards of smoking. become so commonplace that some ing the use of protective orders and states have adopted anti-SLAPP confidential settlement agreements COPYING BIG TOBACCO statutes requiring plaintiffs to show after the revelations about the that they have a probability of pre Firestone-Ford agreements became The tobacco companies' campaign vailing in court, otherwise the suit public. Kohl's bill was never enact to censor information about the is dismissed. Minnesota has an anti- ed into law. Kohl reintroduced the hazards of smoking has had nega SLAPP statute that allows a defen bill as S. 817 this session. The pro-

CovertAction Quarterly NUMBER75 FALL 2003 Soley posed legislation also contains an exemption for when the "public NOTES interest... is outweighed by a specif ic and substantial interest in main taining" the confidentiality of sources and information. 1. Statement of Tommy J. Payne, June 6, Scientist, April 9, 1994, p. 8; Barry This year, Congressman Jerrold 2002, available through PR Newswire. Meier, "Philip Morris Censored Data Nadler of New York and two other 2. Quoted in Seth Hettena, "San Diego About Addiction," New York Times, May Democrats introduced an amend Lawsuit Against Tobacco Firms Moves 7,1998, p. A14. ment to H.R. 2341, a class action Toward Dismissal," Associated Press, 13. Susein L. Hwang, "Fire Fight: Doctor "reform" bill supported by indus Sept. 13, 2002. Whose Study Tied Joe Camel to Kids Takes an Odd Journey," Wall Street try. The amendment, one of the 3. "Media Advisory: Final Arguments few positive aspects of the bill, bars Begin in Pivotal Advertising Tobacco Journal, Feb. 21, 1997, p. Al. the issuing protective order unless Trial," Canada NewsWire, Sept. 5, 2002. 14. Interview, Dec. 2002. 4. Henry Weinstein, "Tobacco Firms 15. "In Attacking Film, Tobacco Firm it "is narrowly tailored, consistent Threaten Assault on Cigarette Bill," Los Misses Moral of the Story," USA Today, with the protection of public health Angeles Times, April 4, 1998. Nov. 19, 1999, p. 18A. and safety and is in the public 5. Gordon v. Marrone, 590 N.Y.S. 649 16. Interview, Dec. 2002. interest" unless the public interest (1992). 17. E. Wagner, LM. Goldenhar and C.C. is "clearly outweighed" by confi 6. "Self Censorship at CBS," New York McLaughlin, "Cigarette Advertising and dentiality needs. Times, Nov. 12, 1995. The New York Magazine Coverage of the Health If free speech is to continue in Times has also buried stories to please Hazards of Smoking - A Statistical the United States, much other legis other businesses, particularly advertis Analysis," New England Journal of lation is needed to curb the corpo ers. For example, see Blake Fleetwood, Medicine, Jan. 30, 1992, pp. 305-11; rate assault on it. Stronger whistle- "The Broken Wall," Washington Laurie Hoffman-Goetz, etal., "Cancer Monthly, Sept. 1,1999, p. 41. Coverage and Tobacco Advertising in blower laws, curbs on the use of 7. "Smoking Guns at '60 Minutes,'" New African-American Women's Popular dvil contracts limiting speech, and York Times, Feb. 3, 1996, p. A23. Magazines," Journal of Community giving unions the right to protest 8. Kay Miller, "Tobacco Firm Surveys Health, Aug. 1997, pp. 261-70. on private property are just a few 'Insider' Viewers," Minneapolis Star 18. Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel, Jan. 25, examples of much-needed legisla Tribune, Nov. 9, 1999, p. lA. 2003, and Jan. 26, 2003. tion. 9. John Schwartz, "ABC Issues Apology 19. David Rubenstein, "Six Environmental for Tobacco Report," Washington Post, Groups Slapped by Coal Association," Aug. 22,1995. Corporate Legal Times, July 2000, p. 69. 10. Interview, Dec. 2002. This lawsuit was dismissed for improper venue in 2001. Lawrence Soley is a professor at 11. Doug Levy, "ABC Brief Backs Nicotine Claim, " USA Today, Jan. 16,1996. 20. Cindy Pearson, "Network Sued by Marquette University in Milwaukee and 12. Kurt Kleiner, "Nicotine Research Matria Healthcare," The Network News, author of Censorship, Inc. (New York: Suppressed by Tobacco Company," New May 1997, p. 3. Monthly Review Press).

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CovertAction Quarterly FALL 2003 NUMBER 75 Presidential Deceit A LEGACY REVISITED

Phillip Wheaton

accounts would "directly refute the 1,000 wounded, those actually InGeneral 1998, Ramseyformer U.S. Clark Attorney wrote an Bush administration's insistence present at the plaza that night later article for CovertAction Quarterly that Weapons of Mass Destruction detailed the event to me firsthand. entitled "The Corruption of Covert still exist somewhere [in Iraq] - an They said they counted close to 300 Actions."! In it, Clark said, "Nothing assertion that we all know is grow bodies lined up on the plaza after is more destructive of democracy or ing more questionable every day," 2 the firing ended, and they watched peace and freedom through the But the use of this "original sin" as those cadavers were hauled away rule of law than secret criminal acts (lying and half-truth) is not simply in the dark of the night, stacked up by government." He added, "The endemic to this one president or to in wooden carts. The event so shocked that nation that, in many fact, or appearance of covert action any one party, but has a storied his by government agents or their sur tory in the United States. As an ways, the Mexican people have rogates rots the core of love and Episcopal priest, with 50 years never recovered from it. Indeed, its respect that is the foundation of experience in Latin America, among traumatic impact was not dissimilar any free democratic society." Jean- my many encounters with govern to that which our war against Paul Sartre once said of France in mental prevarication - whether by Vietnam had upon the American the 1950s, "I wish I could love my Latin American despots or by U.S. psyche. country and also love justice." officials supporting them - one of Twenty years later, while inter Under today's conditions of war it is the most blatant involved the viewing Don Sergio Mendez Arceo, even more imperative that we have Tlatelolco massacre in Mexico City former conservative bishop of the facts and speak the truth. If our on October 2-3, 1968. Almost Cuemavaca, who thereafter turned nation and the actions of our gov unknown to the American public, into a progressive prophet, known ernment are not based upon truth the motivation for that massacre as the "Red Bishop," talked to me and justice, it simply cannot sur and its cover-up was the need to about the tragedy. I asked him: "So vive. But just as Ramsey Clark said quickly silence the students protest Tlatelolco is what changed you that covert actions rot the fabric of ing torture and other abuses in politically?" "No," he replied, "it our society, I believe that prevarica Mexico's prisons, before interna was the government's lying about tion rots the spirit of the nation. tional attention accompanying the Tlatelolco." The genocide the Presidential deceit is a gigantic Olympic Games exposed the Diaz United States has conducted in Iraq threat to our democracy today, and dictatorship for what it was. The over the last decade, while brutally deception is the mainstay of the silencing of those students involved obscene, has not had as much of an effect on American public opinion George W. Bush White House. The using 5,000 soldiers and dozens of • as the exposure of the lies used to exposure of his deceit in order to Mexican police and secret service justify a war against Iraq because of agents who surrounded the Plaza of justify the Bush administration's "Weapons of Mass Destruction" has the Three Cultures (Tlatelolco) to actions. not only alarmed many members of prevent any escape. At a pre The false justification for war both parties, but his continuing arranged signal, coordinated with orchestrated by the White House cover-ups have made his adminis sharpshooters firing from the win was dramatically reaffirmed in a tration the laughing stock of the dows of the high-rise apartments presentation delivered by Secretary world. and soldiers with machine guns sur of State Colin Powell on the world Among a mounting list of edito rounding the plaza, all these forces stage before the General Assembly rialists questioning Bush's words, opened fire with a barrage of bul of the United Nations in New York. Washington Post op-ed writer David lets that lasted 29 minutes.3 Indeed, On February 5, 2003, in his Ignatius said of the government's a former Central Intelligence remarks to the U.N. Security continued cover-ups, referring to Agency operations officer, who Council, Powell declared: "Our con its efforts to muzzle Amir Saadi and l a t e r w r o t e f o r C o v e r t A c t i o n servative estimate is that Iraq today Tariq Aziz - two high officials in Quarterly, was involved in that has a stockpile of between 100 to Saddam Hussein's government - massacre and because of it convert 500 tons of chemical weapons that Bush has "Something to Hide." ed into an outspoken critic of the agents. That is enough to fill 16,000 He quotes a former CIA official who Agency. battlefield rockets." These are not argues that the muzzling of these While the Mexican government political innuendos or mere deni- two close associates of Saddam claimed only 50 or 60 persons died grations of a political despot, but Hussein can only be because their as a result of that slaughter, plus direa accusations based, supposedly.

NUMBER 75 FALL 2003 42 CovertAction Quarterly upon hard facts. However, my con event in Vietnam and the role of Consider the following examples cern in this article is not just to Colin Powell at the United Nations of this pattern. First, George H. W. unmask specific lies of particular in our time is symptomatic of this Bush turned Manuel Noriega into a persons, but to demonstrate that pattern of government betrayal of drug monster to justify the inva what we are observing is a pattern the American people. When U.S. sion of Panama. Second, he turned of deceit at the highest levels of the military officials finally heard Saddam Hussein into "another U.S. government, a pattern that has about the My Lai incident, they felt Hitler" to justify the Gulf War. been operative for a long time. its revelation could so shake up the Third, George W. Bush condemned For instance, most Americans American public that it could lead Osama bin Laden as the most now know that Lyndon Johnson to an escalation of public opposi demonic of all persons thereby jus lied about the 1968 Tonkin Gulf tion to the war in Vietnam. So the tifying America's invasion of incident, which involved a purport decision was made, at the highest Afghanistan. Fourth, George W. ed attack by North Vietnamese levels of the Pentagon and White condemned Saddam Hussein as gunboats upon U.S. vessels; an House, to cover up the truth. completely evil because of his attack that never happened. That The task of handling that cover- potential use of "Weapons of Mass lie was employed by President up was given to Colin Powell. In Destruction" in order to justify the Johnson in order to justify vastly other words, this admired high- second war against Iraq, in which increasing the number of U.S. level government official was then, United States forces used weapons troops in Vietnam. Another, far as now, fulfilling a role of public o f m a s s d e s t r u c t i o n . more serious, government decep deception for the White House. If we were honest with ourselves tion that occurred in Vietnam was Such deception - once it became as a country about such demoniza- the My Lai massacre: known - is one of the primary rea tion exercises, we would necessarily On the morning of March 16, sons the American public came to look into our own mirror. And what 1968, elements of Task Force oppose the war in Vietnam, and we would we see? An empire which has Barker moved into a small group of are now seeing the rise of a similar caused thousands more deaths hamlets known collectively as My national skepticism about the inva than the "axis of evil." The trick Lai in the Quang Ngai province of sion of Iraq. about governmental lying is that South Vietnam. It was intended to Dr. M. Scott Peck, reflecting on for it to be effective - as Goebbels be a tj^ical "search-and-destroy what the My Lai incident says of us explained - the lie must be huge so mission," that is, the American as a people, "We would rather not no one dares to challenge it, and it troops were searching for Vietcong examine ourselves and our society must be constantly repeated imtil it soldiers so as to destroy them. The so closely in this regard. Our poten is universally considered to be true. troops of C Company involved in tial for evil as a group is still suffi T h a t ' s w h a t S e n a t o r J o s e p h this mission killed between 200 and cient for us to avoid looking McCarthy and President Richard 600 of those imarmed villagers. squarely at it."5 Nixon did. They lied big and often. The most large-scale killings In other words, our own poten- Consider, then, the lies surround-

THE TASK OF HANDLING [THE MY LAI] COVER-UP WAS GIVEN TO COLIN POWELL IN OTHER WORDS, THIS ADMIRED HIGH-LEVEL GOVERNMENT OFFICIAL WAS THEN, AS NOW, FULFIUING A ROLE OF PUBLIC DECEPTION FOR THE WHITE HOUSE.

occurred in the particular hamlet of tial for evil leads not only to deceit, ing our invasion of Iraq. Today, My Lai. There the first platoon of but to condemning others in order f o u r m o n t h s a f t e r B u s h ' s d e c l a r a Charlie Company, under the com t o h i d e f r o m o u r o w n s i n s . tion of war against Saddam Hussein mand of Lt. William L. Calley, Jr., Similarly, one of President Bush's a n d t h r e e m o n t h s a f t e r h i s d e c l a r a herded villagers into groups of strategies in rationalizing his tion of victory, no chemical, biolog twenty to forty or more, who were "responsibility" to wage war has ical or nuclear weapons have been then slaughtered by rifle fire, been to condemn the evil of other found; no documentation of their machine gun fire, or grenades. nations, such as those included in existence and no sign they were Approximately two hundred sol his "axis of evil." The danger in ever deployed. There have been diers witnessed the killings. In the employing such moral categories of dozens of reports that Bush and his year that followed, no one in Task "good" and "evil" is that by affirm top officials were lying to us. Force Barker attempted to report ing they are evil implies, naturally, Consider just four of the ten lies the atrocities that had occurred at that we are good, and in demoniz- reported by Christopher Scheer of My Lai.4 ing others we justify our own evil AlterNet on June 27, 2003: The connection between that deeds.

CovertAction Quarterly NUMBER 75 FALL 2003 "We don't do body counts" U.S. General Tommy Franks

16 deceitfui words Daily cover-ups

Nada Adman Faces of the "collateral damage" of the Pentagon's racist policies.

NUMBER 75 FALL 2003 44 CovertAction Quarterly Wheaton lie # 1: "The evidence indicates that as the White House has repeatedly This confirms Ramsey Clark's Iraq is reconstituting its nuclear claimed, we now leam that the warning about the danger of covert weapons program... Iraq has underljdng justification for all evils actions. Even more disconcerting as attempted to purchase high- in the world since September 11th- of late is the revelation that the strength aluminum tubes and other to stamp out terrorism - is also in September 11 report contains many equipment for gas centrifuges used question. On July 25, the pages of blanked-out and classified t o e n r i c h u r a n i u m f o r n u c l e a r Washington Post blared the news materials, suggesting that many weapons." President Bush, Oct. 7, that the "U.S. [Congress] Probe of truths are being hidden and many 2002. 9/11 Finds Evidence of Multiple more deceits are too explosive to be FACT: "Department of Energy offi Failures," referring to failures by revealed. And so the lying contin cials who monitor nuclear plants the White House, by the CIA, by the ues unabated, with so-called inves say the tubes could not be used for NSA and by the FBI to inform the tigations - ostensibly intended to enriching uranium as Condoieezza American people and the U.S. reveal the truth - catalysts for fur Rice said on television...And that's Congress of the approaching threat ther cover-ups and closed-door a l i e . " of that catastrophe. One paragraph misdeeds. And as this latest case of Lie # 2: "The British government from this article reports: presidential fraud reveals, not even has learned that Saddam Hussein "Two intriguing and politically Bush's allies are spared the effects recently sought significant quanti volatile questions surrounding the of his deceit, as even Saudi Arabia, t i e s o f u r a n i u m f r o m A f r i c a . " Sept. 11 plot have been how per after sending its foreign minister on President Bush, State of the Union sonally engaged Bush and his pred a special mission to the White Address, Jan. 28, 2003. ecessor were in counter-terrorism House, was denied access to the FACT: "This whopper [of a lie] was before the [Sept. 11] attacks."^ "truth" - pages 396-422 of this sold to Italian intelhgence by some While George Tenet, CIA Director, report, the non-blanked-out por hustler. The document carried the had spoken of "war" against bin tions of which took almost eight signature of an official who had Laden and the CIA had developed a months to declassify - about the been out of office for ten years. The secret strategy known crypticedly as hijackings. There is no limit to the ex-ambassador who the CIA sent to "the Plan" for dealing with him, duplicity of this president, and like check out the stoiy is pissed: 'They "the CIA's actual efforts to carry out wise, there can be no end to our knew the Niger stoiy was a flat-out covert action against [bin Laden] in efforts to expose his deceptions. lie.'" Afghanistan prior to September 11, Lie # 4: "[The CIA possesses] solid 2001 were limited and do not Philip Wheaton is an Episcopal priest, Advisor and Board member of CovertAction reporting of senior-level contacts appear to have significantly hin between Iraq and al-Qaeda going dered [al-Q?ieda's] ability to oper- Quarterly, a Central American and Caribbean historian and solidarity organizer. b a c k a d e c a d e . " C I A D i r e c t o r ate..."8 George Tenet, Oct. 7, 2002. Of course, now we also leam, by FACT: Intelligence agencies knew of way of the congressional report on NOTES tentative contacts between Saddam September 11, that there was never 1. CovertAct/on Quarterly, No. 65, Fall and al-Qaeda in the early '90s, but a n y l i n k d i s c o v e r e d b y t h e American intelligence community 1998. found no proof of a continuing rela 2. David Ignatius, "Something to Hide," tionship... Tenet and Bush spun the between al-(laeda and Saddam Washington Post, July 18, 2003, p. A19. intelligence 180 degrees to say Hussein. Nor have there been any 3. See: Elena Poniatowska, La Noche de exactly the opposite of what it sug nuclear facilities in Iraq.^ (A revela Tlatelolco (Mexico City: Ediciones Era, gested. tion that former National Security 2003), p. 167. Lie # 6: "We have discovered...Iraq Adviser Zbigniew Brzezinski says is 4. M. Scott Peck, People of the Ue (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1983), p. 214. has a growing fleet of unmanned "kind of comical, aaually.)"io 5. Ibid., p. 237. aerial vehicles [UAVs] that could be In addition, Vice President Dick 6. AlterNet, "Ten Appalling Lies We Were used to disperse chemical or biolog C h e n e y ' s f o r m e r c o m p a n y - Told About Iraq," June 27, 2003, ical weapons across broad areas. We Halliburton Inc., recipient of a large www.altemet.org. are concerned Iraq is exploring chunk of Iraq reconstmction cash - 7. Washington Post, July 25, 2003, has recently been discovered to Analysis, p. Al. ways of using UAVs for missions 8. Washington Post, July 25, 2003, have created operating centers in targeting the U.S." Bush, Sept. 7, p. A15. 2002. Sweden, Canada and the United 9. U.S. Senate Select Committee on FACT: [UAVj drones can't fly more Kingdom in order to evade the Intelligence and U.S. House Permanent than 300 miles and Iraq is 6,000 longstanding American ban on Select Committee on Intelligence, Joint m i l e s f r o m t h e U . S . c o a s t l i n e . domestic corporations contracting Inquiry into Intelligence Community with the Iranian government, a bla Activities Before and After the Terrorist Furthermore, Iraq's drone-building Attacks of Sept. 11, Government Printing tant violation of State Department program wasn't much more Office, Dec 2002. advanced than your average model regulations.il Despite this obvious 10. Interview, Late Edition with Wolf plane enthusiast^ ly illegal practice, Halliburton is Blitzer, CNN, July 13, 2003. In addition to all this deception getting paid on time. So much for 11. "Sidestepping Sanctions: Halliburton, about Iraq, none of which involved the impartiality claimed by the GE Trading with Iran Through Foreign Bush administration in regard to Units, Report Finds," Corporate Crime simply stretching the truth, receiv Reporter, Vol. 17, No. 29, July 21, 2003. ing inaccurate information or not the contracts offered its current being warned "in time" by the CIA, and former business associates.

CovertAction Quarterly NUMBER 75 FALL 2003 Bhopal Victims Still Suffer EIGHT YEARS AFTER HIS DISCOVERY, INDIA SEEKING GEQ'S EXTRADITION Louis Wolf

Theof people 800,000 of peopleBhopal, - India were - sleeping a city charged suddenly with left culpabte India onhomicide. a chartered He 1984 struction sale andof company maintenance shares, of a for hospi- con- peacefully at five minutes past mid- plane, and stayed in hiding ever since, tal in Bhopal.^ night on December 3, 1984. Then Successive Indian governments and Since UCC merged with Dow their peace was instantaneously trans- court rulings have called for his extra- Chemical Company, Kathy Hunt, a formed into a deadly hell on earth. A dition, though Washington consistent- Dow-Carbide public affairs officer, tank at tlie large Union Carbide (UCC) ly played dumb. On January 1, 1992, stated: "You cah^t really do more than pesticide plant exploded. Thousands Bhopal court judge Ghulab Sharma that, can you? $500 is plenty good for died hprribly of aspjiyxiation, burst- placed a public notice in the an Indian." 10 ing blood vessels, con^^ions, or else Washington Post informing Anderson were trampled to death iii the ensuing that he was a fugitive from justice and stampede. ordered him to appear in court. With j^t least 8,000 people died that apparent support from Washington, night; Mother 20,000 have died since CEO Anderson ignored the judge, and 1. Abid Aslam, US lawmakers take up from related causes.! precise remained undercover. Bhopal victims' fight against Dow number will never be known, because CovertAction Quarterly investigat- Chemical," Agefice France Presse, July entire families perished making it ed and found him in February 1995, 23,2003. impossible to detei^ne who was living anonymously at 11 South 2. For an extensive report on Bhopal missing. Now, almo^|: nineteen years Catalina Court in Vero Beach, Florida, see Rob Hager, "Bhopal: Courting later, some 200,000 survivors suffer His lawyer told us lamely he had nod- Disaster," CovertAction Quarterly, lio. ongoing "physical and neurological fied the Justice Department that 53, Summer 1985. p. 38. effects of pqjosure to the gases.2 Anderson would be available "any- 3. Greenpeace International, "Fomjer Other lingering issues facing sur- time they want."^ In 1995, in light of Union Carbide Site Still heavily coh- vivors include dizziness, nausea, ^d the stated desire of the Indian gov- taipinated 15 ye^ on," report, Nov. skin lesions. Women are still giving emment to effect Anderson's extradi- 29, 1999. birth to infants with ghastly deformi- tion, a copy of our article was deliv- 4. Rob Hager, C4Q.Np. 53. ties. An investigation by Greenpeace ered to the Indian Embassy in 5. "Arrest This ' Man: Accused International discovered residual Washington, D.C. True to form. Corporate Killer of ^hopal Found," mercury still in the soU at the UCC site Anderson stayed underground anoth- CovertAction Quarterly, n. 53, Spring at between 20,000 and 6,000,000 er 7 years, until he was found again in 1995, p. 6. times that which would be found in July 2002, ensconced at a million-dol- 6-7, Russell Mokhiber, "India makes non-contaminated soil. The water that lar home in posh Bridgehampton, formal request to extradite Union survivors drink is infused with twelve New York, this time by Greenpeace Carbide's former chairman," deadly chemicals in qq^tities of as and the London Daily Mirror.^ Corporate Crime Reporter much as 600 times greater than safe Apparently, in the context of (Washington, D.C.), v. 17, n. 27, July levels.3 these, and other unknown factors, 7, 2003. See also "Suchandana Gupta, In addition to the outfight racism New Delhi decided to sit on the infor- "India seeks Carbide ex-chiefs extra- of placing the plant in the heart of mation about Anderson's where- dition," The Times of India, Aug. 3, Bhopal's most impoverished sector, abouts. Now, with widespread militant 2003. The formal extradition demand the company flagrantly ignored pre- demonstrations, in India, South to Washington by India was on May 1984 warnings at the plant of faulty Africa, London, New York, 20, 2003. Also, Bhopal has finally systems and wholly inadequate safety Washington and elsewhere, calling for made its way onto congressional procedures. Anderson's return to face justice, as radar. Presidential candidate Dennis It must be recalled that at the time well as for clean-up and compensa- Kucinich (D.-Ohio) and India caucus of the Bhopal calamity, the Reagan tion, the Indjan government has again member Frank Pallone (D.-NJ) among adi^nistration was engaged in a huge taken up, this time formally, the cause others are pressing for new steps coyert paramilitary operation in of calling fpr Anderson's extradition." against UCC. Afghanistan seeking to oust Soviet An ongoing class action suit filed 8. Luke David, "Night of the gas," New forces, with close collaboration from in New York |3y Bhopal survivors has Internationalist, Dec. 2002. Pakistan's Inter-Services Iriitplligence brought to the surface internal UCC 9. According to Dow spokesperson (ISl). Therefore the catastrpphe was documents proving that top manage- John Musser, "The whole issue was relegated to the back j^qfner by ment knew fully of the perilous dan- settled more than a decade ago There geopolitical power politics. gers in the plant, but they took no is no remaining liability for either corrective steps and issued no warn- Union Carbide or Dow." Abid Aslam. FINDING THE ^EO ings. After the catastrophe, the com- Op. cit , ^ ' pany paid $470 million in 1989/ of 10. "siut against Union Carbide dis- Smpe that fateful nigl^^, there have which only $166 million was deliv- missed,"/ndfa Business/hsifiht, March been unceasing calls - from India and ered to the people of Bhopal. Nearly 25, 2003. frqm across the globe - for accounta- all the 550,000 city residents who bility of top UCC leadership, espedd- have daimed compensation from UCC ly of chief executive officer Warren M. were paid the rupee equivalent of a ^derson. Present in Bhopal shortly miserly $5Q0.° The lone sop from the ^er the disaster, he was initially company >vas a one-time payment of Louis Wolf 1$ a Co-founder and the Director arrested, released on bail, and $90 million, generated from a post- of Research of CovertAction Quarterly.

NUMBER 75 FALL 2003 46 CovertAction Quarterly CAQ Back Issues & Order Form

Number 22 (1984) Mercenaries; Terrorism,- Bari; Arif Durrani; Rev. Moon and academia; Soldier of Fortune; CAIB Special Forces investi Targeting environmentalists; ClABase review. Back Issues gation; Privatizing Nicaragua war; CIA terror Number 39 (1991-92) "Good" agencies: NED; Number 1 (1978) Philip Agee on CIA; Cuban manual; Secret GAO DoD/CIA Honduras report; exile trial; "Consumer research" in Jamaica. US-South African terror; Stefano Delle Chiaie. Peace Corps; USAID/AIDS; USIA; National Cancer Number 2 (1978) CIA recruits diplomats; Number 23 (1985) Pope Plot/Bulg. Connection; Institute/biowarfare; World Bank; Population con Researching CIA officers; Cuban double agent in Claire Sterling; CIA, Turk. & Ital. neofascists. trol; Danny Casolaro; FBI & Supreme Court; Robert CIA; CIA North Carolina demolit. training base. Number 24 (1985) State repression; Infiltrators Gates; USSR destabilization; BCCI. 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Gonzalez; Bush ists; CIA Nicaragua plans; CIA's secret Religious Right and Blacks; NY Times/Pope plot; "Perspectives for Intelligence"; U.S. helps South Samora Machel; Carlucci; Southern Air Transport; inaugural speech leak; Moon buys university. Africa surveillance; CIA uses cockroaches. Iran-Contra documents; Michael Ledeen. Number 43 (1992-93) Chemical and biological Number 7 (1979-80) CIA and media: Number 28 (1987) CIA, drugs, secret wars: S.E. Asia, warfare: Zimbabwe, South Africa, anthrax; Gulf Destabilization in Jamaica; Robert Moss; CIA Aljghanistan, Central America, Nugan Hand; MKUL- War Syndrome; Agent Orange; Scientific racism; propaganda budget; UNITA - Savimbi in U.S., TR/VCanada; Delta Force; AIDS and CBW. "Yellow Rain"/Wall Street Journal; Yugoslavia his secret letters; Iran; CIA uses pigeons. Number 29 (1988) Pacific: Philippines, Fiji, New destabilization; Religious Right; Somalia. Number 8 (1980) CIA vs. Philip Agee; Naming Zealand, Belau, Kanaky, Vanuatu, Maori in Number 44 (1993) Public Relations: Hill & Names legislation - CAIB statement before Hawaii; atom testing; media on Nicaragua; Knowlton, Burson-Marsteller; Clinton Cabinet; Congress; Zimbabwe; Northern Ireland; CIA Reader's Digest; CIA in Cuba; Tibet; FBj-rplA sur- Somalia; Rjp Summit; B(XI-CIA; Clinton National Florida recruiting; CIA assassinations. veils Gorbachev; Philip Agee on Veil; AIDS. Number 9 (1990) Intel. Tech: NSA in Norway. Security Act; Religious Right's anti-gay plans. Glomar Explorer; Mind control; NSA; Jamaica; Number 30 (1988) Middle East: Intifeda, Israeli Number 45 (1993) South African Right global Hmong in Guyana; South Africa forgery; Canada arms sales, chemical & nuclear warfare, Israel in links; Chris Hani assassination; German Neo- bombing; CBVI/ research; Intel, tech. politics. Africa & Central America; Disinformation & Libya; Nazis; HIV Haitians; Russia; ADL spying list; Number 10 (1980) Caribbean.- Jamaica, Guyana, CIA's William Buckley; Afghan contra lobby. Pelican Bay prison; Ireland's youth; Ppjice vs. Grenada; Antigua; Dominica; Cuban exiles; The Numbpr31 (1989) Domestic surveillance: FBI, CIA black youth; Angola profiteers; Benjamir) phavis. Spike; CIA deep cover manual. on campus; Office of Public Diplomacy; Geronimo Number 46 (1993) Economic intelligencej CIA's Number 11 (1980) Right-wing terror; S. Korea; Pratt; L^ington prison; Puerto Rico; Intl. Freedom assassination record; Israel and the bomb; NSA KCIA; Portugal; Guyana; Caribbean; AFIO; NSA interview; CIA stamp; CIA assassinations. Foundafipn; Disinformation. Clipper Chip; School of Americas; Ex-adviser on El Number 12 (1981) El Salvador; Guatemala; New Number 312 (1989) Tenth Anniversary Issue: Best Salvador; Private prisons; Delta death row; Savannah Right/US intel.; Senate terrorism'comm.; Wm. of CAIB. 27 condensed articles: Naming Names; River; France's Groupe Bull; CIA banking. Casey; Mozambique; Nonvay; mail surveillance. CIA and NSA at home, abroad, in the media; Number 47 (1993-94) FBI vs. Judi Bari; Russian Number 13 (1981) Secret South Africa docu Philip Agee. coup; Rocky Flats; NAFTA; Howard Zinn on FBI; ments; Namibia; Mercenaries; Ku Klux Klan Number 33 (1990) Bush Issue: CIA Bush agents, Dave Dellinger on 90s; Cold War quiz; Allen coup attempt; Globe Aero; Angola; Mozambique; secret team; Terrorism Task Force; Reagan's CIA; Ginsberg on CIA; Mumia Abu-Jamal; World BOSS; Central America; Max Hugel; Stanley Skull and Bones; NED in Nicaragua; El Salvador Bank/IMF; Evergreen Air. Sporkin; Thomas Pauken; mail surveillance. Number 48 (1994) Chiapas uprising; CIA and Number 14-15 (1981) Index to Numbers 1-12; election; Chile; Cuba,- Republicans and Nazis; Rise of national security state. NAFTA; Haiti; Iran-Contra Report; L.A.-8; Intelligence legislation; Extended Naming Number 34 (1990) Panama invasion; Noriega- Mercenaries in Azerbaijan; Council for National Names; Deep cover businessmen. Number 16 (1982) Green Beret El Salvador tor CIA; South African death squads; FBI-CIA and Policy; Guatemala and drugs; Reader survey. ture; Argentine death squads; CIA media opera Martin Luther King, Jr. assassination; NED in Number 49 (1994) Montesinos and Fujimori; tions; Constantino Menges; Seychelles; Angola; Nicaragua; U.S. and Pol Pot; Philippines; Sudan; Operation Gladio; Human atom testing; Mozambique; Ku Klux Klan coup attempt; Operation CHAOS; Taiwan's agents; Ck)uncil for Armenia and Azerbaijan; South Africa's left; El Nugan Hand; CIA germ warfare. National Policy. Salvador death squads. Number 17 (1982) CBW history; "Yellow rain"; Number 35 (1990) Changes in Eastern Europe; Number 50 (1994) Operation Condor; Clinton Cuban dengue epidemic; Scott Barnes in Laos; Reinhard Gehlen; Destabilization of USSR; NED crime bill; Liberty lobby; Monfort meatpackers; Bangkok mystery death; Executive mercenaries; in Lithuania; Balkan nationalists; Free Congress Low intensity Democracy; NRO & intel. budget. CIA and academia; CIA assassinations. Number 18 (1983) CIA & religion; Nicaragua Foundation; Cuba; Iran-Contra; 1965 Indonesia Number 51 (1994-95) U.S. in Haiti; Canadian intel "Secret" war; Miskitos; Opus Dei; Guatemala; El massacres; CIA banking. ligence abets Neo-Nazis; Brookhaven and cancer; Salvador; Institute of Linguistics; World Medical Number 36 (1991) Racism and national security; Bulgaria; Population; Women's asylum rights; CIA Relief; AID; CIA & BOSS; South African torture; FBI vs. Arab-Americans and Black officials; budget; Paramilitary vacations; Bud McFarlane. Vietnam; Suriname; "Free Lebanon"; Court & Chad, Uganda, South Africa, Angola, Number 52 (1995) Rwanda; Proposition 187; NSA; Spying on Canada; Heritage Foundation. Mozambique, Zaire; Haiti; Panama; Gulf War; Militia movement; Neo-Nazis and anti-abortion; Number 19 (1983) CIA and media history; "Plot" COINTELPRO "art"; (National security humor. Groom Lake; Wall Street vs. Mexico; Human radi on Pope; Grenada airport; NSA spies on Canadian Number 37 (199^ Gulf War: Media; CIA Iraq ation; Corporations fund research; NSA in cyber joumalist; Georgia Anne Geyer; CIA l^ends. Number 20 (1984) Grenada invasion; Nicaragua; broadcasting; U.S, trading with enemy; UN; space; Far Right/spies internet resources; Union Ft. Huachuca; Israel and South Korea in Central Nuclear war evangelicals; Domestic costs; North Carbide's Warren Anderson. America; KAL Flight 007; CIA assassinations. Korea next?; Libya; Iran; Illegal arms deals; Number 53 (1995) Gulf War Syndrome; Militjas Number 21 (1984) Salvadoran election: NY Georgie Anne Geyer; Journalists and CIA. and the military; Frank Donner; Arab bashing; Hmes/Time/Newsweek distortions; Nicaragua; Number 38 (1991) DoD-CIA foreign/U.S. student Hiroshima: Cold War bomb; Iraqi embargo; Israel in Central America; Accuracy in Media; recruitment; Rochester Institute of Technology; Guatemala; Bhopal; Secret FISA court; Rev. Moon; CIA occult research. Han/ard; Militarism in academia resources; Judi Antiterrorism Act; Fourth Amendment mu^ed. Number 69 (2000) Congo; Chechnya; Colombia; Number 54 (1995) Noam Chomsky on corporate Russia and Dudayev; NATO moves East; Spooks in Congress. Ecuador; Iraqi oil; Depleted uranium; Yugoslavia; propaganda; Bosnia; Kurdistan; Sasakawa obit; India; Cyprus; Bosnia-Herzegovina; Seattle/WTO; NAFTA layoffs; Prison labor; AFL-CIO in Russia; Number 62 (1997) U.S. and Pol Pot; "Emergency management;" Hunger politics; Global Private security guards; Walter Reuther. Paramilitary policing; Selling SWAT; Mercenary armies and minerals; Mad Cow disease; Free water; Climate; Prison-industrial complex; Military Number 55 (1996) Police vs. citizen review; civil disturbance planning; CIA and Cold War. Corporate assault on FDA; PR industry vs. radio; Che and the CIA; Vaclav Havel. Number 63 (1997) Right-wing think tanks; Number 70 (2001) Bush and environment; activists; Colin Powell; UN at 50/Fidel Castro; Mullah Aid; Dick Held; Non-lethal weapons; Economic intelligence; Spain's dirty war; East South African torture; chemical-biological war Summit of the Americas; Israeli Nukes; Timor - Britain Arms Indonesia; Bosnia. fare; NSA's Crypto AG; Promise Keepers. Number 64 (1998) Vietnam; Iraq sanctions; Kissinger; Star Wars; Yugoslavia; Antonin Scalia; Number 56 (1996) Noam Chomsky; High-tech Bush and Blair; Rep. Rob Simmons; 10 Worst surveillance; Militarizing the border; Pepper gas; Political control technology; Jihad; Pinochet; Drug war fungus; Burma-Singapore heroin trade. Corporations; Statement by Leonard Peltier. Guyana; Yugoslavia; Russian nationalism; U.S. Number 71 (2001) Depleted uranium; Political and Korea; La Belle bombing. Number 65 (1998) Philip Agee, Ramsey Clark; Mumia Abu-Jamal; Serb demonization; Bosnia Islam; Plan Puebla-Panama; USA Patriot Act; Number 57 (1996) Racism in the ranks; White War Criminals; Israel and Hamas; Palestinian collar crime; Common Law courts; INS detention TV disinformation; Media evasions; NGOs in Latin America; Russian reform"; War on Cuba; right of return; Domestic Anthrax; Plan Colombia; centers; Buying Russian elections; Noam CIA visa machine; DoD vs. environment. Chomsky on Haiti; U.S.-lsrael; Anonymous Assata Shakur; Ron Ridenhour; CIA vs. Daniel Tsang; CIA mistaken identities Number 72 (2002) Police violence; ISI, CIA & remailers; Nuclear proliferation in space. Taliban; Palestine; Venezuela plotting & coup; Number 58 (1996) Pilger on Burma; Estrogen & Number 66 (1998-99) Pinochet; Palestinian Authority; Tomahawks; Sudan; Pentagon bucks; Earl Silbert & Enron; U.S. Designs on Iraq; endocrine; Crime & capital globalization; Argentina bankrupted; Attack on Indian "Counter-Terrorism" documents; Church burn PanAm 103; Laurent Kabila interview; Algeria; Richard Holbrooke; NATO; Izetbegovitch; FBI's Parliament; Global rollback; Elie Hobeika. ings; AID & environment; Brookhaven; AIDS. Number 73 (2002) Torture; Jenin and Amnesty Number 59 (1996-97) Surveillance: ECHELON; D.C. "espionage" trial. NSA's business plan; NIMA; Spooks in the inter Number 67 (1999) Mumia Abu-Jamal; NATO International; Academia &CIA; Pakistan; 50 Years of Coups-Iran to Venezuela; Plutonium in net; Canadian spies; Privatizing welfare; Mexico bombing and "Greater Albania"; Humanitarian intervention in Kosovo; Roma people; William Space; U'wa vs. Occidental; Why Nato? and SOA; Afghanistan; CIA and drugs. Number 74 (2002) Jenin and Human Rights Number 60 (1997) Cassini plutonium missing; Walker; Richard Holbrooke; Ocalan; Police mili Watch; George Soros stage-managing imperial Japan and Peru; MRTA; Prison labor; tarization; Tupac Shakur; CIA and labor; CIA drug smu^ling; Leonard Peltier. ism; Religious fascists and the CIA in Bosnia; Unionbusting; Universities and business; End of Posse Ck)mitatus; Brown & Root; James Colombia; Sudan; FBI-CIA teamwork. Number 68 (1999) East Timor; Colombia; Panama; Cuba vs. U.S.; Serbia; NATO in Petras on Argentina; Rwanda injustice; Revving Number 61 (1997) Turkey's state killers; up Bush's war machine; Smashing the Kurds. Privatizing Hanford; Spying on activists; U.S. tor Kosovo; KLA and drugs; MPRI; Urban Warrior; ture manuals; Arming Mexico's drug war; NSA, Homeland defense; Poverty globalization. Subscription, Books & Back Issue Order Form PLEASE INDICATE: BOOKS: □ $20 Rogue State (2001) by William Blum (signed) □ New Sub. □ Renewal □ Gift Sub. □ $25 Killing Hope (2001) by William Blum (signed) Name/address/phone of Gift Recipient: Please add $10 for shipping outside U.STMexico. CREDIT CARD ORDERS, PLEASE SPECIFY: □ VISA □ MASTERCARD SUBSCRIPTIONS: (4 issues/year) U.S. currency only, please. 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