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Chiragov-S.A.-Impotriva-Armeniei.Pdf Tradus şi revizuit de IER (www.ier.ro) CURTEA EUROPEANĂ A DREPTURILOR OMULUI MAREA CAMERĂ Hotărârea (fond) din 16 iunie 2015 În Cauza Chiragov şi alţii împotriva Armeniei (Cererea nr. 13216/05) Strasbourg Hotărârea este definitivă. Aceasta poate suferi modificări de formă. În cauza Chiragov şi alţii împotriva Armeniei, Curtea Europeană a Drepturilor Omului, reunită în Marea Cameră compusă din Dean Spielmann, preşedinte, Josep Casadevall, Guido Raimondi, Mark Villiger, Isabelle Berro, Ineta Ziemele, Boštjan M. Zupančič, Alvina Gyulumyan, Khanlar Hajiyev, George Nicolaou, Luis López Guerra, Ganna Yudkivska, Paulo Pinto de Albuquerque, Ksenija Turković, Egidijus Kūris, Robert Spano, Iulia Antoanella Motoc, judecători, şi Michael O’Boyle, grefier adjunct, după ce a deliberat în camera de consiliu, la 22 şi 23 ianuarie 2014 şi la 22 ianuarie 2015, pronunţă prezenta hotărâre, adoptată la aceeaşi dată: PROCEDURA 1. La originea cauzei se află cererea nr. 13216/12 îndreptată împotriva Republicii Armenia, prin care şase resortisanţi ai acestui stat, domnii Elkhan Chiragov, Adishirin Chiragov, Ramiz Gebrayilov, Akif Hasanof, Fekhreddin Pashayev şi Qaraca Gabrayilov („reclamanţii”), au sesizat Curtea la 6 aprilie 2005, în temeiul art. 34 din Convenţia pentru apărarea drepturilor omului şi a libertăţilor fundamentale („Convenţia”). Al şaselea reclamant a decedat în iunie 2005. Fiul acestuia, domnul Sagatel Gabrayilov, continuă procedura în numele tatălui său. 2. Reclamanţii, care au beneficiat de asistenţă judiciară, au fost reprezentaţi de domnii M. Muller, QC, C. Vine, M. Butler, M. Ivers, B. Poynor şi S. Swaroop, avocaţi la Londra, precum şi de domnul K. Yıldız. Guvernul armean („Guvernul”) a fost reprezentat de agentul guvernamental, domnul G. Kostanyan, reprezentant al Republicii Armenia în faţa Curţii. 3. Reclamanţii au susţinut, în special, că au fost împiedicaţi să revină în raionul Lachin, situat pe teritoriul ocupat de guvernul pârât, şi, astfel, au fost privaţi de dreptul de folosinţă al domiciliului şi al bunurilor lor, situate în acest raion. În plus, s-au plâns de faptul că nu au fost despăgubiţi pentru prejudiciul astfel suferit. Invocă încălcarea continuă a art. 1 din Protocolul nr. 1 şi art. 8 din Convenţie. Invocând totodată art. 13 din Convenţie, susţin că nu au dispus de nicio cale de atac efectivă în ceea ce priveşte aceste capete de cerere. În cele din urmă, cu privire la capetele de cerere expuse, pretind că sunt victime ale unei discriminări bazate, cu încălcarea art. 14 din Convenţie, pe apartenenţa lor etnică şi religioasă. 4. Cererea a fost atribuită Secţiei a treia a Curţii (art. 52 § 1 din Regulamentul Curţii, „Regulamentul”). Guvernul azer, care şi-a exercitat dreptul de a interveni, prevăzut de art. 36 § 1 din Convenţie, a fost reprezentat de agentul guvernamental, domnul C. Asgarov. 5. La 9 martie 2010, Secţia a treia, reunită într-o cameră compusă din Josep Casadevall, Elisabet Fura, Corneliu Bîrsan, Boštjan M. Zupančič, Alvina Gyulumyan, Egbert Myjer şi Luis López Guerra, judecători, precum şi Stanley Naismith, grefier adjunct de secţie, s-a desesizat în favoarea Marii Camere, fără ca vreuna dintre părţi să se opună (art. 30 din Convenţie şi art. 72 din Regulament). 6. Componenţa Marii Camere a fost stabilită în conformitate cu art. 26 § 4 şi 5 din Convenţie şi cu art. 24 din Regulament. Preşedintele Curţii a decis că, în interesul unei bune administrări a justiţiei, prezenta cauză şi cauza Sargsyan împotriva Azerbaidjanului (cererea nr. 40167/06) trebuie atribuite aceluiaşi complet al Marii Camere (art. 24, art. 42 şi art. 71 § 2 din Regulament). 7. La 15 septembrie 2010, la Strasbourg, a avut loc, la Palatul Drepturilor Omului, o şedinţă publică privind admisibilitatea şi fondul cauzei (art. 59 § 3 din Regulament). 8. La 14 decembrie 2011, cererea a fost declarată admisibilă de Marea Cameră compusă din Nicolas Bratza, Jean-Paul Costa, Christos Rozakis, Françoise Tulkens, Josep Casadevall, Nina Vajić, Corneliu Bîrsan, Peer Lorenzen, Boštjan M. Zupančič, Elisabet Fura, Alvina Gyulumyan, Khanlar Hajiyev, Egbert Myjer, Sverre Erik Jebens, Giorgio Malinverni, George Nicolaou şi Luis López Guerra, judecători, precum şi Michael O’Boyle, grefier adjunct de secţie. 9. Partea reclamantă şi guvernul pârât au prezentat observaţii scrise complementare (art. 59 § 1 din Regulament) cu privire la fondul cauzei. În plus, au fost transmise observaţii din partea guvernului azer. 10. La 22 ianuarie 2014, la Strasbourg, a avut loc, la Palatul Drepturilor Omului, o şedinţă publică privind fondul cauzei. S-au înfăţişat: – pentru guvernul pârât domnii G. Kostanyan, agent, G. Robertson, QC, consilier, E. Babayan, T. Collis, consilieri; – pentru reclamanţi domnii M. Muller, QC, M. Ivers, S. Swaroop, doamnele M. Butler, consilieri, C. Vine, B. Poynor, S. Karakaş, A. Evans, consilieri; – pentru guvernul azer domnii C. Asgarov, agent, M.N. Shaw, QC, G. Lansky, consilieri, O. Gvaladze, H. Tretter, doamna T. Urdaneta Wittek, domnul O. Ismayilov, consilieri. Domnii A. Hasanof şi F. Pashayev, reclamanţi, au fost, de asemenea, prezenţi. Curtea a audiat declaraţiile domnului Muller, domnului Swaroop, domnului Ivers, doamnei Butler, domnului Robertson, domnului Shaw şi domnului Lansky. 11. În urma şedinţei, Curtea a hotărât că nu este necesar, în vederea examinării cauzei, nici să organizeze o misiune de stabilire a faptelor, nici să audieze martori. ÎN FAPT I. Circumstanţele speţei A. Originea cauzei 12. În momentul prăbuşirii URSS, Regiunea Autonomă Nagorno-Karabah („RANK”) era o provincie autonomă a Republicii Sovietice Socialiste Azerbaidjan („RSS Azerbaidjan”). Situată pe teritoriul acestei republici, RANK se întindea pe o suprafaţă de 4 388 km2. La acea vreme, nu exista o graniţă comună între Nagorno-Karabah (în armeană, „Arţakh”) şi Republica Sovietică Socialistă Armenia („RSS Armenească”), care erau separate prin teritoriul azer; zona în care erau cel mai învecinate era raionul Lachin, care includea o bandă terestră având mai puţin de 10 kilometri lăţime, deseori numită „coridorul Lachin”. 13. Potrivit recensământului sovietic din 1989, RANK avea o populaţie de aproximativ 189 000 de locuitori, din care 77% armeni, 22% azeri şi unii membri ai minorităţilor ruse şi kurde. Raionul Lachin prezenta o demografie diferită, marea majoritate a populaţiei (aproximativ 60 000 de oameni) fiind de etnie kurdă sau azeră. Doar 5-6% din locuitorii raionului erau de etnie armeană. 14. La începutul anului 1988, au avut loc demonstraţii în Stepanakert, capitala regională a RANK, precum şi la Erevan, capitala Armeniei. Manifestanţii cereau anexarea Nagorno-Karabah Armeniei. La 20 februarie 1988, sovietul RANK a prezentat Sovietului Suprem al RSS Armeneşti, Sovietului RSS Azerbaidjan şi URSS-ului o cerere ca acestei regiuni să i se permită să se desprindă de Azerbaidjan şi să fie anexată Armeniei. La 23 martie 1988, Sovietul Suprem al URSS a respins această cerere. În iunie, Sovietul Suprem al Azerbaidjanului, de asemenea, a respins cererea, cel al Armeniei votând, la rândul său, în favoarea unificării. 15. De-a lungul anului 1988, manifestaţiile prin care se cerea unificarea au continuat. Raionul Lachin a făcut obiectul unor atacuri şi baraje rutiere. Numeroase persoane au fost victime ale ciocnirilor şi refugiaţii, care erau de numărul sutelor de mii în ambele tabere, au trecut din Armenia în Azerbaidjan şi invers. În consecinţă, la 12 ianuarie 1989, URSS a plasat RANK sub controlul direct al Moscovei. Ulterior, la data de 28 noiembrie a aceluiaşi an, controlul provinciei a fost predat Azerbaidjanului. Câteva zile mai târziu, la 1 decembrie, Sovietul Suprem al RSS Armeneşti şi Consiliul Regional Nagorno-Karabah au adoptat o rezoluţie comună „privind reunificarea Nagorno-Karabah şi Armenia”. Ca urmare a acestei rezoluţii, a fost stabilit un buget comun pentru ambele entităţi în ianuarie 1990 şi, în primăvara aceluiaşi an, s-a decis ca Nagorno-Karabah să participe la următoarele alegeri armene. 16. La începutul anului 1990, întrucât conflictul s-a agravat, trupele sovietice au asediat Baku şi Nagorno-Karabah, care a fost plasat sub stare de urgenţă. Ciocniri violente, în care forţele sovietice au intervenit ocazional, au continuat între armeni şi azeri. 17. La 30 august 1991, Azerbaidjanul şi-a declarat independenţa faţă de Uniunea Sovietică. Această declaraţie a fost ulterior oficializată prin adoptarea, la 18 octombrie 1991, a legii constituţionale privind independenţa naţională. La 2 septembrie 1991, Sovietul RANK a anunţat înfiinţarea „Republicii Nagorno-Karabah” („RNK”), care includea RANK şi raionul azer Shahumyan, şi a declarat că această republică nu se mai află sub jurisdicţia azeră. La 26 noiembrie 1991, parlamentul azer a abolit autonomia de care beneficia anterior Nagorno-Karabah. În cursul unui referendum organizat în regiune la 10 decembrie 1991, 99,9% dintre alegători au votat în favoarea secesiunii. Cu toate acestea, populaţia azeră a boicotat consultarea. În aceeaşi lună, Uniunea Sovietică a fost dizolvată şi trupele sovietice au început să se retragă din regiune. Controlul militar al Nagorno-Karabah a trecut repede în mâinile armenilor din Karabah. La 6 ianuarie 1992, „RNK”, pe baza rezultatelor referendumului, şi-a reafirmat independenţa faţă de Azerbaidjan. 18. La începutul anului 1992, conflictul a degenerat treptat într-un război. Tabăra armeană a ocupat mai multe sate azere, provocând moartea mai multor sute de persoane şi fuga populaţiei. 19. Raionul Lachin şi, în special, oraşul cu acelaşi nume au fost de mai multe ori
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