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For the Future of the Marine Environment and Its Management, Exemplified in the Western and Northern Isles of Scotland

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For the Future of the Marine Environment and Its Management, Exemplified in the Western and Northern Isles of Scotland humanities Article Societal, Policy and Academic ‘Visions’ for the Future of the Marine Environment and Its Management, Exemplified in the Western and Northern Isles of Scotland Suzannah-Lynn Billing 1,* ID , Paul Tett 1 ID , Ruth Brennan 2 ID and Raeanne G. Miller 1 1 Department of Science, Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban, Argyll PA37 1QA, UK; [email protected] (P.T.); [email protected] (R.G.M.) 2 School of Histories and Humanities, Centre for Environmental Humanities, Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 16 August 2017; Accepted: 11 October 2017; Published: 1 November 2017 Abstract: Interactions between environmental and social change are complex and require deep insights into human perceptions, values, motivations and choices. Humanities disciplines can bring these insights to the study of marine social–ecological systems in the context of global environmental challenges. Such systems can be defined on a range of scales, but the cases most easily studied include those of small islands and their communities. This paper presents findings from three studies in the Western and Northern isles of Scotland, concentrating on some of the processes involved in social sustainability that contribute on the one hand to protecting what a community has, and on the other hand allowing a community to evolve so as to adapt to new conditions. It relates the several sorts of transformations involved, to the role and impact of external institutions such as those of governance of the natural environment, the energy market, and academic research, which together make up the environment of the transformation. By examining the world-views of different groups of actors, this paper illustrates that an understanding of the mental constructs underlying these world-views can help marine governance through integrating different ways of knowing. This paper identifies where it would be useful to employ a transdisciplinary ‘translator’ or a ‘space’ for dialogue in order to capture the diverse ‘visions’ and perceptions that these groups have in relation to management of the marine environment, where there are synergies and where more should to be done to negotiate between competing values and needs. It illustrates the practical contributions to operational policy that can emerge through challenging the dominant management discourses for the marine environment. Keywords: visions; world-views; marine management; scale; transformations; actors 1. Introduction Renewable energy, marine conservation, aquaculture, fisheries, tourism, shipping, mining and oil and gas extraction are all human activities which make up the ‘blue economy’ and are vying for an increasing amount of space in the marine environment (Fritz and Hanus 2015). The complex character of interconnected human-environment systems (marine social–ecological systems: Berkes and Folke 1998) in the marine context calls for global and supra-national scale maritime management initiatives and strategies. However, there is growing evidence that these types of top-down management strategies and apportionments can have varying results when applied at a local scale and within complex social, cultural, political and economic contexts (Aitken 2010; Warren and McFadyen 2010; Jones 2012). In other words, marine resource management policies, set at Humanities 2017, 6, 81; doi:10.3390/h6040081 www.mdpi.com/journal/humanities Humanities 2017, 6, 81 2 of 27 government level, may not match, or include, the visions and local knowledges that communities have of their marine resources at a local level. InteractionsHumanities 2017 between, 6, 81 environmental and social change are multifaceted and require deep2 of 27 insights into human perceptions, values, motivations and choices. Humans are inextricably entangled with the naturalgovernment world (Hall level, et al. may 2015 not) and match, environmental or include, the problems visions and and local solutions knowledges are framedthat communities and understood have of their marine resources at a local level. through collective and individual values and culture (Schultz et al. 2005). Humanities disciplines Interactions between environmental and social change are multifaceted and require deep can exploreinsights and into analyse human whose perception valuess, values, andworld-views motivations and drive choices. marine Humans environmental are inextricably governance discoursesentangled and why, with directingthe natural attention world (Hall to whoet al. holds2015) and power environmental and the motivations problems and of solutions those shaping are the discussions.framed These and understood insights can through be brought collective to and the studyindividual of marine values and social–ecological culture (Schultz systemset al. 2005). (SeS) and the applicationHumanities of mitigationdisciplines strategiescan explore for and global analys environmentale whose values challengesand world-views (such asdrive the marine development of renewableenvironmental energy governance to reduce discourses carbon emissions, and why, directing and the attention designation to who of holds Marine power Protected and the Areas), motivations of those shaping the discussions. These insights can be brought to the study of marine which issocial–ecological the overall aim systems of this (SeS) paper. and the application of mitigation strategies for global environmental Suchchallenges systems (such can beas definedthe development on a range of renewabl of scales,e energy but the to cases reduce most carbon easily emissions, studied and include the those of smalldesignation islands and of theirMarine communities, Protected Areas), due which to their is the geographically overall aim of this defined paper. characteristics and smaller populations.Such Such systems cases can are be particularly defined on a relevant range of scales as environmental, but the cases most mitigation easily studied strategies include are those often set at a nationalof small level islands but enacted and their on acommunities, local scale. due to their geographically defined characteristics and smaller populations. Such cases are particularly relevant as environmental mitigation strategies are This paper presents findings from the SeS centred on the Western and Northern Isles of Scotland, often set at a national level but enacted on a local scale. where marineThis renewable paper presents energy findings generation from the is SeS rapidly centred developing on the Western and and Marine Northern Protected Isles of Scotland, Areas are being designated.where It marine concentrates renewable on energy some ofgeneration the processes is rapidly involved developing in social and Marine sustainability Protected byAreas exploring are the contrastingbeing actions designated. involved It concentrates in, on the on one some hand, of protectingthe processes what involved the community in social sustainability has, and on by the other, the communityexploring evolvingthe contrasting so as actions to adapt involved to new in, conditions.on the one hand, Our protecting three stories what the concern community (1) the has, response of communityand on the members other, the incommunity the island evolving of Barra so as toto adapt the designation to new conditions. by the Our Scottish three stories Government concern of a (1) the response of community members in the island of Barra to the designation by the Scottish Marine Protected Area; (2) the role of ‘agents for change’ in leading development in marine renewable Government of a Marine Protected Area; (2) the role of ‘agents for change’ in leading development energy (MRE)in marine capture renewable on theenergy island (MRE) of capture Lewis; on and the (3) island the roleof Lewis; of the and academic (3) the role research of the academic community in potentiallyresearch helping community the development in potentially ofhelping MRE. the Locations development are shownof MRE. inLocations Figure 1are, with shown designated in Figure MRE sites highlighted1, with designated in colour. MRE What sites linkshighlighted these in three colour. accounts What links is best these captured three accounts by the is wordbest captured ‘vision’ in our title; weby aim the toword compare ‘vision’ how in our competing title; we aim visions to compare of the how world, competing as it visions is and of how the itworld, might as be,it is bearand on the issues raisedhow it in might each be, case. bear We on argue the issues that top-downraised in each imposition case. We ofargue economic that top-down or environmental imposition strategiesof economic or environmental strategies needs to take into account the differing visions and world- needs toviews take of into local account actors theand differingtheir communities. visions and This world-views pluralistic accounting of local actorscreates anda more their inclusive communities. This pluralisticprocess around accounting shaping creates management a more strategies inclusive so process that when around they are shaping applied, management they produce strategiesmore so that whenequitable they aretransformative applied, they outcomes. produce more equitable transformative outcomes. Figure 1. Cont. Humanities 2017, 6, 81 3 of 27 Humanities 2017, 6, 81 3 of 27 Figure 1.FigureCase 1. studyCase study locations locations with with marine marine renewable renewable energy energy (MRE) (MRE) sites sites depicted depicted in colour in colour
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