A Review on Medicinal Plants Used for Nausea and Vomiting in Persian

Home , Berberis vulgaris, Cymbopogon, Sumac

Global Journal of Medical Research: B Pharma, Drug Discovery, Toxicology & Medicine Volume 18 Issue 1 Version 1.0 Year 2018 Type: Double Blind Peer Reviewed International Research Journal Publisher: Global Journals Online ISSN: 2249-4618 & Print ISSN: 0975-5888

A Review on Medicinal Plants used for Nausea and Vomiting in Persian Medicine By Sharareh Darvishpor, Amirsaeed Hosseini, Ali Davoodi, Ebrahim Salehifar, Jafar Akbari & Mohammad Azadbakht Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences Abstract- Nausea and vomiting are common digestive symptoms of various illnesses, pregnancy, chemotherapy and motion sickness. They are very unpleasant and affect the quality of life. There are many drugs to control nausea and vomiting but in many cases they are uncontrollable, so helping to new drug discovery is necessary to control of these symptoms. This article showes the plants that used to control these syptoms in Persian medicine books such as: Canon of medicine, Al-Abnieah, Tohfeh, Ekhtiarat, Al-shamel and makhzanul-advieh. About 126 plants were identified to treatment of nausea and vomiting and in this paper 94 plants were presented. The most medicinal plants for the treatment were: Citrus lemon, Berberis vulgaris, Malus domestica, Mentha piperita, Valeriana officinalis and Zingiber officinale. Keywords: plant, nausea; vomiting; traditional medicine; zingiber officinale. GJMR-B Classification: NLMC Code: QV 55

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© 2018. Sharareh Darvishpor, Amirsaeed Hosseini, Ali Davoodi, Ebrahim Salehifar, Jafar Akbari & Mohammad Azadbakht. This is a research/review paper, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), permitting all non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

A Review on Medicinal Plants used for Nausea and Vomiting in Persian Medicine

Sharareh Darvishpor α, Amirsaeed Hosseini σ, Ali Davoodi ρ, Ebrahim Salehifar Ѡ, Jafar Akbari ¥ & Mohammad Azadbakht §

Abstract- Nausea and vomiting are common digestive I. Introduction symptoms of various illnesses, pregnancy, chemotherapy and motion sickness. They are very unpleasant and affect the ausea and vomiting are common digestive quality of life. There are many drugs to control nausea and problems that affect the quality of life. They also 201 vomiting but in many cases they are uncontrollable, so helping are common problems in patient with chronic to new drug discovery is necessary to control of these N

disease conditions (40-70%) such as cancer. Nausea Year symptoms. This article showes the plants that used to control and vomiting can be disease or adverse effect of drugs. these syptoms in Persian medicine books such as: Canon of 23 medicine, Al-Abnieah, Tohfeh, Ekhtiarat, Al-shamel and It can be due to various reasons such as: motion makhzanul-advieh. About 126 plants were identified to sickness, pregnancy, stomach irritation, chemotherapy, treatment of nausea and vomiting and in this paper 94 plants and post-operative factors [1-3]. were presented. The most medicinal plants for the treatment Nausea is an unpleasant subjective sensation were: Citrus lemon, Berberis vulgaris, Malus domestica, and a feeling close to vomiting. Vomiting includes two Mentha piperita, Valeriana officinalis and Zingiber officinale. stages; retching stomach and exit of the material Keywords: plant, nausea; vomiting; traditional medicine; through the mouth [4, 5]. zingiber officinale. Volume XVIII Issue I Version ) DD D D B

( Medical Research Medical Global Journal of

Fig. 1: This figure shows some of the factors that initiate vomiting and the neurotransmitter that involved in nausea and vomiting and where the antiemetic drugs involve to preventing nausea and vomiting

Author α ρ § ¥: Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. e-mails: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] , [email protected] Author σ §: Traditinal and Complementary Medicine Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. e-mails: [email protected], [email protected]

Author Ѡ: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. e-mail: [email protected]

Nausea and vomiting mechanism is complex. about one thousands book we choose six important Excessive secretion of saliva occurs while nausea that Persian Medicine (PM) book such as: Canon of shows the involvement of autonomic nervous system, so medicine, Al-Abnieah, Tohfeh, Ekhtiarat, Al-shamel and nausea is an event that involves a wide range of central Makhzan-ol-advieh. These books are written between 9- nervous system and gastrointestinal tract [6]. 19 centuries. In other hand we searched Scopus, There are two areas of the brain that are Pubmed, Google scholar and Science Direct for some important in vomiting; the vomiting centre (VC) and the of these plants that are effective in treatment of nausea chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) (Fig. 1). The VC and vomiting. makes network in parts of the brain stem and There are several terms that associated with coordinates the actions of smooth muscles and skeletal nausea and vomiting in PM such as: “Ghe’y”, functions involved in the vomiting [7, 8]. “Ghesyan”, “Tahavo”, and “Taghalobenaphs” refers to Persian medicine (PM) is a set of knowledge ‘’vomiting’’, ’’nausea’’, ‘’retching’’, and ’’permanent and practices used for the prevention, diagnosis and nausea’’, respectively. Herbal medicines specifications

201 treatment of diseases [9]. This knowledge has been include: scientific, PM and common names, also their transferred from generation to generation since ancient part(s) of used, some notifications and references that Year times. World Health Organization (WHO) to implement can use as drug to control of nausea and vomiting in 24 the slogan "Health for all" is intended to develop PM were presented in this article. traditional medicine, this decision was based on two fundamental: first, lack of people (up to 80% in some IV. Results and Discussion areas) to access primary health care and second, the In this paper, we investigated six important lack of satisfaction with the treatment of modern books of Persian medicine and the result was about 126 medicine [10-13]. plants that use for treatment of nausea and vomiting and in this paper 94 plants were presented. II. Factors that Initiate Vomiting Table 2 shows the plants that used for curing There are number of medicines to control of nausea and vomiting. This table sort by family name of nausea and vomiting (Table 1) that with these antiemetic plants and including data on the subject of: scientific drugs, vomiting can be prevented in up to 70–80 % of name, PM name, and common name, part used, notice patients [14]. Table 1 shows the modern drugs that use and the collection source. to treatment of nausea and vomiting.

Volume XVIII Issue I Version III. Methods ) D DD D B

( In this article we used "comprehensive library of Islamic and traditional medicine software" and from Table 1: Modern drugs that use for treatment of nausea and vomiting Neurotrans Research Line Chemical class Antiemetic drugs Root Rider References mitters

5-Hydroxy- Ondansetron Oral ,**IV Common side effect includes

Medical tryptamine headaches, flushing, constipation/ 1 Granisetron Oral, IV, patch 5-HT [15-17] (5-HT3) diarrhea, malaise/ fatigue and antagonists Dolasetron Oral, IV bradycardias. As Anti-nausea drug that is 2 Steroids Dexamethasone IV - effective in *PONV and chemo- [18, 19] therapy Cyclizine Oral Pain while injecting and tachycardia limited it use. It often use in motion sickness. IV Global Journal of 3 Antihistamines Oral, IV , Histamine [20-22] Promethazine administration can cause tissue ***IM injury including: gangrene, burning. Prochlorperizine IV ,IM Extra-pyramidal effect and 4 Phenothiazines Dopamine sedation limited it use. Avoiding [22-24] Perphenazine IV using in Parkinson’s patient. It has the risk of sudden deaths because of long QT syndrome 5 Butyrophenones Droperidol IV, IM Dopamine and torsades de pointes. [25] 0.625-1.25 mg may be more effective for PONV

Following in a single dose Extra- 6 Benzamides Metoclopramide IV, IM , oral Dopamine pyramidal side effects may occur [26] up to 72 hours 7 Antimuscarinics Hyoscine IM, IV , SC, patch Acetylcholine - [27] It use for nausea and vomiting 8 NK ₁ Aprepitant Oral ,IV , Substance P induced by chemotherapy. [28] It is effective for POVN Nabilone Oral The effect of these two drugs are currently being investigated 9 Cannabinoids - -they use in control of emetic [29-31] Tetrahydrocannabinol IM, IV induce by chemotherapy. They are not effective in PONV *PONV: Postoperative nausea and vomiting **IV: intravenous ***IM: intramuscular Table 2: The plants that used in Persian medicine to treatment of nausea and vomiting 201 Persian Scientific Common Part(s) mily

Medicine Notice References Year name name Used Fa name

Justicia Its root can use for treatment of Ajhose Tentacle Root [32-34] thaceae adhatoda nausea Acan

Cooking or fostering it with Allium cepa Bassal Onion Bulb [32, 33, 35]

iaceae vinegar prevents nausea. All

Mangifera Anbaj Peduncle near the leaf with Mango Peduncle [32, 33, 36] indica (anbeh) black pepper can stop vomiting.

Pistacia Crab's claw, Kakera Gall It is more effective in vomiting. [32, 33, 37] Volume XVIII Issue I Version intigerrima Kakkar ) D DD D Drinking of it with appropriate B

spices use for treatment of ( vomiting.2.5 g of it with 450 g of Pistacia Mastaci Mastic Resin water boil in a new pitcher until [32, 33, 38] lentiscus 1/3 of it remain, then drink it, if to

be finished use a new pitcher, it Research use for treatment of emesis.

ardiaceae Macerate external Green peel in water and drink it can prevent Medical Anac Peel and vomiting. Pistacia vera Fastagh Pistachio [32, 33, 39] kernel It can prevent nausea and lock vomiting.

Seed that be crushed with caraway-seed can calm emetic Seed and by drinking with cold water, in a Rhus coriria Sumac Sumac [1, 32, 33]

leaf person that always have emesis. Global Journal of (12.5 g of the syrup.) It remove/calm emetic.

Anethum Shabat Leaf and Eating its cooked leaves and Dill [32, 33, 40] graveolens (shivid) seed seed remove nausea Drinking 37.5 g of extract/7.5 g of it/ 12.5 g of cooked root, use Apium Leaf, seed for remove emesis. Karafs Celery [32, 33, 41] graveolens and root Drinking of leaf and root that

iaceae (Umbelliferae) iaceae mixed with honey can calm

Ap emesis.

Carum carvi Cumon Caraway- seed Seed It can be effective in emesis. [32, 33, 42] Carum Aniseed, Up to 7.5 g to improve and Nankhah Seed [32, 33] copiticum Bishop’s weed calming of emesis. 37.5 g of juice and 75-112.5 g of it can lock and remove emesis. When it combines with sumac Coriandrum Kazbareh Coriander Fruit can be more effective in [32, 33, 43] sativum preventing of vomiting. 5 g of it with 7.5 g of plantain water prevent vomiting. Cuminum -up to 12.5 g of syrup to prevent Keroya Cumin Seed [32, 33, 44] cyminum vomiting.

201 Alone or with appropriate spice Foeniculum use for treatment of nausea. Razianj Fennel Seed, root [32, 33, 45] Year vulgare With cold water is effective for nausea with fever. 26

Aloe barbadensis, A. Gel of outer It can prevent permanent Sabar Aloe [32, 33, 46] Littoralis leaf nausea. hodelaceae

Asp

Artemisia It is gastrotonic and can Tarkhon Tarragon Aerial parts [32, 33, 47] dracunculus prevents nausea and vomiting

Onopordum Leaves, Volume XVIII Issue I Version Dehamasa Artichoke It can calm vomiting [32, 33, 48] acanthium Root ) D DD D B

( Drinking of its extract use for treatment of vomiting. Cichorium Handba Chicory (Endive) Leaf 225 g of juice use to calming [32, 33, 49] teraceae (compositae) teraceae intybus

As emesis.

Research Berberis Chutro, Hazaz hendi Fruit It can calm vomiting. [32, 33, 50] asiatica Rasanjan Medical Berberis 75 g of Barberry juice prevent rberidaceae Emberbaris Barberry Fruit [32, 33, 51] vulgaris nausea. Be

Parietaria Wall palitory Whole plant Drinking of 5 g of syrup can Azanofar [32, 33, 52] officinalis calm nausea ticaceae Ur Global Journal of

Decoction of its seed with water Hedge-mustard/ or rose water that drink 0.5 g of it Descurainia Khobbe Garlic hedge- Seed warmly, can calm vomiting and if [32, 33, 53] sophia ssicaceae ssicaceae mustard vomiting continue use it again ra (Cruciferae)

B until it stop

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A Review on Medicinal Plants used for Nausea and Vomiting in Persian Medicine

35- 150 g of syrup can calm nausea. It is effective in vomiting and Tamarindus prevents vomiting with astringent Tamr hendi Tamarind Fruit [32, 33, 76] indica effect. Note: do not macerate tamarind for a long time, because it can cause emetic. Trigonella Handeghogh Cultivated Fruit It can effective in nausea [32, 33, 77] corniculata i bostani fenugreek Faba Vicia faba Baghala bean/Broad Fruit It removed vomiting [32, 33, 78] bean Juice and wine of fruit can

prevent vomiting. 201 Punica Romane Flowers and Crushed sour pomegranate with

Pomegranate [32, 33, 79] Year granatum hamez fruit currant and cumin can thraceae

Ly exterminate vomiting. 29 It can cut vomiting.

Adansonia digitata Habhabo Baobab Fruit 2.5 g of syrup cut emesis [32, 33, 80] vaceae Mal

Bead tree/ Drinking of extract can prevent Melia Persian lilac/ Leaf, flower, nausea. Azad derakht [32, 33, 81] liaceae azedarach china root Poultice of leaf on stomach can

Me berry/Azedarach calm nausea.

Morus alba, M. Toot hamez Mulberry Fruit It can lock vomiting. [32, 33, 82] raceae nigra Volume XVIII Issue I Version Mo )

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Up to 10 g of syrup Myristica prevent/remove emesis.

Jozeboa Mace Fruit [32, 33, 84] Medical fragrans Note: great use of it can cause risticaceae immorality My Up to 5 g of syrup can be Eugenia effective in remove/ calm of Gharanfol Clove Flower [32, 33, 85] caryophyllata emesis. It is more effective in emesis.

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My Myrtus Drinking of seeds syrup and its Ase Common Myrtle Seed [32, 33, 86] Communis extract is effective in prevent vomiting.

45 g of syrup calming, curing Oxalis and remove emesis. Hemaz Clover Flower, Leaf [32, 33, 87] lidaceae acetosella Note: the kind of it that grows near water is effective in nausea. Oxa

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Global Journal of Medical Research ( DDD ) Volume XVIII Issue I Version I 31 Year B 201 A Review on Medicinal Plants used for Nausea and Vomiting in Persian Medicine

35 g of Inspissated juice of fruit without sweeting can prevalence nausea. Dried/flour fruit with pomegranate juice and other appropriate spices can reduce Malus Toffah Apple Fruit vomiting. [32, 33, 106] domestica Flour of apple prevented emesis. Chew it with honey calm vomiting. It also can prevent nausea. Sour of apple can calm vomiting. 201 Inspissated juice locks vomiting. Pyrus Whole of

Year Kamsari Pear It can prevent emesis. [32, 33, 107] communis plant It can lock vomiting. 32 225 g of syrup is effective/calm and prevent vomiting. The sour of it can be effective in Prunus Ejas/ Adrak/ Damson Fruit nausea. [32, 33, 108] cerasifera Shamloj 5 g of it in combination with 5 g pepper can remove nausea. Green damson can cut vomiting. Rosa canina Nasrin Jonquil Petal It use for treatment of vomiting. [32, 33, 109] Drinking 3.75 g of dried fruit with citrus warm water use for treatment of aurantium Naranj Sour orange Fruit [32, 33, 110] emesis. var.amara Sour of it can calm vomiting. Citrus limonum Sour of lemon use for treatment Lemon Lemon Fruit [32, 33, 111] var.dulicis of vomiting. 12.5 g of dried /25 g of jam can Volume XVIII Issue I Version reduce vomiting. ) D DD

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( effective in vomiting, and the yellow peel can cure nausea. Citrus medica Fruit and taceae Otroj Citron Sour water of it can calm and [32, 33, 112] var. cedrata peel Ru reduce vomiting. Inspissated juice of citron is Research much effective than Inspissated juice of unripe grapes in cutting vomiting. Medical Peel, seed Its syrup is very useful in nausea Citrus sinensis Konle Orange [32, 33, 113] and Fruit and vomiting Golden/ stone/ Aegle It is effective and prevent Bal wood apple, Seed/ fruit [32, 33, 114] marmelos vomiting Bengal quince

Sapindus Global Journal of Ratte Soapnut Fruit It can useful in nausea [32, 33, 115]

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nd nd A study on 180 people in three groups: control control groups: three in people 180 on A study In addition, nasal spray for spray nasal addition, In In aIn study of womenwho 50 had undergone Vomiting vomiting. cut can mouth in it Keeping 5 Up to 5 g of syrup lock vomiting. lock syrup gof 5 to Up treatment for use water cold With vomiting. - vomiting. that it that Note: it's juice is more effective vomiting. lock and nausea - nausea calm can sugar - U with peel. with eat while especially emesis of It is more effective in treatment treatment of emesis. water rose or half Boiling of emesis. pomegranate juice for treatment and juice mastic with it Use emesis. calm can vinegar of combination in bark it’ with extract its drink If vomiting) prevent effective in nausea. (it also can It can be calming, remove and vomiting. 2.5 It also can prevent nausea vomiting. calm can milk with combination and burned It’s syrup of it that Inspissated with with Inspissated it that of syrup drinking its syrup can prevent prevent can syrup its drinking it c it g of p t p - ut vomiting and bloody bloody and vomiting ut 5 g of syrup can lock lock can syrup gof 5 o 5 g of syrup lock/prevent 5go syrup of

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Global Journal of Medical Research ( DDD ) Volume XVIII Issue I Version I 33 Year B 201 A Review on Medicinal Plants used for Nausea and Vomiting in Persian Medicine

b) Berberis (Berberis Vulgaris) VI. Conclusion Barberry has about 500 species around the world. Berberine and berbamine are the main Since nausea and vomiting affect the quality of constituents that found in different species of Barberry. life and in many patients despite the use of antiemetic There are several pharmacological and biological effect agent. We also seen these symptoms, so need for for B. vulgaris such as: antihistaminic and further investigation of the discovery of new drugs is felt, anticholinergic. These two effects can be helping the therefore, use the traditional medicine can help us do improvement of nausea and vomiting [127, 128]. towards to this goal. c) Apple (Malus Domestica) Conflict of Interest Statement There are about 100 varieties of apples We declare that we have no conflict of interest. commercially. Apples contain flavonoids, fibre, pectin, References Références Referencias high potassium, low sodium, zero of fat. In a study on 19 1. Nazari M, Taghizadeh A, Orafaei H, Rakhshandeh

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