DOCSLIB.ORG

Nomadic Amdo Tibetan Glu Folk Songs Within the Settings of Tibetan Culture, History, Theory, and Current Usage

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Nomadic Amdo Tibetan Glu Folk Songs Within the Settings of Tibetan Culture, History, Theory, and Current Usage NOMADIC AMDO TIBETAN GLU FOLK SONGS WITHIN THE SETTINGS OF TIBETAN CULTURE, HISTORY, THEORY, AND CURRENT USAGE A MASTER’S THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY OF THE CENTER FOR GRADUATE AND CONTINUING STUDIES BETHEL UNIVERSITY BY WENDOLYN CRAUN IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN ETHNOMUSICOLOGY JANUARY 2011 Copyright © 2011 by Wendolyn Craun All rights reserved ABSTRACT Tibetan glu folk songs are a literary and musical expression historically passed down from generation to generation. This regional study purposes to define the origins, influences, categories, qualities, and significance of nomadic Amdo Tibetan glu folk songs. These topics are explored within the settings of Tibetan culture, history, theory, and current usage. Recordings of twenty-seven glu folk songs accompanied by transcribed text and music offer contemporary examples of this song genre that is quickly disappearing. The ultimate goal of this study is to answer the question: What are the defining characteristics of nomadic Amdo Tibetan glu folk songs? i ii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1 Statement of the Problem 1 Need for the Study 2 Purpose Statement 3 Central Research Question and Sub-Questions 3 Glossary of General Terms 4 Limitations/Delimitations of the Study 4 Assumptions 5 Language Notes 6 Wylie Transliteration Scheme 6 Amdo Tibetan Pronunciation Examples 6 CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW 7 Ethnomusicology Research 7 Tibetan Music Research 10 Broad Overview of Tibetan Music 10 Regional Studies of Tibetan Music 11 Existence of Recordings and Songbooks 14 Tibetan Music Analysis 18 Music Analysis Tools 18 Musical Collection and Transcription 19 Etic verses Emic Analysis 20 Tones and Intervals 21 Tibetan Nomads 26 CHAPTER III: RESEARCH PLAN 29 Research Design–Strategy of Inquiry 29 Initial Strategy of Inquiry Plan 31 Actual Performed Strategy of Inquiry 32 Permissions 36 Data Recording 36 Participants 37 Singers 37 Translators and co-travelers 37 The Researcher 38 Self-Reflection 39 iii Data Analysis Procedures 40 Music Analysis 40 Written Presentation 41 Research Validity 41 CHAPTER IV: RESEARCH FINDINGS 43 PART I: ORIGINS OF AMDO TIBETAN GLU FOLK SONGS 45 Traditional Environment 45 Geographic Regions 48 World Geography 48 Linguistic Regions 49 Occupational Distinction 50 Historical Roots of Tibetan Music 56 Literary Excellence 61 Current Education of glu Songs 63 PART II: INFLUENCES OF AMDO TIBETAN GLU FOLK SONGS 67 Historical Influences 67 Current Influences 72 PART III: CLASSIFICATION OF AMDO TIBETAN GLU FOLK SONGS 75 Historical Classifications of Tibetan Music 75 Early Descriptions of Vocal Song 77 Tibetan Folk Music Classifications 79 Definitions of glu 79 Classifications of Amdo Tibetan Folk Song Genres 86 Possible Amdo Tibetan Folk Song Regions 93 PART IV: QUALITIES OF AMDO TIBETAN GLU FOLK SONGS 95 Evaluation of glu Songs 95 Case Study: Twenty-Seven glu Folk Songs 97 Text Analysis of Amdo Tibetan glu 98 Beginning Phrases 98 Use of Meaningless Syllables and Rhythm in Poetry 101 Song Text Content 105 Musical Analysis of Amdo Tibetan glu 111 Musical Introduction 111 Phrasing 112 Tibetan Modes 113 iv Melodic Patterns 114 Rhythmic Patterns 121 Distinctive Styles of Amdo Tibetan glu Songs 122 Singing Dynamics/Articulation 124 Instrumentation 124 Singing Presentation 125 PART V: SIGNIFICANCE OF AMDO TIBETAN GLU FOLK SONGS 127 The Singer’s Story 127 Tibetan Folk Song and The World 130 CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS 135 Summary Discussion of Nomadic Amdo Tibetan glu Folk Songs 135 Preservation of glu Song Genre 138 Proposal for Future Regional Research about Tibetan Songs 139 Regional Tibetan Folk Song Study 140 Comparative Tibetan Folk Song Study 140 The Importance of Song 141 APPENDIX A: AMDO TIBETAN GLU FOLK SONG COLLECTION 143 APPENDIX B: FORMS USED IN RESEARCH 199 APPENDIX C: COMPARATIVE MUSIC ANALYSIS 203 GLOSSARY OF MUSICAL TERMS 205 BIBLIOGRAPHY 207 ENDNOTES 213 v ILLUSTRATIONS MAPS 1. Distribution of Tibetans in China 52 2. Geographic Regions in which Tibetans Live 53 FIGURES 1. Amdo Tibetan glu: A Genre of Tibetan Music 3 2. Model for Ethnomusicology Research 9 3. Melodic Interval and Tonal Distance 23 4. Five Tones of the Chinese Pentatonic System 24 5. Five Pentatonic Modes 25 6. Tibetan Music Main Categories 76 7. Music and Dance among the Indo-Tibetan Sciences 78 8. Poetic Composition and Style of glu and gzhas 83 9. Amdo Tibetan Folk Song Categories 92 10. Rhythm in Song 25 103 11. Rhythm in Song 10 103 12. Labeled Tonal Units 116 13. Tonal Movement Patterns in Collected glu Songs 118 14. Composite Flow Charts of glu Songs 120 15. Rhythmic Patterns: Introduction I 121 16. Rhythmic Patterns: Introduction II 121 17. Rhythmic Patterns: Final Cadence I 121 18. Rhythmic Patterns: Final Cadence II 121 TABLES 1. Regions with High Percentage of Amdo Tibetans 54 2. Song Introduction Phrases 99 3. Common Musical Phrase Format 112 4. Tibetan Modes in Collected Songs 114 5. Common Melodic Patterns in Introduction and Cadence 115 6. Possible Tonal Movements in Collected Songs 117 7. Regional glu Song Styles of Nomadic Amdo Tibetans 123 vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thinking through all the people that have played a part in this project is a bit like walking into a beautiful garden and looking at the different colors, shapes, and sizes of every flower and tree. I am amazed as I reflect on each individual’s contribution. To the Great Shepherd of my soul: Thank you for guiding me through this journey. To Ian Collinge: Thank you for being an example of excellence in my life. Thank you for every discussion, every reference, every editing comment on this thesis, and every ounce of wisdom about Tibetan music that you have shared with me. Thank you for encouraging me to consider this topic for research. Thank you! To the Bethel University and Liberty University Ethnomusicology Professors: Dr. John Benham who dreamed this program into existence, Dr. Stephen Benham who helped me to shape my research proposal, Dr. Meyer, my Academic Advisor and Dr. McDow who have both edited this written report. Thank you for your hours spent looking over this material. To Qinghai Normal University: Thank you for your support as I have traveled and studied. To my Field Supervisors: Jeff and Brandie. Thank you for your support and wise counsel during my months of fieldwork and later musical transcription work. To my traveling companions during fieldwork: ‘Jald bal mtsho, Mkha’ mo skyid, Sangs go, Rebecca, Karl, and Fabienne. Thank you for accompanying me, for helping to translate, and for encouraging me in this project. To those that were willing to be interviewed: Thank you for taking time to talk with me about Tibetan music. To every singer that recorded songs: Your songs are beautiful! To those that translated documents: ‘Jald bal mtsho, Sangs rgyis rgyil, Mkha’mo skyid, Sangs go, Lhu ko, Helen and Btsun thar rgyal. Thank you for every word translated. To those that checked my music transcriptions: Ben, Melinda, Ian, and Dr. Meyer. Thank you for every note considered. To those that helped with ideas for this project or editing: Ian, Byuk lu, Bsod nams sgrol ma, Blo bzang rgya mtsho, Rdo rdze tshe ring, and Shag dor. Thank you! To my Tibetan friends who gave input into the final draft: Lhu kho, Lha byams rgyal, Btsun thar rgyal, and Ador. Thank you for every hour spent thinking about this project! To those that encouraged me as I worked on this project: Thank you!!! vii viii NOMADIC AMDO TIBETAN GLU FOLK SONGS WITHIN THE SETTINGS OF TIBEAN CULTURE, HISTORY, THEORY, AND CURRENT USAGE ix x CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION Sights and sounds from the present sometime bring to mind reflections of the past. Looking out of the black yak-hair woven tent, I watched the morning sun rise above the mountain in the distance. Horses grazing freely; calves anxiously awaiting to be set free to run to their mothers; two women wearing colorful scarfs, woolen coats, and black boots working together in the morning mist. The sight and aroma of fresh milk, animals grazing, and the green plateau mixed together with the summer breeze blowing through the open door of the tent. In that moment, I was reminded of my own childhood when I would visit my grandparents’ farm. The terrain was different, but the work, the smells, the feelings in that moment felt strangely familiar and distinctly unique in the same moment. And then there was a song. “When I sing, I am free.” These words were spoken to me by a Tibetan friend when I began asking him questions about Tibetan folk songs. Like a bird soaring freely in the open air, my Tibetan friend finds freedom in his heart when he sings. His songs are unique. He learned them while sitting on a mountainside watching the grazing animals with his father. Each melody and text is memorized while singing them day after day to an audience of open grassland, blue skies, and grazing animals listening in the distance. Folk songs are a mix of melodies and words engaged together as a testimony of history and the ever changing present. Folk songs are songs about real life, sung by real people. To understand a folk song, one must understand the physical and spiritual surroundings that influence the singer as well as the minute details of chosen text and melodic expression. This study attempts to give both a broad overview and detailed answers to the question: What are the defining characteristics of Amdo Tibetan nomadic glu folk songs? Statement of the Problem Literature about Tibetan music is abundant. For most previous studies, the focus of research is about Tibetan monastic music. It is inferred often that different regional styles of 1 Tibetan music exist, but few regional studies have been attempted.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Political Potency of Tibetan Identity in Pop Music and Dunglen
    HIMALAYA, the Journal of the Association for Nepal and Himalayan Studies Volume 38 Number 1 Article 16 June 2018 The Political Potency of Tibetan Identity in Pop Music and Dunglen Anna Morcom Royal Holloway, University of London, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/himalaya Recommended Citation Morcom, Anna. 2018. The Political Potency of Tibetan Identity in Pop Music and Dunglen. HIMALAYA 38(1). Available at: https://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/himalaya/vol38/iss1/16 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 4.0 License. This Research Article is brought to you for free and open access by the DigitalCommons@Macalester College at DigitalCommons@Macalester College. It has been accepted for inclusion in HIMALAYA, the Journal of the Association for Nepal and Himalayan Studies by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Macalester College. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Political Potency of Tibetan Identity in Pop Music and Dunglen Acknowledgements The author is grateful to Thierry Dodin, Stuart Wright and Gerald Roche who provided useful input into drafts of this article and numerous helpful comments in the anonymous reviews. She remains indebted to all the Tibetans who helped during fieldwork vo er the years in a myriad ways. She would like to emphasize that the views expressed in this article are her own synthesis and analysis. This research article is available in HIMALAYA, the Journal of the Association for Nepal and Himalayan Studies: https://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/himalaya/vol38/iss1/16 The Political Potency of Tibetan Identity in Pop Music and Dunglen Anna Morcom Since their beginnings in the 1980s, Tibetan and dissemination.
    [Show full text]
  • Dangerous Truths
    Dangerous Truths The Panchen Lama's 1962 Report and China's Broken Promise of Tibetan Autonomy Matthew Akester July 10, 2017 About the Project 2049 Institute The Project 2049 Institute seeks to guide decision makers toward a more secure Asia by the century’s mid-point. Located in Arlington, Virginia, the organization fills a gap in the public policy realm through forward-looking, region-specific research on alternative security and policy solutions. Its interdisciplinary approach draws on rigorous analysis of socioeconomic, governance, military, environmental, technological and political trends, and input from key players in the region, with an eye toward educating the public and informing policy debate. About the Author Matthew Akester is a translator of classical and modern literary Tibetan, based in the Himalayan region. His translations include The Life of Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo, by Jamgon Kongtrul and Memories of Life in Lhasa Under Chinese Rule by Tubten Khetsun. He has worked as consultant for the Tibet Information Network, Human Rights Watch, the Tibet Heritage Fund, and the Tibetan Buddhist Resource Center, among others. Acknowledgments This paper was commissioned by The Project 2049 Institute as part of a program to study "Chinese Communist Party History (CCP History)." More information on this program was highlighted at a conference titled, "1984 with Chinese Characteristics: How China Rewrites History" hosted by The Project 2049 Institute. Kelley Currie and Rachael Burton deserve special mention for reviewing paper drafts and making corrections. The following represents the author's own personal views only. TABLE OF CONTENTS Cover Image: Mao Zedong (centre), Liu Shaoqi (left) meeting with 14th Dalai Lama (right 2) and 10th Panchen Lama (left 2) to celebrate Tibetan New Year, 1955 in Beijing.
    [Show full text]
  • Interview #29U – Alak Rita Rinpoche April 7, 2017
    Tibet Oral History Project Interview #29U – Alak Rita Rinpoche April 7, 2017 The Tibet Oral History Project serves as a repository for the memories, testimonies and opinions of elderly Tibetan refugees. The oral history process records the words spoken by interviewees in response to questions from an interviewer. The interviewees’ statements should not be considered verified or complete accounts of events and the Tibet Oral History Project expressly disclaims any liability for the inaccuracy of any information provided by the interviewees. The interviewees’ statements do not necessarily represent the views of the Tibet Oral History Project or any of its officers, contractors or volunteers. This translation and transcript is provided for individual research purposes only. For all other uses, including publication, reproduction and quotation beyond fair use, permission must be obtained in writing from: Tibet Oral History Project, P.O. Box 6464, Moraga, CA 94570-6464, United States. Copyright © 2018 Tibet Oral History Project. TIBET ORAL HISTORY PROJECT www.TibetOralHistory.org INTERVIEW SUMMARY SHEET 1. Interview Number: #29U 2. Interviewee: Alak Rita Rinpoche 3. Age: 92 4. Date of Birth: 1925 5. Sex: Male 6. Birthplace: Khotse 7. Province: Dhomay (Amdo) 8. Year of leaving Tibet: 1956 9. Date of Interview: April 7, 2017 10. Place of Interview: Tashi Khyil Monastery, Clement Town, Uttarakhand, India 11. Length of Interview: 1 hr 50 min 12. Interviewer: Marcella Adamski 13. Interpreter: Tenzin Yangchen 14. Videographer: Tenzin Choenyi 15. Translator: Tenzin Yangchen Biographical Information: Alak Rita Rinpoche was born to a poor nomadic family in Khotse, Amdo Province in 1925. His family was completely dependent on their animals for survival.
    [Show full text]
  • 2019 International Religious Freedom Report
    CHINA (INCLUDES TIBET, XINJIANG, HONG KONG, AND MACAU) 2019 INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM REPORT Executive Summary Reports on Hong Kong, Macau, Tibet, and Xinjiang are appended at the end of this report. The constitution, which cites the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party and the guidance of Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought, states that citizens have freedom of religious belief but limits protections for religious practice to “normal religious activities” and does not define “normal.” Despite Chairman Xi Jinping’s decree that all members of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) must be “unyielding Marxist atheists,” the government continued to exercise control over religion and restrict the activities and personal freedom of religious adherents that it perceived as threatening state or CCP interests, according to religious groups, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and international media reports. The government recognizes five official religions – Buddhism, Taoism, Islam, Protestantism, and Catholicism. Only religious groups belonging to the five state- sanctioned “patriotic religious associations” representing these religions are permitted to register with the government and officially permitted to hold worship services. There continued to be reports of deaths in custody and that the government tortured, physically abused, arrested, detained, sentenced to prison, subjected to forced indoctrination in CCP ideology, or harassed adherents of both registered and unregistered religious groups for activities related to their religious beliefs and practices. There were several reports of individuals committing suicide in detention, or, according to sources, as a result of being threatened and surveilled. In December Pastor Wang Yi was tried in secret and sentenced to nine years in prison by a court in Chengdu, Sichuan Province, in connection to his peaceful advocacy for religious freedom.
    [Show full text]
  • Gift, Greeting Or Gesture: the Khatak and the Negotiating of Its Meaning on the Anglo-Tibetan Borderlands
    HIMALAYA, the Journal of the Association for Nepal and Himalayan Studies Volume 35 Number 2 Article 10 January 2016 Gift, Greeting Or Gesture: The Khatak And The Negotiating Of Its Meaning On The Anglo-Tibetan Borderlands Emma Martin National Museums Liverpool / University of Manchester, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/himalaya Recommended Citation Martin, Emma. 2016. Gift, Greeting Or Gesture: The Khatak And The Negotiating Of Its Meaning On The Anglo-Tibetan Borderlands. HIMALAYA 35(2). Available at: https://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/himalaya/vol35/iss2/10 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. This Research Article is brought to you for free and open access by the DigitalCommons@Macalester College at DigitalCommons@Macalester College. It has been accepted for inclusion in HIMALAYA, the Journal of the Association for Nepal and Himalayan Studies by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Macalester College. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Gift, Greeting Or Gesture: The Khatak And The Negotiating Of Its Meaning On The Anglo-Tibetan Borderlands Acknowledgements Special thanks go to Mr Tashi Tsering, Director of Amnye Machen Institute, Dharamshala, for taking up the challenge and finding the majority of the Tibetan sources noted here. Discussions with him on the biography of the thirteenth Dalai Lama and its lack of reference to documentation or diaries written during the lama’s 1910-12 exile were also invaluable. In addition, thanks to Mr Sonam Tsering, Columbia University for his sensitive translation of the Tibetan sources. Furthermore, the financial support of the Frederick Williamson Memorial Fund, the University of London, Central Research Fund and National Museums Liverpool made possible the doctoral archival research, which, in part, this paper is taken from.
    [Show full text]
  • A 3585-Year Ring-Width Dating Chronology of Qilian Juniper from the Northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau
    IAWA Journal, Vol. 30 (4), 2009: 379–394 A 3585-YEAR RING-WIDTH DATING CHRONOLOGY OF QILIAN JUNIPER FROM THE NORTHEASTERN QINGHAI-TIBETAN PLATEAU Xuemei Shao1 *, Shuzhi Wang2, Haifeng Zhu1, Yan Xu1, Eryuan Liang3, Zhi-Yong Yin4, Xinguo Xu5 and Yongming Xiao5 SUMMARY This article documents the development of a precisely dated and well- replicated long regional tree-ring width dating chronology for Qilian juniper (Juniperus przewalskii Kom.) from the northeastern Qinghai- Tibetan Plateau. It involves specimens from 22 archeological sites, 24 living tree sites, and 5 standing snags sites in the eastern and northeastern Qaidam Basin, northwestern China. The specimens were cross-dated suc- cessfully among different groups of samples and among different sites. Based on a total of 1438 series from 713 trees, the chronology covers 3585 years and is the longest chronology by far in China. Comparisons with chronologies of the same tree species about 200 km apart suggest that this chronology can serve for dating purposes in a region larger than the study area. This study demonstrates the great potential of Qilian juniper for dendrochronological research. Key words: Northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau; Qilian juniper; den- drochronology; cross-dating; 3585-year chronology; archeological wood. INTRODUCTION One of the aims of dendrochronology is to construct long-term chronologies covering hundreds to thousands of years. These chronologies have major applications to climatic interpretations, radiocarbon analysis, and dating of past events (Lara & Villalba 1993; Scuderi 1993; Hughes & Graumlich 1996; Stahle et al. 1998, 2007; Grudd et al. 2002; Helama et al. 2002; Naurzbaev et al. 2002; Friedrich et al. 2004; Bhattacharyya & Shah 2009; Fang et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Qinghai WLAN Area 1/13
    Qinghai WLAN area NO. SSID Location_Name Location_Type Location_Address City Province 1 ChinaNet Quality Supervision Mansion Business Building No.31 Xiguan Street Xining City Qinghai Province No.160 Yellow River Road 2 ChinaNet Victory Hotel Conference Center Convention Center Xining City Qinghai Province 3 ChinaNet Shangpin Space Recreation Bar No.16-36 Xiguan Street Xining City Qinghai Province 4 ChinaNet Business Building No.372 Qilian Road Xining City Qinghai Province Salt Mansion 5 ChinaNet Yatai Trade City Large Shopping Mall Dongguan Street Xining City Qinghai Province 6 ChinaNet Gome Large Shopping Mall No.72 Dongguan Street Xining City Qinghai Province 7 ChinaNet West Airport Office Building Business Building No.32 Bayi Road Xining City Qinghai Province Government Agencies 8 ChinaNet Chengdong District Government Xining City Qinghai Province and Other Institutions Delingha Road 9 ChinaNet Junjiao Mansion Business Building Xining City Qinghai Province Bayi Road Government Agencies 10 ChinaNet Higher Procuratortate Office Building Xining City Qinghai Province and Other Institutions Wusi West Road 11 ChinaNet Zijin Garden Business Building No.41, Wusi West Road Xining City Qinghai Province 12 ChinaNet Qingbai Shopping Mall Large Shopping Mall Xining City Qinghai Province No.39, Wusi Avenue 13 ChinaNet CYTS Mansion Business Building No.55-1 Shengli Road Xining City Qinghai Province 14 ChinaNet Chenxiong Mansion Business Building No.15 Shengli Road Xining City Qinghai Province 15 ChinaNet Platform Bridge Shoes City Large Shopping
    [Show full text]
  • Table of Codes for Each Court of Each Level
    Table of Codes for Each Court of Each Level Corresponding Type Chinese Court Region Court Name Administrative Name Code Code Area Supreme People’s Court 最高人民法院 最高法 Higher People's Court of 北京市高级人民 Beijing 京 110000 1 Beijing Municipality 法院 Municipality No. 1 Intermediate People's 北京市第一中级 京 01 2 Court of Beijing Municipality 人民法院 Shijingshan Shijingshan District People’s 北京市石景山区 京 0107 110107 District of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 人民法院 Municipality Haidian District of Haidian District People’s 北京市海淀区人 京 0108 110108 Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality Mentougou Mentougou District People’s 北京市门头沟区 京 0109 110109 District of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 人民法院 Municipality Changping Changping District People’s 北京市昌平区人 京 0114 110114 District of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality Yanqing County People’s 延庆县人民法院 京 0229 110229 Yanqing County 1 Court No. 2 Intermediate People's 北京市第二中级 京 02 2 Court of Beijing Municipality 人民法院 Dongcheng Dongcheng District People’s 北京市东城区人 京 0101 110101 District of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality Xicheng District Xicheng District People’s 北京市西城区人 京 0102 110102 of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality Fengtai District of Fengtai District People’s 北京市丰台区人 京 0106 110106 Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality 1 Fangshan District Fangshan District People’s 北京市房山区人 京 0111 110111 of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality Daxing District of Daxing District People’s 北京市大兴区人 京 0115
    [Show full text]
  • China's “Bilingual Education” Policy in Tibet Tibetan-Medium Schooling Under Threat
    HUMAN CHINA’S “BILINGUAL EDUCATION” RIGHTS POLICY IN TIBET WATCH Tibetan-Medium Schooling Under Threat China's “Bilingual Education” Policy in Tibet Tibetan-Medium Schooling Under Threat Copyright © 2020 Human Rights Watch All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 978-1-6231-38141 Cover design by Rafael Jimenez Human Rights Watch defends the rights of people worldwide. We scrupulously investigate abuses, expose the facts widely, and pressure those with power to respect rights and secure justice. Human Rights Watch is an independent, international organization that works as part of a vibrant movement to uphold human dignity and advance the cause of human rights for all. Human Rights Watch is an international organization with staff in more than 40 countries, and offices in Amsterdam, Beirut, Berlin, Brussels, Chicago, Geneva, Goma, Johannesburg, London, Los Angeles, Moscow, Nairobi, New York, Paris, San Francisco, Sydney, Tokyo, Toronto, Tunis, Washington DC, and Zurich. For more information, please visit our website: http://www.hrw.org MARCH 2020 ISBN: 978-1-6231-38141 China's “Bilingual Education” Policy in Tibet Tibetan-Medium Schooling Under Threat Map ........................................................................................................................ i Summary ................................................................................................................ 1 Chinese-Medium Instruction in Primary Schools and Kindergartens .......................................... 2 Pressures
    [Show full text]
  • China PROJECT DOCUMENT
    United Nations Development Programme Country: China PROJECT DOCUMENT Project Title: Strengthening the effectiveness of the protected area system in Qinghai Province, China to conserve globally important biodiversity UNDAF Outcome(s): Outcome 1.2. Policy and implementation mechanisms to manage natural resources are strengthened, with special attention to poor and vulnerable groups UNDP Strategic Plan Environment and Sustainable Development Primary Outcome: Mobilizing environmental financing UNDP Strategic Plan Secondary Outcome: Mainstreaming environment and energy Expected CP Outcome(s ): Low carbon and other environmentally sustainable strategies and technologies are adopted widely to meet China’s commitments and compliance with Multilateral Environmental Agreements. Provincial capacities of key institutions are strengthened to implement global environmental commitments at regional level through integration of biodiversity and other environmental concerns into regional policies and programmes involved. Expected CPAP Output(s): Capacity to implement local climate change action plans for mitigation and adaptation, and sustainable development built. Executing Entity/Implementing Partner: Department of Forestry, Qinghai Province Government, China Implementing Entity/Responsible Partners: Ministry of Environmental Protection (through umbrella project China Biodiversity Partnership and Framework for Action) UNDP GEF PIMS 4179 GEF Project ID 3992 Brief description As the fourth largest province in China, with a total area of 720,000 km 2, Qinghai serves as a significant store of the national biodiversity, exhibits some unique high altitude grassland, mountain, wetland, desert and forest ecosystems, and serves as a significant controller of the Asian monsoon system that affects the climate of 3 billion people. The province includes the headwaters of three of Asia’s major rivers – the Yellow, Yangtze and Mekong rivers.
    [Show full text]
  • Studies on Ethnic Groups in China
    Kolas&Thowsen, Margins 1/4/05 4:10 PM Page i studies on ethnic groups in china Stevan Harrell, Editor Kolas&Thowsen, Margins 1/4/05 4:10 PM Page ii studies on ethnic groups in china Cultural Encounters on China’s Ethnic Frontiers Edited by Stevan Harrell Guest People: Hakka Identity in China and Abroad Edited by Nicole Constable Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China Jonathan N. Lipman Lessons in Being Chinese: Minority Education and Ethnic Identity in Southwest China Mette Halskov Hansen Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928 Edward J. M. Rhoads Ways of Being Ethnic in Southwest China Stevan Harrell Governing China’s Multiethnic Frontiers Edited by Morris Rossabi On the Margins of Tibet: Cultural Survival on the Sino-Tibetan Frontier Åshild Kolås and Monika P. Thowsen Kolas&Thowsen, Margins 1/4/05 4:10 PM Page iii ON THE MARGINS OF TIBET Cultural Survival on the Sino-Tibetan Frontier Åshild Kolås and Monika P. Thowsen UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON PRESS Seattle and London Kolas&Thowsen, Margins 1/7/05 12:47 PM Page iv this publication was supported in part by the donald r. ellegood international publications endowment. Copyright © 2005 by the University of Washington Press Printed in United States of America Designed by Pamela Canell 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 5 4 3 2 1 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be repro- duced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any infor- mation storage or retrieval system, without permission in writ- ing from the publisher.
    [Show full text]
  • Chem. Pharm. Bull. 54(11) 1491—1499 (2006) 1491
    November 2006 Chem. Pharm. Bull. 54(11) 1491—1499 (2006) 1491 Comparative Study of Chemical Constituents of Rhubarb from Different Origins ,a,b a a c d Katsuko KOMATSU,* Yorinobu NAGAYAMA, Ken TANAKA, Yun LING, Shao-Qing CAI, a e Takayuki OMOTE, and Meselhy Ragab MESELHY a Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Resources, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama; b21st Century COE Program, University of Toyama; 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930–0194, Japan: c Yanjing Hospital; Beijing 100083, People’s Republic of China: d Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University; Beijing 100083, People’s Republic of China: and e Department of Pharmacognosy and Medicinal Plants, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University; Kasr EL-Ainy, Cairo, Egypt. Received April 25, 2006; accepted July 24, 2006 A comparative study of the pharmacologically active constituents of 24 rhubarb samples, which were identi- fied genetically as Rheum tanguticum, 3 intraspecies groups of R. palmatum and R. officinale, was conducted using reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods. Thirty compounds belonging to anthraquinones, anthraquinone glucosides, dianthrones, phenylbutanones, stilbenes, flavan-3-ols, procyani- dins, galloylglucoses, acylglucoses, gallic acid, and polymeric procyanidins were analyzed quantitatively. The drug samples derived from the same botanical source showed similar chromatographic profiles, and the compa- rable specific shape that appeared in the 10-directed radar graphs constructed on the basis of the results of quantitative analysis indicated the relationship between chemical constituent patterns and genetic varieties of rhubarb samples. Key words Rhei Rhizoma; Rheum; genetic variety; HPLC; quantitative comparison Rhei Rhizoma (rhubarb), called Dahuang in Chinese, is has been observed within the genera Panax,8) Glycyrrhiza,9) widely known as a purgative and anti-inflammatory agent.
    [Show full text]