HISTORY GUIDE CANLLAW HANES Discover the Severn DarganfodWildlife Aber Hafren #DISCOVERTHESEVERNGuide History of the Severn Estuary Key Disaster Trychineb The Severn Estuary has an impressive history, rising to prominence as one of the most important waterways in the world. It housed the bustling ports of , Cardiff, Barry, Newport and throughout the industrial Geology Engineering revolution, with trading connections on every continent! Today, much of this industrial landscape has changed Daeareg Peirianneg from canals and railways to large shipping ports and estuarine industries, but you can still catch a glimpse of these historically significant places all around the estuary. Archaeology Energy Archaeoleg Egni Flip through this booklet to hear stories of piracy, smuggling, trade, war and daily life on the Severn Estuary from the last Ice Age to the present day. There is so much to see so don’t forget to take a look at the places to visit Mythology Conservation around the estuary on the back of this guide! Mytholeg Cadwraeth Shipwreck Management Llongddrylliad Rheoli Hanes Aber Hafren Trade Communications Mae hanes trawiadol i Aber Hafren, cymaint felly fel ei fod yn un o’r dyfrffyrdd pwysicaf yn y byd. Ar ei lannau ceid Masnach Cyfathrebu porthladdoedd prysur Bryste, Caerdydd, Y Barri, Casnewydd, a Chaerloyw trwy gydol y Chwyldro Diwydiannol, gyda chysylltiadau masnachu ar bob cyfandir! Heddiw, mae llawer o’r tirlun diwydiannol hwn wedi newid o fod yn gamlesi Piracy Medicine a rheilffyrdd i borthladdoedd llwytho mawr a diwydiannau aberol, ond gallwch weld olion y llefydd hanesyddol bwysig Môr-ladrata Meddygaeth hyn amgylch yr aber o hyd. Smuggling Military Darllenwch drwy’r llyfryn hwn i glywed straeon am fôr-ladrata, smyglo, masnachu, rhyfel, a bywyd beunyddiol ar Smyglo Milwrol Aber Hafren o’r Oes Iâ ddiwethaf hyd y dydd hwn. Mae llawer i’w weld, felly peidiwch ag anghofio edrych ar y llefydd i ymweld â nhw ar gefn y canllaw hwn! Exploration T Event Archwilio T Digwyddiad Bridges Pontydd Pysgodfeydd

Front cover: Erecting the Newport Transporter Bridge between 1902 and 1906.' Copyright of Newport Museums and Heritage Service. Clawr Blaen: Codi Pont Gludo Casnewydd rhwng 1902 a 1906.’ Hawlfraint Amgueddfeydd Casnewydd a Gwasanaethau Treftadaeth. Safety on the Severn Diogelwch Afon Hafren Check the times and weather forecast Gwiriwch amseroedd y llanw a’r rhagolygon tywydd cyn before you visit the coast. ymweld â’r arfordir. • Keep safe on the foreshore, taking care of slippery rocks and the mudflats • Cadwch yn ddiogel ar flaen y traeth, byddwch yn ofalus o greigiau llithrig a’r fflatiau llaid – the risk of getting stuck is real. – mae’r perygl o fynd yn sownd yn un go iawn. • The Severn has one of the highest tidal ranges in the world - remember how quickly the • Mae gan yr Hafren un o amrediadau llanw mwya’r byd – cofiwch pa mor gyflym mae’r tide moves and changes – up to 1 metre in little more than 20 minutes on some . llanw’n symud a newid – hyd at 1m mewn ychydig dros 20 munud ar adegau. • Gwisgwch ddillad ac esgidiau addas oherwydd y gall fod yn fwdlyd. • Wear suitable clothing and footwear, it can be muddy. • Cofiwch wirio Hawliau Tramwy Cyhoeddus cyn mentro allan. • Remember to check Public Rights of Way before setting off.

Always bring a charged mobile phone and let friends or family Cofiwch ddod â ffôn symudol wedi’i wefru’n llawn a gadael i know where you are and when you are likely to return home. ffrindiau neu deulu wybod ble rydych chi a phryd rydych yn debygol o ddychwelyd adref.

The estuary is a home for wildlife – take care not to disturb Mae’r aber yn gartref i fywyd gwyllt – gofalwch rhag i chi feeding, breeding and resting birds. beidio â tharfu ar gyfnodau bwydo, bridio a gorffwys adar. Stay on the footpaths where possible – help to protect the Arhoswch ar y llwybrau lle bo’n bosibl – helpwch i ddiogelu’r mudflats and saltmarsh that support wildlife. fflatiau llaid a’r morfa heli sy’n cefnogi bywyd gwyllt. Help to keep the coast enjoyable for all and take all litter Helpwch i gadw’r arfordir yn hyfryd i bawb ac ewch â sbwriel home with you. adref gyda chi.

For more information on how to look after the estuary visit: www.asera.org.uk/good-practice-guidelines I gael rhagor o wybodaeth am sut i ofalu am yr aber ewch i: www.asera.org.uk/good-practice-guidelines For tide times visit: www.ukho.gov.uk/easytide I weld amseroedd y llanw ewch i: www.ukho.gov.uk/easytide 400–200 251–199 201–145 million years ago million years ago million years ago 118,000 BC 10,000–4,000 BC 8,500-6,000 BC miliwn o flynyddoedd yn ôl miliwn o flynyddoedd yn ôl miliwn o flynyddoedd yn ôl

THE GEOLOGY OF THE SEVERN DINOSAURS ROAM AT BARRY FOSSILS ARE PRESERVED IN THE LAST ICE AGE BEGINS MESOLITHIC FOREST IS THE SEVERN ESTUARY IS ESTUARY IS FORMED Dinosaur footprints can be THE MUDS OF THE SEVERN Northern England, Scotland and SUBMERGED HUNTER-GATHERER ESTUARY The shores of the Severn found on the Bendricks, a is covered in enormous ice As the ice sheets melt after the TERRITORY Estuary are between 200 and stretch of coastline near Jurassic limestones and sheets. An icy Southern Britain is last ice age, sea levels rise and Throughout this time, the 400 million years old, with the Barry. It is a Site of Special mudstones make up the inhabited by mammoths, elk and seperate England and Wales via main activities on the estuary oldest rocks on the Somerset Scientific Interest or a SSSI and Glamorgan Heritage Coast. Have cave bears. the Severn Estuary. At Oldbury for hunter-gathers included and North Devon coast. is the best site in Britain for a go at fossil hunting at Aust, on Severn a whole forest was MAE’R OES IÂ DDIWETHAF YN fishing, hunting, wildfowling, dinosaur tracks of the Triassic Lavernock or Barry! submerged, preserved in peat FFURFIR DAEAREG ABER DECHRAU reed-cutting and burning, Period. SSSI's are used to show and only rediscovered due to HAFREN grazing, herding, trackway- examples of the UK's best sites MAE FFOSILIAU WEDI EU CADW Gorchuddir Gogledd Lloegr, yr coastal erosion thousands of building and peat-digging. Mae glannau Aber Hafren rhwng for flora, fauna and geological YN LLAID ABER HAFREN Alban, a Chymru gan lenni iâ years later! 200 a 400 miliwn o flynyddoedd features. Calchfeini a cherrig llaid yw anferthol. Ceir mamothiaid, TIRIOGAETH HELWYR- oed, gyda’r cerrig hynaf i’w sylfaen Arfordir Treftadaeth elciaid ac eirth ogof yn Ne MAE’R GOEDWIG FESOLITHIG GASGLWYR YW ABER HAFREN gweld ar arfordir Gwlad yr Haf a DINOSORIAID YN CRWYDRO Morgannwg. Rhowch gynnig ar Prydain, sydd â hinsawdd rewllyd. DAN DDŴR O AMGYLCH Y BARRI Trwy gydol y cyfnod hwn, prif Gogledd Dyfnaint. hela ffosiliau yn Aust, Larnog, Wrth i’r llen iâ doddi ar ôl yr oes weithgareddau’r helwyr- Dinosor yn gadael olion traed yn neu’r Barri! iâ ddiwethaf, mae lefelau’r môr gasglwyr oedd pysgota, adara, Photo: Marcus Tankus (Flickr) y Barri. Gellir canfod olion traed yn codi gan wahanu Lloegr a torri a llosgi cyrs, pori, bugeilio, dinosoriaid yn Bendricks (ger Y Photo: Paul Trafford (Flickr) Chymru trwy Aber Hafren. Yn codi sarnau, a phalu mawn. Barri). Dyma Safle o Ddiddordeb Oldbury ar Hafren, boddwyd Gwyddonol Arbennig. Hwn yw’r coedwig gyfan. Cafodd ei chadw safle gorau ym Mhrydain ar mewn mawn, a bu ond iddi gael ei gyfer trywyddau dinosoriaid o’r hailddarganfod oherwydd erydu Cyfnod Triasig. arfordirol filoedd o flynyddoedd yn ddiweddarach!

Pleistocene-Palaeolithic / Pleistosen-Paleolithig Mesolithic / Mesolithig 5,500 BC 5,000 BC 5,700–4,500 BC 6,000–3,000 BC 3,806 BC 800 BC – 75 AD

USK FOOTPRINTS ARE TRODDEN HUNTER-GATHERER A MESOLITHIC COMMUNITY HAVE A NEOLITHIC BURIAL THE ANCIENT SWEET TRACKWAY IRON AGE HILLFORTS ARE 8,000 year old footprints from COMMUNITIES SET UP CAMP FISH FOR TEA AT GOLDCLIFF CHAMBER IS CONSTRUCTED IS LAID DOWN IN THE SOMERSET CONSTRUCTED AROUND THE the Mesolithic period can be AT GOLDCLIFF, NEWPORT Fish bones from communities AT , LEVELS LEVELS found in the intertidal areas Flint "tools" as well as bones in the late Mesolithic have been The Sweet Track is one of over 40 Hill forts are established at across the Gwent Levels. These and campfire debris were found at Goldcliff, the earliest The neolithic burial chamber prehistoric wooden track-ways Sudbrook and Wilcrick. These footprints have been preserved found at Goldcliff, showing the evidence for fishing on the "Heston Brake" site was known from Somerset. It was are thought to have been used in the estuarine clays - fragile presence of hunter-gatherer estuary. excavated in 1888, and named after Ray Sweet, a local seasonally as communities used traces of human history like human communities in the area archaeologists found human peat cutter that discovered the the Gwent Levels for summer these footprints are scarce. at 7,500 BC. MAE CYMUNED FESOLITHIG YN skeletons, cattle bones and site. It was built as a raised plank grazing of livestock. CAEL PYSGOD I DE YN GOLDCLIFF pottery. The items discovered walkway through the 2km of reed CRËIR ÔL-TRAED YR WYSG CYMUNEDAU O HELWYR- Canfuwyd esgyrn pysgod a are on show in the National bed that separated the Polden CODIR BRYNGAERAU OES GASGLWYR YN YMSEFYDLU YN HAEARN O AMGYLCH Gellir canfod ôl-traed ddeilliodd o gymunedau ym Museum of Wales in Cardiff. Hills from the 'island' of Westhay. GOLDCLIFF, CASNEWYDD mlynyddoedd hwyr y cyfnod GWASTADEDDAU GWENT 8,000 o flynyddoedd oed CODIR SIAMBR o’r cyfnod Mesolithig yn y Canfuwyd “arfau” callestr Mesolithig yn Goldcliff, sef y GOSODIR SARN HYNAFOL SWEET Sefydlir bryngaerau yn Sudbrook ynghyd ag esgyrn a gweddillion dystiolaeth hynaf o bysgota yn GLADDU NEOLITHIG YM YNG NGWASTADEDDAU GWLAD a Wilcrick. Credir i’r rhain gael parthau rhynglanw ar draws MHORTHYSGEWIN, SIR FYNWY Gwastadeddau Gwent. Mae’r tanau yn Goldcliff, gan ddangos yr aber. YR HAF eu defnyddio yn dymhorol ôl-traed hyn wedi eu cadw yn y presenoldeb cymunedau helwyr- Cloddiwyd safle siambr gladdu Un o dros 40 o sarnau pren cyn- wrth i gymunedau ddefnyddio cleiau aberol - mae olion bregus gasglwyr dynol yn yr ardal yn Neolithig “Heston Brake” yn hanesyddol yng Ngwlad yr Haf yw Gwastadeddau Gwent fel tir pori fel yr olion traed hyn yn brin. 7,500 BC. 1888, a daeth archeolegwyr ar Sarn Sweet. Cafodd ei henw gan i’w hanifeiliaid yn yr haf. draws sgerbydau dynol, esgyrn Ray Sweet, torrwr mawn lleol a gwartheg, a chrochenwaith. ddarganfu’r safle. Fe’i codwyd fel Gellir gweld yr eitemau a rhodfa estyll ddyrchafedig trwy ganfuwyd yn Amgueddfa Cymru. 2km o gyrs a oedd yn gwahanu Bryniau Polden oddi wrth ‘ynys’ Westhay.

Iron Age Mesolithic / Mesolithig Neolithic / Neolithig Oes yr Haearn 700 BC – 43 AD 43 AD 75-300 AD 200 AD c.300 AD c.364 AD

AUST GODDESS THE ROMAN INVASION - A THRIVING ROMAN ROMAN ORIGINS OF THE SEVERN A TINY CHAPEL IS BUILT ON LYDNEY PARK CELTIC TEMPLE Found over 100 years ago Emperor Claudius invades MILITARY TOWN Sabrina is one of the earliest ROCK ISLAND, IS BUILT below the Aust cliffs in south Britain. This marks the The ruins of Caerleon are recorded goddesses of British The distinctive ruins of a chapel Atop the promontory of an Iron , the bronze beginning of the Roman legions extensive, and have an rivers, appearing as early as 100 on Chapel Rock, a tiny island Age hillfort, the ruins of a Roman statuette is 15cm in length and presence in Southern Britain – amphitheatre, swimming pool AD in Roman accounts where in the Severn Estuary only temple and bath complex stands is thought to date to the Iron particularly the subjugation of and bath house. It was one she rides in a chariot through accessible at low water, can be in Lydney Park. Archaeological the river, with dolphins and Age period, just before the welsh tribes. of three permanent Roman seen from Beachley. It was later finds at the site include over Roman invasion. fortresses in Britain and was swimming alongside her. 8,000 coins and bronze and It is thought she was a Celtic dedicated St Twrog who lit a GORESGYNIAD Y RHUFEINIAID used for over 200 years. beacon on the island to prevent stone dog statuettes! Romans goddess, known as Hafren in thought that dogs healed people DUWIES AUST CLOGWYNI AUST, Yr Ymerawdwr Claudius yn ships from grounding. CAERLEON - TREF FILWROL Welsh. Hafren is still used as the – probably because they saw DE SWYDD GAERLOYW goresgyn Prydain. Dyma Welsh name for the Severn! RUFEINIG FFYNIANNUS CODIR CAPEL BYCHAN IAWN AR dogs licking their wounds to heal Wedi ei chanfod 100 o ddechreuad presenoldeb themselves! flynyddoedd yn ôl is clogwyni llengoedd Rhufeinig yn Mae adfeilion Caerleon yn TARDDIADAU’R RHUFEINIG ROCK ISLAND, BEACHLEY Ne Prydain - yn enwedig helaeth. Ceir amchwaraefa, HAFREN CODIR TEML CELTAIDD LYDNEY Aust, mae’r ddelwan efydd hon Gellir gweld adfeilion darostyngiad llwythau Cymreig. pwll nofio, a baddondy. Roedd PARK yn 15cm ar ei hyd a chredir ei Sabrina yw un o dduwiesau nodweddiadol capel ar Chapel yn un o dair caer Rufeinig bod yn deillio o gyfnod yr Oes cynharaf afonydd Prydain y Rock, ynys fechan iawn yn Aber Ar bentir bryngaer o’r Oes Haearn, barhaol ym Mhrydain, a chafodd Haearn, fymryn cyn goresgyniad mae cofnod amdani, gan iddi Hafren sydd ond yn hygyrch ceir adfeilion teml Rhufeinig ei defnyddio am dros 200 o y Rhufeiniaid. ymddangos mor gynnar â 100 ar lanw isel, o Beachley. Fe’i a chyfres o eisteddleoedd flynyddoedd. AD mewn cofnodion Rhufeinig, baddondai yn Lydney Park. Mae lle mae hi’n gyrru cerbyd trwy’r cysegrwyd i Sant Twrog, a gyneuodd ffagl ar yr ynys i gadw darganfyddiadau archeolegol afon, gydag eogiaid a dolffiniaid o’r safle yn cynnwys dros 8,000 yn nofio wrth ei hochr. Credir taw llongau rhag tirio. o geiniogau, a delwau cerrig ac duwies Geltaidd oedd hi. Hafren efydd o gŵn! Roedd y Rhufeiniaid oedd ei henw yn y Gymraeg. yn credu bod cŵn yn iacháu pobl Hafren yw enw’r afon yn y - am iddynt weld cŵn yn llyfu eu (Flickr) Gymraeg hyd heddiw, wrth gwrs! clwyfau i’w hiacháu, mae’n debyg. Iron Age Oes yr Haearn Roman / Rhufeinig 400 AD 410 AD 1086 AD c.1138 AD c.1200 1300’s

ST CADOC COMES TO FLAT HOLM END OF THE ROMAN OCCUPATION DOMESDAY BOOK RECORDS 63 HOW THE SEVERN GOT ITS NAME MAGOR PILL IS WRECKED IN SMUGGLING ON THE SEVERN St Cadoc, an Abbot of Llancarfan With successive invasions and FISHERIES IN TIDENHAM The Severn may have been named THE SEVERN MUD A customs duty was placed on (Vale of Glamorgan), a famous attacks from all sides on the The Domesday Book was after the welsh legend of Sabrina, The Medieval vessel is the export of wool - a good in Roman Empire, including the Picts monastery at the time, was the the recording of industry to where King Locrine of Loegria submerged in Severn mud great demand in Europe. The and Saxons in Britain, the emperor (England) fell in love with princess earliest known visitor to Flat determine what taxes were carrying a cargo of iron ore ports of Barry and Cardiff had Holm. He is thought to have Honorius could not send any aid Estrildis despite being married to the Roman legions in Britain. owed to the new King, William to Gwendoline. Locrine had a from Glamorgan, only to be no permanent customs officers, visited the island frequently as He drafts a letter stating that they the Conqueror, and was the first daughter with Estrildis called found in 1994, 700 years later. so it was easier to smuggle a retreat to practice meditation, must ‘look to their own defences’, large-scale survey of industry Sabrina but when Gwendoline goods in and out. These ports particularly during lent. marking the official end of the throughout England and parts of found out she ordered that they LLONG Y MAGOR PILL YN CAEL became hotspots for smuggling Roman Occupation of Britain. Wales. A survey of this size was both be thrown into the river! EI DRYLLIO YN LLAID ABER activity, continuing for SANT CADOG YN YMWELD AG not attempted again until 1873! From then on, the river was named HAFREN centuries! YNYS ECHNI DIWEDD MEDDIANNAETH Y Sabrina or Hafren in welsh. LLYFR DOMESDAY YN COFNODI 63 Cafodd y llong ganoloesol ei Sant Cadog, Abad Llancarfan RHUFEINIAID SMYGLO AR AFON HAFREN O BYSGODFEYDD YN TIDENHAM, SUT Y CAFODD YR HAFREN boddi yn llaid Aber Hafren, a (Bro Morgannwg), sef mynachlog Gyda goresgyniadau olynol FFOREST Y DDENA EI HENW hithau’n cludo mwyn haearn o Gosodwyd toll ar allforio enwog ar y pryd, oedd ymwelydd ac ymosodiadau ar bob tu’r Forgannwg. Cafodd ei darganfod gwlân - nwydd yr oedd galw Fe wnaeth Llyfr Domesday Gallai’r Hafren fod wedi’i henwi hysbys cyntaf Ynys Echni. Credir Ymerodraeth Rufeinig, gan ar ôl chwedl Gymreig Sabrina, ym 1994, 700 o flynyddoedd yn mawr amdano. Nid oedd gofnodi diwydiannau er mwyn iddo ymweld â’r ynys yn aml gynnwys gan y Ffichtiaid a’r lle cwympodd y Brenin Locrine ddiweddarach. swyddogion tollau parhaol pennu pa drethi oedd yn fel encilfa i fyfyrio ynddi, yn Sacsoniaid ym Mhrydain, nid o Loegria (Brenin Lloegr) mewn ym mhorthladdoedd y Barri oedd yr ymerawdwr Honorius yn ddyledus i’r brenin newydd, enwedig yn ystod y Grawys. cariad â’r dywysoges Estrildis, Photo: David Merrett (Flickr) a Chaerdydd, felly roedd yn gallu anfon unrhyw gymorth i’r Gwilym y Gorchfygwr, a dyma er ei fod wedi priodi Gwendoline. llengoedd Rhufeinig ym Mhrydain. oedd yr arolwg graddfa fawr Cafodd Locrine ferch o’r enw haws smyglo nwyddau mewn Mae’n llunio llythyr sy’n datgan bod gyntaf o ddiwydiant trwy gydol Sabrina gydag Estrildis, ond pan a mas o’r llefydd hyn. Daeth rhaid iddynt ‘ofalu am eu hamd- Lloegr a rhannau o Gymru. Ni glywodd Gwendoline am hyn, y porthladdoedd hyn yn diffynfeydd eu hunain’, gan nodi roddwyd cynnig ar arolwg o’r gorchmynnodd i’r ddau ohonynt ganolbwyntiau i smyglo, gan gael eu taflu i’r afon. O hynny diwedd swyddogol Meddiannaeth y maint hwn eto tan 1873! barhau am ganrifoedd! Rhufeiniaid ar Brydain. ymlaen, cafodd yr afon ei henwi’n Sabrina, neu Hafren yn Gymraeg. Roman / Rhufeinig Medieval / Canoloesol 1300s 1467 1497 1535 1553 1580

BRISTOL IS ONE OF THE MOST NEWPORT MEDIEVAL PIRATE SHIP FIRST VOYAGE TO THE HENRY VIII MAKES THE SEVERN ELVER FISHING IS PROHIBITED GLOUCESTER IS GRANTED PORT IMPORTANT PORTS IN THE A 15th century merchant vessel AMERICAS FERRY ORDER Elvers are baby or fry STATUS BY QUEEN ELIZABETH COUNTRY which was discovered in 2002 John Cabot sets sail from The Severn’s ferries were not to which have been historically A Royal Charter from Queen Woollen cloth was exported to during development work in Bristol to find a quicker route ‘convey any manner of persons, fished on the . King Elizabeth grants Gloucester port France through Bristol from Newport. It is one of best- to the Orient (east). He landed goodes or cattalles after the Henry VIII introduced a ban in status. This meant that boats the Cotswolds. Red cloth was preserved examples of a cargo at Newfoundland in Canada, son goynge downe tyll the sonne 1553 for 10 years to allow the eel from around the world could the most popular export, and ship in Northern Europe. Using making him the first European be up'. This regulation is still in population to recover. trade directly in Gloucester, Bristol had the monopoly of this dendrochronology (tree-ring to set foot on the Americas. force today! rather than stopping in Bristol. making it a very prosperous dating), it has been established GWAHARDD PYSGOTA port. that the trees used to make the Y FORDAITH GYNTAF I HENRY VIII YN CYFLWYNO LLYSWENIGION CAERLOYW YN DERBYN STATWS ship were felled in the Basque GYFANDIROEDD AMERICA GORCHYMYN FFERI AFON Llysywod ifainc yw llyswenigion, PORTHLADD GAN FRENHINES BRYSTE YW AIL BORTHLADD region between Spain and France. Gadawodd John Cabot Fryste HAFREN ac yn hanesyddol pysgotid ELIZABETH Y CYNTAF PWYSICAF Y WLAD LLONG GANOLOESOL CASNEWYDD er mwyn canfod ffordd Nid oedd fferïau Afon Hafren i amdanynt ar Afon Hafren. Mae Breinlen Frenhinol gan Allforiwyd brethyn gwlân gyflymach i’r Dwyrain. Tiriodd yn ‘gludo unrhyw fath o bersonau, Cyflwynodd y Brenin Henry Frenhines Elizabeth y Cynaf Darganfuwyd llong fasnachol o’r i Ffrainc trwy Fryste o’r Newfoundland yng Nghanada, ac nwyddau neu wartheg ar ôl VII waharddiad yn 1553 am yn rhoi statws porthladd i 15fed ganrif yn 2002 yn ystod Cotswolds. Brethyn coch oedd felly ef oedd yr Ewropead cyntaf machlud yr haul nes bydd yr haul 10 mlynedd er mwyn adfer Gaerloyw. Golygai hyn fod gwaith datblygu yng Nghasnewydd. yr allforyn mwyaf poblogaidd, ac i droedio Cyfandiroedd America. yn codi'. Mae’r rheoliad hwnnw poblogaeth y llysywod. cychod o ledled y byd yn cael Dyma un o’r enghreifftiau gorau roedd gan Fryste fonopoli arno, mewn grym hyd heddiw! masnachu’n uniongyrchol yng o long nwyddau a gadwyd yng Photo: David Stanley (Flickr) ac felly daeth ei phorthladd yn Nghaerloyw, yn hytrach na Ngogledd Ewrop. Gan ddefnyddio ffyniannus iawn. stopio ym Mryste. dendrogronoleg, gwyddys i’r coed a ddefnyddiwyd i greu y llong hon gael eu cymynu yn ardal Gwlad y Basg rhwng Sbaen a Ffrainc. Photo: Ann Longmore-Etheridge (Flickr) Medieval Pre-Industrial / Cyn-ddiwydiannol 1600s 1607 1610 1630 1671 c.1700s

PUTCHER FISHING AT GOLDCLIFF THE GREAT FLOOD HITS THE PIRATE KING OF LUNDY ISLAND NEW PASSAGE FERRY STARTS HENRY MORGAN ATTACKS FLAT HOLM USED FOR PANAMA CITY is a type of SEVERN CROWNS HIMSELF ITS SERVICE SMUGGLING fishing (usually of salmon) which The flood of 1607 was a In 1610, Thomas Salkfeld Service continued until 1886 A welsh privateer - a pirate Flat Holm provided an excellent employs a large number of devastating event which flooded crowned himself Pirate King of between New Passage and employed by the English base for smuggling contraband. putcher baskets, set in a fixed 5 or 6 miles inland from the Lundy Island. He commanded Portskewett. government to attack enemies Allegedly there is a secret tunnel wooden frame, against the tide. Severn Estuary. An estimated 130 pirates but was eventually during war - led an attack on system for smugglers to hide You can still see the putcher 2000 or more people were killed, thrown overboard on another FFERI NEW PASSAGE YN Panama City, breaking a peace their goods! ranks on the Severn Estuary along with whole villages being pirate ship in the Severn Estuary DECHRAU EI GWASANAETH treaty between England and Spain. He was arrested and sent to YNYS ECHNI’N CAEL EI today! swept away. after an argument with a pirate Parhaodd y gwasanaeth rhwng hunter! London for trial but King Charles DEFNYDDIO AR GYFER SMYGLO BYSGOTA Â CHEWYLL YN LLIFOGYDD MAWR YN TARO New Passage a Phorthysgewin II forgave him and appointed him hyd nes 1886. Roedd Ynys Echni yn ganolfan GOLDCLIFF AFON HAFREN Brenin Môr-ladron Ynys Wair yn deputy governor of Jamaica. wych ar gyfer smyglo nwyddau Math o bysgota (fel arfer ar Roedd llifogydd 1607 yn ei goroni ei hun Photo: Wikipedia HENRY MORGAN YN YMOSOD AR gwaharddedig. Yn ôl y sôn, mae gyfer eogiaid) sy’n defnyddio ddigwyddiad distrywiol: aeth y Yn 1610, coronodd Thomas PANAMA CITY system o dwneli cudd er mwyn i nifer fawr o gewyll, wedi eu llifogydd 5 - 6 milltir i’r tir o Aber smyglwyr guddio eu nwyddau! Salkfeld ei hun yn Frenin Môr- Fe wnaeth herwlongwr - sef môr- gosod mewn ffrâm pren yn Hafren. Amcangyfrifwyd bod ladron Ynys Wair. Roedd yn rheoli erbyn y llanw, yw hwn. Gallwch 2000 neu ragor o bobl wedi eu leidr a gyflogwyd gan Lywodraeth 130 o fôr-ladron, ond yn y pen Lloegr i ymosod ar elynion yn ystod weld y rhesi cewyll yn Aber lladd, a chafodd pentrefi cyfan draw cafodd ei daflu oddi ar long Hafren hyd heddiw! eu hysgubo ymaith. rhyfeloedd - arwain ymosodiad ar fôr-ladron arall yn Aber Hafren ar Panama City, gan dorri cytundeb ôl cecru gyda heliwr môr-ladron! heddwch rhwng Lloegr a Sbaen. Cafodd ei arestio a’i anfon i Lundain am dreial, ond maddeuwyd iddo gan Frenin Siarl II. Cafodd ei benodi ganddo wedyn yn ddirprwy- Photo: Dr Mary Gillham (Flickr) lywodraethwr Jamaica. Pre-Industrial / Cyn-ddiwydiannol 1700s 1737 1738 1747 1785 1794

EARLIEST EVIDENCE OF LAVE FLAT HOLM LIGHTHOUSE IS THOMAS KNIGHT RULES BARRY PEAK OF THE BRISTOL WILLIAM ARTHUR RULES BARRY GLAMORGANSHIRE CANAL IS NET FISHING ON THE SEVERN BUILT AFTER THE DEATH OF 60 Smuggling sprits and tobacco SLAVE TRADE After the departure of Knight, COMPLETED fishing is still used SOLDIERS from the Channel Islands and Slaves were traded as part of a Arthur ruled Barry and was Linking Cardiff and Merthyr, the traditionally in the estuary 60 soldiers were killed when soap from Ireland on the 24 gun network between West Africa, described as being the most Glamorganshire Canal enabled today, passed down through their ship hit 'the Wolves' - a John O'Combe through Barry, Europe and the Caribbean. daring smuggler in Glamorgan in the export of coal through generations of fishermen at string of rocks just off the coast Knight turned Barry into his own Between 1501 and 1866, over 12 the 18th century. Cardiff Port and contributed to Sudbrook, Portskewett and of the island. This sparked town. He had between 60-70 million Africans are estimated the rise in the coal and mining Caldicot. the construction of the first people guarding his activities, and to have been transported to the WILLIAM ARTHUR YN RHEOLI’R trade. lighthouse on Flat Holm. reportedly local people had more New World, with sadly around 2 BARRI CWBLHEIR CAMLAS Y DYSTIOLAETH GYNHARAF O respect for him than the real king. million dying en route. Ar ôl i Knight adael, Arthur BYSGOTA Â RHWYDI LAMPO AR CODIR GOLEUDY YNYS ECHNI He was eventually removed and oedd yn rheoli’r Barri, ac fe’i MORGANNWG AFON HAFREN WEDI MARWOLAETH 60 O retreated to Lundy Island. ANTERTH Y FASNACH disgrifiwyd fel y smyglwr mwyaf Roedd Camlas Morgannwg yn FILWYR GAETHWEISION YM MRYSTE Mae pobl yn dal i ddefnyddio’r THOMAS KNIGHT YN RHEOLI’R eofn ym Morgannwg yn y 18fed cysylltu Merthyr a Chaerdydd, ganrif. gan alluogi i lo gael ei allforio dull traddodiadol o bysgota Lladdwyd 60 o filwyr pan darodd BARRI Masnachwyd caethweision â rhwydi lampo yn yr aber eu llong ‘y Bleiddiaid’, sef cyfres fel rhan o rwydwaith rhwng trwy Borthladd Caerdydd. Fe hyd heddiw yn Sudbrook, o greigiau fymryn oddi ar Ac yntau’n smyglo gwirodydd a Gorllewin Affrica, Ewrop, wnaeth hyn gyfrannu at dwf y Porthysgewin a Chil-y-Coed. arfordir yr ynys. O ganlyniad i thybaco o Ynysoedd y Sianel a a’r Caribî. Rhwng 1501 ac 14, fasnach lo a mwyngloddio. hyn, codwyd y goleudy cyntaf ar sebon o’r Iwerddon ar ei long John amcangyfrifir bod dros 12 miliwn Ynys Echni. O’Combe trwy’r Barri, gwnaeth o Affricaniaid wedi eu cludo Knight y Barri yn ei dref ei hun. i’r Byd Newydd, gydag oddeutu Roedd ganddo rhwng 60-70 o bobl 2 filiwn ohonynt yn marw ar yn gwarchod ei weithgareddau, y ffordd. ac yn ôl y sôn roedd gan bobl leol fwy o barch ato nac at y brenin go iawn. Yn y man cafodd ei symud a Photo: Jeremy Segrott (Flickr) chiliodd i Ynys Wair. Industrial Pre-Industrial / Cyn-ddiwydiannol Diwydiannol 1795 1799 1807 1809 1810 1827

T T T T T T T T

EARLIEST RECORD OF BRISTOL THE MONMOUTHSHIRE THE SLAVE TRADE IS BRISTOL FLOATING HARBOUR AN EARLY ATTEMPT AT SEVERN CANAL IS OPENED PILOT CUTTERS CANAL OPENS ABOLISHED IN BRITAIN IS BUILT TUNNEL Once the broadest and deepest Bristol Channel Pilot Cutters The canal was used to transport The slave trade is abolished 80 acres of river were enclosed The first Severn Railway Tunnel in the world, the 16-mile long are specialised sailing boats, Iron Ore, Coal and Limestone. but not all trading is stopped to allow ships to remain afloat is attempted to link Sharpness Canal was built modified to be used on the It was later linked into the straight away marking the in the harbour without relying and England. Unfortunately, the to bypass a winding and Bristol Channel. Their main wider canal network with the beginning of a decline in trade on the tides. tunnel breached in 1812, about treacherous stretch of the River purpose was to quickly ferry Brecknock and with the West Indies from half-way across the river and Severn, creating the most inland local maritime pilots to large Canal. Bristol. CODIR HARBWR ARNOFIOL filled up with water before any port in Britain. ships to assist in navigating the BRYSTE more progress could be made! Y FASNACH GAETHWEISION YM AGORIR CAMLAS SHARPNESS channel. Only a few remain. CAMLAS SIR FYNWY YN AGOR Amgaeir 80 erw o’r afon er MHRYDAIN YN CAEL EI DIDDYMU YMGAIS GYNNAR AT DWNNEL Ar un adeg, y gamlas 16 Y COFNOD CYNAF O BEILOTIAID Defnyddiwyd y gamlas i gludo mwyn galluogi llongau i arnofio Mwyn Haearn, Glo a Chalchfaen. Diddymir y fasnach a hwyluso masnachu. YR HAFREN milltir hon oedd y ddyfnaf a’r CYCHOD YSGAFN BRYSTE Yn ddiweddarach, cafodd gaethweision, gan sbarduno Bu ymgais i gysylltu De Cymru lletaf y byd. Fe’i cloddiwyd er Cychod hwylio arbenigol oedd ei chysylltu â’r rhwydwaith dirywiad y masnachu ag a Lloegr drwy adeiladu Twnnel mwyn osgoi rhan ddolennog Peilotiaid Cychod Ysgafn Bryste, ehangach, gyda Chamlas Ynysoedd y Caribî. Rheilffordd Hafren. Yn anffodus, a pheryglus o Afon Hafren, wedi eu haddasu er mwyn eu Brycheiniog a’r Fenni. bu bwlch yn y twnnel ym 1812, gan greu’r porthladd mwyaf defnyddio ym Môr Hafren. Eu tua hanner ffordd ar draws yr mewndirol ym Mhrydain. prif ddiben oedd cludo peilotiaid afon, gan ei lenwi â dŵr cyn y morwrol lleol i longau mawr gellid gwneud unrhyw gynnydd er mwyn eu cynorthwyo wrth pellach! forlywio Môr Hafren. Dim ond ychydig sy’n weddill.

Photo: Wildlife News (Flickr) Photo: Rich Kenington (Flickr) Photo: David Jones (Flickr)

Industrial / Diwydiannol 1830 1841 1842 1843 1849 1849

T T T T T T T T T T T T

COAL BECOMES THE MOST TAFF VALE RAILWAY OPENED THE FIRST DOCK IN NEWPORT, SS GREAT BRITAIN LAUNCHED VICTORIA DOCK AT GLOUCESTER THE FIRST BARRAGE PROPOSAL FROM BRISTOL EXPORTED GOOD THROUGH Wales' first purpose-built railway THE TOWN DOCK, IS BUILT PORT OPENS The First Tidal Barrage for the CARDIFF to be powered by locomotives, The first floating dock in Designed by Isambard Kingdom Victoria Basin was opened to Severn Estuary is proposed Brunel for the Great Western The tonnage of coal carried to transport coal alongside the Newport was opened in 1842, combat the queues of ships by Thomas Fulljames, a civil Steamship Company's service waiting in the Sharpness Canal. engineer for Gloucestershire. on the Glamorganshire Canal River Taff from Merthyr Tydfil allowing much larger ships to between Bristol and New York, exceeded that of iron for the to Cardiff. dock and compete with the the SS Great Britain was made Corn from Ireland and Europe, He intended that the barrage first time, with coal becoming growing trade in Cardiff. completely out of wrought iron. sugar from the Caribbean and stretch from Beachley to Aust the most important export from AGOR RHEILFFORDD CWM TAF She revolutionised shipping and timber from Scandinavia were and generate tidal energy. here on. Rheilffordd bwrpasol gyntaf CODI DOC CYNTAF CASNEWYDD, was the first iron steamer to the main imports. Cymru i gael ei phweru gan SEF Y TOWN DOCK cross the Atlantic, which she did CYNNIG Y MORGLAWDD CYNTAF GLO YW ALLFORYN MWYAF AGOR DOC FICTORIA YM locomotifau, i gludo glo a haearn Agorwyd y doc arnofiol cyntaf in 1845, in only 14 days. Cynigir y syniad am y Morglawdd MHORTHLADD CAERLOYW CAERDYDD wrth ymyl Afon Taf o Ferthyr yng Nghasnewydd yn 1842, gan LANSIO’R SS GREAT BRITAIN Llanw Cyntaf ar draws Aber Aeth tunelledd glo a gludwyd Tudful i Gaerdydd. alluogi i longau mwy o lawer O FRYSTE Agorwyd Basn Fictoria er Hafren gan Thomas Fulljames, ar Gamlas Morgannwg yn fwy ddocio a chystadlu â’r diwydiant Wedi ei dylunio gan Isambard mwyn atal ciwiau o longau yng peiriannydd sifil o Sir Gaerloyw. na thunelledd haearn am y tro yng Nghaerdydd, a oedd ar Kingdom Brunel ar gyfer Nghamlas Sharpness. Y prif Ei fwriad oedd i’r morglawdd cyntaf. Oddi ar hynny, glo oedd ei dwf. gwasanaeth trawsiwerydd Cwmni fewnforion oedd ŷd o’r Iwerddon estyn o Beachley i Aust, a yr allforyn pwysicaf. Agerlong Great Western rhwng ac Ewrop, siwgr o’r Caribî, a chynhyrchu ynni o’r llanw. Bryste ac Efrog Newydd, gwnaed choed o Lychlyn. yr SS Great Britain yn gyfan gwbl Photo: Thomas James o haearn gyr, ac roedd ganddi bropelor sgriw. Fe wnaeth hi chwyldroi morio, a dyma oedd yr agerlong haearn gyntaf i groesi’r Iwerydd, sef yr hyn a wnaeth yn 1845, ymhen dim ond 14 o ddiwrnodau.

Industrial Diwydiannol Victorian / Fictoraidd 1852 1859 1864 1864 1885 1889

T T T T T T T T T T

CHEPSTOW RAILWAY BRIDGE EAST BUTE DOCK OPENS AT CLIFTON SUSPENSION BRIDGE FORT AT BREAN DOWN BUILT FIRST TRAIN JOURNEY BARRY DOCKS ARE BUILT IS BUILT CARDIFF PORT IS BUILT OVER THE RIVER AVON AS PART OF THE PALMERSTON THROUGH SEVERN TUNNEL David Davies, the first Welsh FORTS Built by Isambard Brunel, the With the growing coal trade in Originally designed by Isambard The construction of the 4-mile millionaire, along with several "Great Tubular Bridge" over the Cardiff, further docks opened Kingdom Brunel, it was built by A line of defence at Brean Down, long railway tunnel took almost other mine owners gained at , which at to cope with the increasing William Henry Barlow and John Flat Holm and Steep Holm were fourteen years to complete. The parliamentary permission to that point forms the boundary demand for trade. Hawkshaw. It is a landmark built to defend the country final cost was £1,806,248, two build the new Barry docks. The between Wales and England, is of Bristol and was used for against a Napoleonic invasion and a half times Richardson’s Barry Dock Company connected AGOR DOC DWYRAIN BUTE YM considered one of Brunel's major the first modern bungee jump (which never came!) original estimate and nearly Barry Island to the mainland achievements. Although parts MHORTHLADD CAERDYDD in 1979! double Walker’s 1877 contract for the first time in tens of CODI CAER YN BREAN of the structure have since been Agorwyd dociau ychwanegol price. thousands of years! CODI PONT GROG CLIFTON DROS DOWN FEL RHAN O GAERAU replaced, Brunel's tubular iron er mwyn ymdopi â masnach supports still stand. gynyddol trwy Gaerdydd, wedi ei AFON AVON PALMERSTON Y DAITH DRÊN GYNTAF TRWY ADEILADU DOCIAU’R BARRI sbarduno gan y fasnach lo. Wedi ei dylunio yn wreiddiol Codwyd amddiffynfeydd yn DWNNEL YR HAFREN Cafodd David Davies, y CODI PONT RHEILFFORDD gan Isambard Kingdom Brunel, Brean Down, Ynys Echni, ac Ynys Cymerodd bron i 14 o miliwnydd Cymreig cyntaf, CAS-GWENT Photo: Wikipedia adeiladwyd y bont gan William Rhonech er mwyn amddiffyn flynyddoedd i greu’r twnnel 4 ynghyd â sawl perchennog Ystyrir y “Bont Diwbaidd Fawr” Henry Barlow a John Hawkshaw. y wlad rhag goresgyniad gan milltir o hyd. Y gost derfynol mwyngloddfeydd eraill, dros Afon Gwy yng Nghas-gwent, Mae’n dirnod ym Mryste, a fe’i luoedd Napoleon (sef rhywbeth oedd £1,806,248, ddwy waith a ganiatâd seneddol i godi dociau sef y ffin rhwng Cymru a Lloegr, defnyddiwyd ar gyfer y naid na ddigwyddodd). hanner yn fwy nac amcangyfrif newydd yn y Barri. Fe wnaeth yn un o brif gyflawniadau bungee gyntaf yn 1979! gwreiddiol Richardson, a bron Cwmni Dociau’r Barri gysylltu Isambard Kingdom Brunel. Er ddwywaith yn fwy na phris Ynys y Barri â’r tir mawr am bod rhannau o’r strwythur wedi contract Walker yn 1877. y tro cyntaf mewn miloedd o cael eu cyfnewid ers hynny, erys flynyddoedd! ategion haearn tiwbaidd Brunel o hyd.

Victorian / Fictoraidd 1896 1897 1900 1906 1909 1909

T T

CHOLERA HOSPITAL BUILT MARCONI TRANSMITS THE FIRST THE BRUNSWICK SINKS NEWPORT TRANSPORTER FIRST WORLDS 'MILLION POUND DISASTER ON FLAT HOLM WIRELESS SIGNAL OVER WATER Rediscovered by Bristol Port BRIDGE IS BUILT CHEQUE' CHANGES HANDS AT During the construction of The only island-based isolated Guglielmo Marconi, assisted in 2017, the Brunswick sank in The bridge was built to allow THE CARDIFF COAL EXCHANGE the new South Lock, a trench sanatorium in the UK. The last by a Cardiff Post Office heavy fog on Christmas Eve. west Newport dwelling dock The yearly tonnage handled collapsed and sadly buried 46 patient to die in the hospital engineer named George Kemp, workers to reach the docks in by the docks had gone up to workers. died of bubonic plague in the transmitted the first wireless Y BRUNSWICK YN SUDDO the east of the city and avoid 9,000,000 with coal being a TRYCHINEB DOCIAU 1890s, and the hospital closed in signals over open sea from Flat Suddodd y Brunswick mewn the 4 mile walk around the national export. 1935, but was used during World Holm to Lavernock Point near niwl trwchus ar Noswyl Nadolig, river. It is one of six operating CASNEWYDD Y SIEC GYNTAF AM FILIWN War II as a cinema. Penarth, Wales. nes cael ei hailddarganfod 117 o Transporter Bridges in the Pan oedd Doc newydd y De yn O BUNNOEDD YN CYFNEWID flynyddoedd yn ddiweddarach world! cael ei godi, syrthiodd ffos a CODI YSBYTY’R GERI AR YNYS MARCONI YN ANFON Y SIGNAL DWYLO YN Y GYFNEWIDFA LO yn 2017. chladdwyd 46 o weithwyr. ECHNI DI-WIFR CYNTAF AR DRAWS CODI PONT GLUDO CASNEWYDD YNG NGHAERDYDD Yr unig iechydfa ynysig yn y DŴR Codwyd y bont er mwyn Cynyddodd y tunelledd a DU. Fe wnaeth y claf olaf i farw Fe wnaeth Guglielmo Marconi, galluogi gweithwyr y dociau drafodwyd gan y dociau i yn yr ysbyty farw o achos y Pla gyda chymorth peiriannydd o yng Ngorllewin Casnewydd 9,000,000, gyda glo’n allforyn Du yn yr 1890au, a chaewyd yr Swyddfa Post Caerdydd o’r enw i gyrraedd y dociau ar ochr cenedlaethol. ysbyty yn 1935. Ond cafodd ei George Kemp, anfon y signalau ddwyreiniol y ddinas ac osgoi ddefnyddio fel sinema yn ystod di-wifr cyntaf dros y môr agored gorfod cerdded 4 milltir o yr Ail Ryfel Byd. o Ynys Echni i Drwyn Larnog ger amgylch yr afon. Dyma un o Penarth, Cymru. chwe phont gludo yn y byd heddiw sy’n dal i weithio!

Photo: Newport Museums and Heritage Service. Hawlfraint Amgueddfeydd Casnewydd a Photo: Chris Sampson (Flickr) Gwasanaethau Treftadaeth.

Victorian / Fictoraidd Edwardian / Edwardaidd 1909 1910 1913 1914 1916 1920

T T T T

PURTON HULKS CREATED AS CAPTAIN SCOTT AND THE THE PEAK OF THE CARDIFF BURNHAM-ON-SEA PIER SCOTIA WRECKS ON SULLY THE COAL DEPRESSION THE LARGEST SHIP GRAVEYARD TERRA NOVA LEFT CARDIFF FOR COAL TRADE Burnham-on-Sea pier was ISLAND The Treaty of Versaille, made IN BRITAIN THE ANTARCTIC The exportation of coal from completed just before WW1. Scotia was previously a British at the end of WW1, flooded the Following a landslip between Captain Scott and the Terra Cardiff reaches its peak just Ambitions to lengthen the pier Antarctic research vessel. The market with cheap coal. The the Gloucester & Sharpness Nova arrived in Cardiff to take before WW1 – with almost 11 never quite materialised and coal from the wreck washed up South Wales coal mines suffered Canal and the River Severn near on coal and oil for the long million tonnes of coal exported it remains the shortest pier in on shore, and local residents with a decreased demand and Purton, a call was made for journey ahead. She returned from the docks. Britain today! looted leftover materials and coal. value for their coal. vessels to be run aground to home to Bute Dock after the strengthen the bank. Between expedition in 1913. ANTERTH Y FASNACH LO YNG PIER BURNHAM-ON-SEA SCOTIA YN DRYLLIO AR YNYS SILI DIRWASGIAD Y GLO 1909 and 1963, at least 80 NGHAERDYDD Cwblhawyd pier Burnham-on- Llong ymchwil Brydeinig yn Fe wnaeth Cytundeb Versaille, CAPTEN SCOTT A’R TERRA NOVA vessels were beached at Purton. Cyrhaeddodd allforio glo ei frig Sea ychydig cyn y Rhyfel Byd yr Antarctig oedd Scotia yn a nododd ddiwedd y Rhyfel Byd YN GADAEL CAERDYDD AM YR yng Nghaerdydd ychydig cyn y Cyntaf. Ni lwyddwyd i weithredu flaenorol. Golchodd glo o’r Cyntaf, foddi’r farchnad â glo CREU PURTON HULKS, SEF ANTARCTIG Rhyfel Byd Cyntaf, gyda bron i 11 ar gynlluniau i’w wneud yn drylliad ar y traeth, a chafodd y rhad. Roedd llai o alw am lo MYNWENT LONGAU FWYAF Cyrhaeddodd Capten Scott a’r miliwn o dunelli o lo yn cael eu hirach, ac mae’n parhau i fod y deunyddiau a oedd yn weddill glofeydd Dde Cymru, a lleihaodd PRYDAIN Terra Nova Gaerdydd er mwyn hallforio o’r dociau. pier byrraf ym Mhrydain heddiw! ynghyd â’r glo eu hysbeilio gan y gwerth eu glo. Yn dilyn tirlithriad rhwng Camlas cael glo ac olew at y daith o’u trigolion lleol. Sharpness a Chaerloyw ac Afon blaenau. Dychwelodd yn Noc Photo: Tom Bastin (Flickr) Photo: Ben Salter (Flickr) Hafren ger Purton, galwyd ar i Bute ar ôl y daith yn 1913. Photo: Ben Salter (Flickr) longau dirio ar y lan er mwyn ei hatgyfnerthu. Rhwng 1909 ac 1963, tiriwyd o leiaf 80 o longau yn Purton.

Edwardian / Edwardaidd WW1 WW2 1926 1931 1940 1941 1944 1949

T T T T T T

SEVERN QUEEN FERRY CARDIFF COAL TRADE IN STEEP HOLM REFORTIFIED 350 SOLDIERS POSTED TO 75% OF THE SUPPLIES FOR MV BALMORAL CONSTRUCTED AMERICAN FORCES IN EUROPE IN SERVICE SERIOUS DECLINE FLAT HOLM ISLAND The Balmoral was constructed Steep Holm was refortified by SHIPPED THROUGH CARDIFF 350 members of the Royal in October 1947 as a paddle The Severn King, Queen and With the continuous closure of soldiers from the Indian Army DOCKS. Princess all took cars from Aust the mines, Hunger Marches were Service Corps using mules to Artillery were posted there to steamer in Southampton. She to Beachley. The huge tidal set up from 1927 to 1936. In 1932, transport guns and equipment operate the anti-aircraft guns Cardiff Docks were essential began servicing the Bristol range of the Severn made the the National Hunger March went up steep cliffs. that had been stationed there at in supplying the warships and Channel in 1969 and still does timetable extremely unreliable from Rhondda to London to raise the beginning of WW2. troops with supplies. This was today from her base in Bristol but worth it to avoid the 60-mile awareness for the economic ATGYFNERTHU YNYS RONECH an extremely dangerous job and Harbour! ANFON 350 O FILWYR I YNYS detour via Gloucester! issues and high poverty rates Ailatgyfnerthwyd Ynys Rhonech many merchant seamen lost due to unemployment. gan filwyr o Gorfflu Gwasanaeth ECHNI their lives. There is a memorial ADEILADU MV BALMORAL FFERI BRENHINES YR HAFREN Byddin India gan ddefnyddio Anfonwyd 350 aelod o’r in Cardiff Bay dedicated to these Adeiladwyd rhodlong o’r enw YN GWASANAETHU DIRYWIAD DIFRIFOL Y FASNACH mulod i symud gynnau ac offer i Fagnelaeth Frenhinol yno brave individuals. Balmoral, yn Southampton ym LO YNG NGHAERDYDD mis Hydref 1947. Dechreuodd Aeth Brenhines, Brenin, a fyny’r clogwyni serth. er mwyn gweithio’r gynnau CLUDIR 75% O GYFLENWADAU wasanaethu ar Fôr Hafren ym Thywysoges yr Hafren oll Gyda’r glofeydd yn cau’n gwrthawerynnol a osodwyd ar LLUOEDD AMERICA YN EWROP yr ynys. 1969, ac mae’n parhau i wneud mewn ceir o Aust i Beachley. barhaus, cychwynnwyd ar TRWY DDOCIAU CAERDYDD Oherwydd amrediad anferthol y Orymdeithiau Newyn rhwng hynny heddiw o Borthladd llanw roedd amserlen y daith yn 1927 ac 1936. Yn 1932, aeth yr Roedd Dociau Caerdydd yn Bryste! annibynadwy iawn, ond roedd Orymdaith Newyn Genedlaethol hanfodol ar gyfer cyflenwi yn well na’r daith arall o 60 o o’r Rhondda i Lundain i godi cadlongau a milwyr. Roedd hyn filltiroedd trwy Gaerloyw! ymwybyddiaeth ynghylch yn dasg beryglus iawn, a bu llawer problemau economaidd a o fasnachlongwyr yn colli eu chyfraddau tlodi uchel o bywydau. Ceir cofeb i’r unigolion ganlyniad i ddiweithdra. dewr hyn ym Mae Caerdydd.

Photo: Chris Allen Photo: Dr Mary Gillham WW2 1955 1960 1962 1962 1964 1966

T T T T T T T T

COLONEL 'MAD JACK' ARKENDALE AND WASTDALE MONMOUTHSHIRE CANAL BERKELEY POWER STATION LAST SHIPMENT OF COAL BOB DYLAN TAKES THE CHURCHILL BECOMES THE FIRST ACCIDENT ABANDONED OPENS LEAVES CARDIFF DOCKS CAR FERRY MAN TO SURF THE SEVERN Five crew members died One of five nuclear power Bob Dylan takes the Aust to BORE CEFNU AR GAMLAS SIR FYNWY Y CLUDIAD GLO OLAF YN when the two vessels struck stations that would be located GADAEL DOCIAU CAERDYDD Beachley car ferry on his way In 1955, Colonel 'Mad Jack' the Severn Rail Bridge, near on the Severn Estuary, along from Bristol to Newport as part Churchill became the first man Sharpness, in dense fog. with Oldbury-on-Severn and of his world tour. to surf the Severn Bore. It is Hinkley Point A,B and C. This the longest wave in the UK. The DAMWAIN ARKENDALE A was the third power station to BOB DYLAN YN MYND AR Y record was later set in 2006 by WASTDALE open in the UK and the first to FFERI GEIR Steve King, who surfed it for Bu farw pum aelod o’r criw be decommissioned. Mae Bob Dylan yn mynd ar y fferi 7.6 miles! pan darodd dwy long yn erbyn rhwng Aust a Beachley ar ei AGOR GORSAF BŴER BERKELEY Pont Rheilffordd yr Hafren ger ffordd o Fryste i Gasnewydd yn Y CYRNOL ‘JACK GWALLGOF’ Sharpness mewn niwl trwchus. Un o bum atomfa a fyddai’n cael rhan o’i daith Judas. CHURCHILL YW’R DYN CYNTAF I eu codi ar Aber Hafren, Oldbury- SYRFFIO EGER HAFREN Photo: Mike Nash (Twitter) on-Severn, Hinkley Point A, B, ac Yn 1955, y Cyrnol ‘Jack C. Dyma oedd y drydedd atomfa Gwallgof’ Churchill oedd y dyn i agor yn y DU, a’r gyntaf i gael ei cyntaf i syrffio Eger Hafren. dad-gomisiynu. Dyma’r don hiraf yn y Deyrnas Unedig. Gosodwyd y record yn ddiweddarach yn 2006 gan Steve King, a syrffiodd arni am 7.6 milltir!

Photo: Michael Button (Flickr) Photo: Bessie Hayward (Flickr)

Modern Day / Yr Oes Fodern 1966 1970 1977 1982 1986 1988

SEVERN BRIDGE OPENED THE SS GREAT BRITAIN ROYAL PORTBURY DOCK IS GWENT LEVELS IS DESIGNATED BERROW DUNES IS DESIGNTAED FLAT HOLM LIGHTHOUSE The First Severn Bridge RETURNS TO BRISTOL OPENED BY QUEEN ELIZABETH II A SSSI AS A SSSI BECOMES AUTOMATIC crossing was opened by Queen After being abandoned for The Dock was opened to Over hald of the Gwent Levels is The sand dune system found Following 250 years of being Elizabeth II in September of over 30 years in the Falkland cope with the new trend of designated as a SSSI or Special at Berrow is rare at a national manned, Flat Holm lighthouse is 1966, replacing the Aust and Islands, the SS Great Britain was much larger vessels shipping Site of Scientific Interest, to and local scale, and support fitted with solar panels. Beachley ferry. refloated and restored. containers. However, there protect its nationally important one of the most diverse areas AWTOMEIDDIO GOLEUDY were issues with building habitats. in Somerset with at least 270 AGOR PONT HAFREN SS GREAT BRITAIN YN permissions, so with a delayed species of flowering plant being YNYS ECHNI Agorwyd Pont Hafren Gyntaf gan DYCHWELYD I FRYSTE entrance into the market, the DYNODI GWASTADEDDAU GWENT recorded on site. Wedi 250 o flynyddoedd o’i YN SAFLE O DDIDDORDEB Frenhines Elizabeth yr Ail ym Wedi ei gadael am dros 30 o dock could not secure enough weithio â llaw. Gosod paneli mis Medi 1966. Fe wnaeth y bont flynyddoedd yn Islas Malvinas, business to be successful. GWYDDONOL ARBENNIG DYNODI TWYNI BERROW solar ar oleudy Ynys Echni ac fe’i hon ddisodli’r fferi rhwng Aust cafodd SS Great Britain ei hail- Dynodir dros hanner o YN SAFLE O DDIDDORDEB rheolir o ganolfan yn. AGORIR DOC BRENHINOL a Beachley. nofio a’i hadfer. Wastadeddau Gwent yn Safle GWYDDONOL ARBENNIG PORTBURY GAN FRENHINES o Ddiddordeb Gwyddonol Mae’r system o dwyni tywod Photo: Flickr Photo: Matt Brown ELIZABETH YR AIL Arbennig. Gan hynny, yn Berrow yn brin ar raddfa Agorwyd y Doc er mwyn ymdopi gwarchodir eu cynefinoedd sydd wladol a lleol, gan gynnal un â dull newydd o gludo nwyddau o bwysigrwydd gwladol. o’r ardaloedd mwyaf amrywiol mewn cynwysyddion. Fodd ei ffawna yng Ngwlad yr Haf, bynnag, fe’i hagorwyd yn rhy gydag o leiaf 270 o rywogaethau hwyr yn y farchnad i’w gwneud o blanhigion blodeuol wedi eu yn llwyddiannus. cofnodi ar y safle.

Photo: Dr Mary Gillham

Modern Day / Yr Oes Fodern 1989 1991 1995 1995 1996 2000

THE SEVERN ESTUARY IS SEVERN TUNNEL INCIDENT SEVERN ESTUARY IS SEVERN ESTUARY PARTNERSHIP THE FORMED OPENS DESIGNATED AS A SSSI A crash between two trains at DESIGNATED A SPECIAL AREA RESERVE OPENED Covering over 15,000 ha of low speed in the tunnel caused OF PROTECTION (SPA) The Severn Estuary Partnership Opened by Prince Charles in The Reserve was opened to foreshore and inter-tidal the injury of 185 but luckily no An SPA has national and is an independent, estuary wide June 1996 and renamed the offset the loss of extensive habitat, the Special Site fatalities. international importance for the initiative led by local authorities Prince of Wales Bridge in 2018, mudflats due to the completion of Scientific Interest was breeding, feeding, wintering and and statutory agencies. We the second Severn Crossing was of the Cardiff Bay barrage. It designated to safeguard the DAMWAIN YN NHWNNEL migration of rare and vulnerable work with all those involved in built to cope with rising volumes was once a series of lagoons natural heritage of the area. HAFREN species of birds. The Estuary the management of the estuary, of traffic on the first bridge. for waste from the nearby coal- fired power station. It is later Mae gwrthdrawiad rhwng dau regularly supports over 20,000 from planners to port authorities, DYNODI ABER HAFREN YN fishermen to farmers, and many AGOR AIL BONT HAFREN designated as a SSSI, in 2010, due drên ar gyflymder isel yn y wintering wildfowl with over to its unique inter-tidal habitats. SODDGA twnnel yn anafu 185 o bobl, ond 80,000 individual waterfowl more with an interest in the future Fe’i hagorwyd gan y Tywysog of the estuary. Dynodwyd 15,000 ha o flaen yn ffodus, ni laddwyd neb. recorded over winter. Siarl ym mis Mehefin 1996, a’i AGOR GWARCHODFA CORSYDD traeth a chynefin rhynglanw DYNODI ABER HAFREN YN FFURFIO PARTNERIAETH ABER hailenwi yn Bont Tywysog Cymru CASNEWYDD. GWARCHODFA’R yn 2018. Codwyd Ail Bont Hafren GWLYPDIROEDD Aber Hafren yn Safle o Photo: Matt Buck ARDAL GWARCHODAETH HAFREN Ddiddordeb Gwyddonol Arbennig ARBENNIG (SPA) er mwyn ymdopi â lefelau traffig Agorwyd y warchodfa er mwyn er mwyn gwarchod treftadaeth Mae Partneriaeth Aber Hafren yn cynyddol ar y bont gyntaf. gwneud iawn am golli rhannau naturiol yr ardal. Mae gan SPA bwysigrwydd fenter annibynnol ar draws yr aber helaeth o’r gwastadeddau llaid gwladol a rhyngwladol o ran dan arweiniad awdurdodau lleol Photo: Ashley Coates (Flickr) o ganlyniad i godi morglawdd bridio, bwydo, gaeafu a mudo ac asiantaethau statudol. Rydym Bae Caerdydd. Roedd unwaith rhywogaethau adar prin a rhai ni'n gweithio gyda phawb sy'n yn gyfres o forlynnoedd ar gyfer mewn peryg. Mae’r Aber yn ymwneud â rheoli a defnyddio'r lludw o’r pwerdy glo cyfagos. cynnal yn gyson dros 20,000 aber, o gynllunwyr i awdurdodau Cafodd ei ddynodi’n Safle o o adar hela sy’n gaeafu, gyda porthladdoedd, pysgotwyr i Ddiddordeb Gwyddonol Arbennig thros 80,000 o adar hela unigol ffermwyr a llawer yn rhagor sydd â yn 2010, oherwydd ei gynefinoedd wedi eu cofnodi dros y gaeaf. rhynglanwol unigryw. Photo: Tom Bastin diddordeb yn nyfodol yr aber.

Modern Day / Yr Oes Fodern 2001 2002 2009 2013 2014 2016

T T

CARDIFF BARRAGE COMPLETE CARDIFF BAY WETLANDS THE SEVERN ESTUARY IS THREE TIDAL LAGOONS ARE STEART MARSHES GOVERNMENT APPROVES Stretching 1.1km from Cardiff RESERVE OPENED DESIGNATED AS A SPECIAL PROPOSED ON THE SEVERN Steart Marshes is created when HINKLEY POINT C, COSTING AN AREA OF CONSERVATION (SAC) ESTIMATED £18 BILLION Docks to Penarth, the barrage The site was chosen by ESTUARY the sea wall is breached to led to the empoundment of The Estuary is designated as a flood and create saltmarsh, a The first in a new generation of Cardiff Harbour Authority to Tidal Lagoon Power, a company Cardiff Bay. It was the beginning compensate for loss of intertidal Special Area of Conservation natural buffer to the tides and nuclear power stations, Hinkley of regeneration of the old as its unique ecosystems like specialising in Tidal Energy a diverse habitat of national Point C will provide low-carbon mudflat and salt marshes after through lagoons, proposed a docklands, previously known as the development of Cardiff Bay. saltmarsh, intertidal mudflats, importance. value, so strict electricity for around six million Tiger Bay. sandflats and reefs support tidal lagoon in Cardiff. Between rules and permits are in place to homes and will be the first AGOR GWARCHODFA significant species of birds 2013 and 2018, they proposed protect stocks. nuclear reactor to be built in the a further two tidal lagoons at CWBLHAU MORGLAWDD GWLYPDIROEDD BAE CAERDYDD and fish. UK for 20 years. CAERDYDD Newport and Bridgewater Bay, CORSYDD STEART Dewiswyd y safle gan along with two other sites in Ac yntau’n estyn 1.1km o Ddociau DYNODI ABER HAFREN YN Y LLYWODRAETH YN Awdurdod Harbwr Caerdydd er ARDAL GWARCHODAETH the UK. Crëwyd Corsydd Steart pan CYMERADWYO HINKLEY Caerdydd i Benarth, cafodd mwyn gwneud iawn am golli fylchwyd morglawdd er mwyn Bae Caerdydd ei argáu gan y ARBENNIG (SAC) POINT C, GYDA CHOST gwastadeddau llaid rhynglanw a CYNIGIR SYNIAD AM DRI MORLYN iddo lifogi a chreu morfa heli, AMCANGYFRIFEDIG O £18 forglawdd. Dyma oedd dechrau Dynodwyd yr Aber yn Ardal LLANW AR ABER HAFREN sy’n atalfa naturiol rhag y morfeydd heli ar ôl datblygu Bae BILIWN ar adfywio hen ardal y dociau a Caerdydd. Gwarchodaeth Arbennig ar gyfrif llanw a chynefin amrywiol o adwaenid gynt fel Tiger Bay. ei ecosystemau unigryw megis Fe wnaeth Tidal Lagoon Power, bwysigrwydd cenedlaethol. Y cyntaf o genhedlaeth newydd Alastair Campbell (Flickr) morfeydd heli, gwastadeddau cwmni sy’n arbenigo mewn Ynni o atomfeydd, bydd Hinkley C yn llaid rhynglanw, gwastadeddau Llanw drwy forlynnoedd, gynnig darparu trydan carbon-isel ar tywod a riffiau sy’n cynnal nifer syniad am forlyn llanw yng gyfer oddeutu 6 miliwn o dai, sylweddol o rywogaethau adar Nghaerdydd. Rhwng 2013 a 2018, a dyma fydd yr atomfa gyntaf i a physgod. cynigion nhw ddau forlyn llanw gael ei chodi yn y DU mewn 20 ychwanegol ar gyfer Casnewydd mlynedd. a Bae Bridgewater, ynghyd â dau Photo: Ben Salter (Flickr) safle arall yn y DU.

Modern Day / Yr Oes Fodern Photo: Erecting the Newport Transporter Bridge between 1902 and 1906.' Copyright of Newport Museums and Heritage Service. Llun: Codi Pont Gludo Casnewydd rhwng 1902 a 1906.’ Hawlfraint Amgueddfeydd Casnewydd a Gwasanaethau Treftadaeth. Subtidal

Wetlands

Sediment Shores

Rocky Shore

12 1

Salt Marshes

Bristol

1

1

Sand Dunes 11

1 Gwlyptiroedd Casnewydd | Gwlyptiroedd Wetlands Newport | Porthysgewin Portskewett Slimbridge WWT WWT | Canolfan Gwlyptir Centre Slimbridge Wetland Cliff | Clogwyn Aust Aust Arnofiol Bryste Bristol Floating Harbour | Harbwr | Bae Caerdydd Bay Cardiff Bridge | Pont Gludo Casnewydd Transporter Newport Brean | Twyni Down Brean Ship | Llong Ganoloesol Casnewydd Medieval Newport | Hylciau Purton Purton Hulks Burnham-on-Sea

11 10 1 12 1 1 1 10 1 1 1

20

20

1 1 1 Newport Bridgwater

1 Goldcliff, Casnewydd | Goldcliff, Goldcliff | Bae Whitmore Bay Whitmore Ddu Black Rock | Y Graig Larnog Point | Trwyn Lavernock Echni Flat Holm | Ynys | Bryngaer Sudbrook Hill Fort Sudbrook | Bryngaer Wilcrick Wilcrick Hill Fort Caerleon | Caerllion Lydney Park | Parc Lydney Cardiff 1 2 Severn Estuary Top Historic Spots Historic Estuary Top Severn Smotiau Hanesyddol Uchaf Aber Haf Estuary Partnership as part of the Discover the Severn by Produced Natural support from Kindly funded through project. the Severn Wales. Resources yn rhan o brosiect Aber Hafren gan Bartneriaeth Cyhoeddwyd Noddir trwy Naturiol Cymru. Cyfoeth Hafren. Afon Darganfod gymorth 2