A-Bat-Hpyay Nya, 198 Abhidhamma

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-11786-0 - The Female Voice of Myanmar Gregg E. Gardner: Khin Myo Chit to Aung San Suu Kyi Nilanjana Sengupta Index More information

Index

A-bat-hpyay Nya, 198 authoritarianism, 86 Abhidhamma, concept of, 282 autonomy of individual, 260 action, 261 avirodha (non-opposition), 290 ahimsa (nonviolence), 39 awza (influence), 5 akaukwun (collector of sea customs), 3 Ayaung Thit (New Ray) Journal, 190–192, akunwun (collector of land revenue), 3 228 Alice in Wilderness, 65 Bagan, 199–202 All Burma Federation of Students’ Union Bamakhit newspaper, 63, 138 (ABFSU), 189, 194, 198, 205, 226 Bamakhit propoganda paper, 131 All Burma Peasants’ Organization, 121 Bandung Conference (1955), 167 All Burma Students’ Democratic Front Bar Dan Yeik (In the Shade of the Indian (ABSDF), 192, 214 Almond Tree), 181 All Burma Students’ Union (ABSU), 28, Barthes, Roland, 183–184 30, 103, 112 Battle of Upper Burma, 5 Al Qaeda, 318 Bauktaw Sun Lun Gu Kyaung monastery, Amay Shay-saga or The Mother’s Wise Words, 59–61 129 Bearer of the Betel Casket, The, 46 American Baptist Mission (ABM) School, Beauty Magazine, 222 92, 94–95 Beggar and the Princess, The (Hmawbi Saya Amnesty International, 205, 269 Thein), 57 Amyotha Hluttaw (House of Nationalities), Bharatmata, 324 328 bicameral parliament, 221 Ananda-Thuriya, 12–13 bi-zadon, 24 Anawrahta of Burma, 16 Bogyoke (Burmese equivalent of General), 10 Anglo-Burmese Wars (1826, 1852-53 and Boh Htika (expert commentary on 1885-86), 67, 87–88, 160 Europeans), 90 Anti-Fascist Organisation (AFO), 113 Bombay Burma Store, 107 Anti-Fascist People’s Freedom League Border Area Development Program of (AFPFL), 31, 96, 101, 103, 114–115, SLORC, 215 117–118, 120–121, 138, 141, 216, 221, Bose, Subhas Chandra, 266 275, 319–320 Bowman, Vicky, 204–205, 217 Aris, Michael, 246–247, 257–258, 265, 269, British Burma trade magazines, 9 275, 281, 287, 299, 302, 325 British colonisation/colonialism, 4, 20 Art–Not Trash–For People’s Sake, 11 British Council, 308 Association of Southeast Asian Nations British Pegu Club, 37 (ASEAN), 192, 216, 292–293, 305, 313 British Public Works Department, 89 Aung San, 250 Buddha, 59, 90, 168, 170, 275 Aung San of Burma: A Biographical Portrait Buddhahood, 273 by his Daughter, 250 Buddha Tha-thana Noggaha (BTN), 90, Aung, U Phyo, 93 92–93

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-11786-0 - The Female Voice of Myanmar Gregg E. Gardner: Khin Myo Chit to Aung San Suu Kyi Nilanjana Sengupta Index More information

Index

Buddhism/Buddhists, 59, 90, 122–125, 162, Burmese nationalism, 276 170, 203, 222, 249, 266–267, 273, 290, Burmese Nationalist Movements (1940- 312, 316, 325 1948), 29 -Burman majority, 318 Burmese New Year, 12 catholicity of, 261 Burmese opera, 13 criticism of notions of mettā and sacca Burmese stage, 12 (truth), 261 Burmese water festival (Thingyan), 12 emphasize Buddha pragmatic nature of Burmese Women’s Society, 39 teaching, 249 folklore, 16 Caged Ones, The, 131 Gandhi explored potential of, 264–265 cakkavattin (Sanskrit cakravartin or king), 291 growth in Mandalay and Bagan, 199– capitalist culture, 110 202 13 Carat Diamond and Other Stories, The, sangha, 38 10, 46, 63, 71 Suu Kyi’s concern to use in societal Castro, Fidel, 209 healing, 297 Chang, Jung, 255 Vipassana meditation, 281 charkha, 38 Buddhist Pilgrim’s Progress, A, 61 Chauk oilfield, 28 Burma, 2–3, 40, 275 Chettiars (Indian money lenders), 97 collapse of rice trade, 97 Chindwin river, 14 feature of post-independence, 140 Citizenship Law (1982), 169 gained independence on 1948, 67, 115 Civil Disobedience Movement, 37, 40 Gandhi impressed by ingenuity of civil resistance, 264–265 indigenous spinning wheel, 39 civil society, 203 Japan alliance on, 32 civil society organisations (CSOs), 321 Marxism in, 111 Cold War, 207 nationalism, 255–264 colonial economic exploitation, 110 pre-independence nationalist aspiration, colonial government, 3 167 Colourful Burma, 50, 68 Burma Book Club, 27 Committee Representing the People’s Burma Communist Party (BCP), 101, 103, Parliament (CRPP), 303–304 115, 134, 140, 159 Communist Party, 103, 140, 257 Burma Defence Army (BDA), 34–36 Communist Party of Burma (CPB), 112, Burma Independence Army (BIA), 5, 32, 133, 141–142, 169, 189, 191, 216 34, 112–113, 251, 254 community life, 3 Burma Journal, 25, 105 cultural divide between Mandalay and Burman privilege, 264 Rangoon, 87 Burma Round Table Conference, London, 21 Cultural Revolution of China, 133 Burma Socialist Programme Party (BSPP), culture of contempt, 52–53 66, 84–86, 124, 155, 161, 166–170, 174– Cyclone Nargis, 219, 303 175, 178, 188–190, 192, 216, 265, 290 Dagon Magazine, 25–26, 105 Burmese Days (George Orwell), 2 Dah Balm, 9 Burmese hardwood (pyinkadoe), 15 Dahma Tat, 43

374

Index

Dalrymple, William, 255 Deedok gya-ne (Deedok Weekly), 25 dana (donation), 62 democracy, 222, 289–292 Dandi March (Salt March), 37, 193, 271 democracy first, 292 “Dandruff in My Halo” editorial in WPD, 13 Democratic Party for New Society (DPNS), Daung, Shwe U, 96, 113, 119 192, 194, 198, 205, 226 Daw Amar, Ludu, 5, 27, 44, 114, 118, Democratic Voice of Burma (DVB), 283–284 138–140, 143–144, 158, 167, 171–172, demonetization, 187 179, 181, 186, 199, 214, 221, 253, 264, Derrida, 183 323, 355–356 dhamma, 47, 291 description of favourite teachers, 95 dhammakatikas, 39 distress among rice cultivators of Dhammapada, 60 Mandalay, 97 D-Hlaing Journal, 255, 321, 331 early writings of, 108–111 D-Hlaing (D-Wave or Democracy Wave) economic crisis in family, 98 Journal, 250 editorials from 1956-57, 119–122 Do Ayay (Our Cause) Journal, 190–191, 229 impact of Leftist unity programme, Dobama Asi-ayone (We Burmans) 116–118 movement, 28–29, 31, 42–43, 66, 68, influence by Kodaw Hmaing, 90 112, 263, 266, 325 joined National School in 1931, 97 Dobama Central, 112 lessons of nationalism, 93 Dobama Sinyetha Asi-ayone (DSA), 33–35 Mandalay D-Saga (Democracy Words), 250 adult life of, 87–89 dukkha (suffering), concept of, 48, 272–273, hesistant in criticism of Western 279–280 trends, 88 revolution in, 83–87 Earnshaw, Catherine, 26 marriage with U Hla, 107 East Asiatic Youth League (EAYL), 34, 103 as mother and daughter, 134–138 East Asia World Economic Forum, 313 moved to Rangoon, 99 education, 20, 25, 31, 34, 39, 52–54, 57–58, pagoda festivals, 92 97, 104, 133, 141, 160 post-1962 writing, 125–129 English, 92 practising Buddhists, 125 public, 21 prided from abstaining girlish pursuits, 99 western, 67, 88 Pyidawtha Plan (1952), 118–119 8-8-88 Movement, 146, 188, 191, 228, 323 reaction to student strikes, 100–102 Elizabethan literature, 10 representation prostitution for class Enterprise Nationalization Law of 1963, 160 division, 131 returned to campus after boycott, 105 Facebook, 321 schooling of, 94–97 female bodhisattva, 245 Shwe In Bin monastery, 90 female education, 21–22 Soe Win eldest son of, 132–134 female infanticide, 18 traditional convictions, 88 Feminist Manifesto, A (Lucy Komisar), 51 writes first poem after intermediate, 98 fiction writing of 1960s, 181 Daw Khin Kyi Foundation, 307 Fielding-Hall, H., 14, 18–20 Dazaungdaing thieves festival, 133 First World War, 23 375

Index

Flowers and Festivals Round the Burmese hpon (human mystique), 50 Year, 46, 48–49 Hsinbyumya-shin, 4 Foreigner Registration Card (FRC), 169 Htaung-hnint Mi-gin (Jail and Mother), Foucault, Michel, 183 135–137 Freedom from Fear, 250 Htin, U, 93 Furnivall, J S, 20–21, 111 htok-tin (print-submit) system, 180 Hugo, Victor, 24 Galay, Shwe-Yo Ba, 128 Human Rights Watch, 205 Galon Tat, 43 Ganda Lawka (The World of Books) idea, 261 magazine, 42, 99 Imagined Communities, 260 Gautama Buddha, 45 Indian National Congress, 38 General Council of Burmese Associations individual response, notion of, 276–277 (GCBA), 37, 39, 42, 93, 109 Indo-Burmese riots (1930), 42 General Council of Sangha Sameggi Intellectual Life in Burma and India under (GCSS), 38 Colonialism, 256, 259–261, 264 Ghare Baire (Home and the World), 264 International Network of Engaged gharry (horse drawn, closed carriage), 98 Buddhists, 299 Greek mythology, 49 Inwa Bridge, 14 Guardian, 10 Irrawaddy Journal, 224 Guardian Magazine, 51 Irrawaddy Literary Festival, first, 255 Gya-ne-gyaw Journal, 45 Irrawaddy river, 2, 14, 57 Gyi, Ko Ko, 225, 321 Gyi, U Maung, 25, 56, 58, 68, 96, 109 Jacobean literature, 10 Gyi, Zaw, 106, 201 jatakas, 54, 58, 86, 170, 271 550 Jataka Tales, 16 Hamlet, 12 Jinnah, 245 han thit movement, 181–182 Joung, Po Than, 145 Hein, Ba, 28-29, 112, 138 Ju, 181 Her Infinite Variety, 63 Heroes of Old Burma, 46 ka-byas (half castes), 91 Hind Swaraj, 270, 280, 291, 296, 312 Kachin Independence Army (KIA), 123, 169 Hinduism, 261 Kachin Independence Organisation (KIO), Hindu Mahasabha, 38 169, 285–286 Hin-lin Kywin-kyan (All of This and Kachin Rifle, 116 Nothing), 163 Kahson (May) festival, 92 History of British India ( John Stuart Mill), 18 kala, 94 Hla-Daw Tha Sagar, 14 kalatha, 15–16 Hlaing, U Chit, 38, 143 Kalay Declaration, 319 Hmaing, Kodaw, 25, 56, 90, 175, 264 kamma (Sanskrit karma), doctrine of, 273, Home Rule agitation, 38, 40 276, 279 Home, Work, Hate, Fail, 63 Karen National Defence Organisation hpa me-thila (a prostitute nun), 53 (KNDO), 116

376

Index

Karen National Union (KNU), 215 53–54 Karen Rifle, 116 post-1939 life of, 31 Kaw-leik-kyaung-tha (The College Boy), 26 received offer from DSA, 33 Kaw-leik-kyaung-thu (The College Girl), 26 misgivings about job, 34 Kawhmu Township, 328 regretted role in 1938 movement, 101 Keane, Fergal, 255 resistance in her household, 21 khadi, 38 school education of, 21, 23 Khaing, Mi Mi, 19 in search for gender subtext, 45–51 khamauk (farmer’s hat), 185, 265 sense of alienation, 18 Khin Myo Chit (Ma Khin Mya), 2, 4–5, used as pickets at sensitive junctions, 44 64–73, 87–88, 92, 96, 103, 158, 164, 171, visited Saya-daw hometown, 59 181, 186, 189–190, 201–203, 254, 264, khit hmi thu (modern contemporary woman), 323, 353–354 55, 130–131 associated with student movement, khit-san literary movement, 99, 101 28 khit-san trio (Theippan Maung Wa, Zaw born on Sagaing division of British Gyi and Min Thu Wun ), 262–263 Burma, 14–16 Khmer dynasty, 87 encountered in mother parlour, 22–23 kilesas (defilements), 278–279, 283 experience in Burmese nationalist King Lear and his Daughters, 65 politics, 44 King Mindon, 2, 5, 7n5 experience of Vipassana meditation, King Thibaw, 1–4, 88, 90 60–62 Konbaung dynasty, 2, 87, 90 gender bias, 56 Konmayi Athin, women organization, 57 gender discrimination, 19 Korean soap operas, 129 introduction of Ma, 51 Kuomintang (KMT), 118–119 joined EAYL, 34 Kyaw, Aung, 30, 168 joined Working People’s Daily after Kyi, Khin Kyi, 141 military coup, 9–10 Kyi-bwa-yay (Prosperity) magazine, 105– editorials during 1965-68, 11–13 108, 110, 118 last editorial in 1968, 13 Kyin, U Po, 2 love for Pagan, 16 Labour Party, 267 making of rebel, 16–18 laity, 4 man-woman power dynamics, 54–55 Lamb’s Tales of Shakespeare, 17 meaning of name, 36 Lanzin Party, 166 moved to Rangoon in 1933, 24–25 Latt, Khin Maung, 9, 13–14, 17, 31,33, foundation of Burma Book Club, 27 58–59, 70, 72 writing on mother role in educating Lay, Ma Ma, 28, 45, 120 children, 26 Lay, Nyi Pu, 84, 145 November 1967, Rangoon, 8–9 least developed country (LDC), 175, 188, 265 oilfield workers strike and its impact, Leftist unity programme, 116–118 29–30 Letpadaung Copper mines, 329 participation in politics, 24–25 Letters from Burma, 259, 296–297, 321 pitfalls of praise for women liberation, liberalism, 260

377

Index

liberality, 290 Ma Thida, 30, 68, 97, 126, 134, 140, 224– Liberation Now, 51 228, 230, 323, 327, 357–358 Light of Asia (Sir Edwin Arnold), 60 attempted to organise NLD MPs, 204 Lincoln, 169 attended Maung Thawka funeral, literary panders, 11 202–203 Literature and Nationalism in Burma, 256, back pain in early 1995, 208 258–259, 261 back to Ayeyarwady Delta, 218–220 Lokaniti, 43 beginning of career, 181 longyi, 40, 193, 265, 323 Beijing concert to protest imprisonment Ludu, 111–115, 140 of, 231 Ludu cartoonists, 84 born in 1966, 166 Ludu Daily Newspaper (Ludu thadin za), 113, Buddhism in Mandalay and Bagan, 122, 124–125 199–202 Ludu Journal (Ludu Gya ne), 113, 138 contemporary writing Ludu Library, 92, 147 handling of press freedom, 223–224 Ludu Paper, 44–45, 89, 113–114, 116–117 political literacy, 221–222 Ludu Pyinya propoganda paper, 131 working with youth, 222–223 Ludu, U Hla, 105–108, 113–114, 125, 132, as a doctor, 178–181 134, 138–140, 144, 179 election campaign by, 229 Lwin, Sein, 85, 188, 265 first memory of, 158–163 hidden truths of inner world, 166–171 Ma (woman), 51–52, 57, 72 jail sentence to, 205–208 Mahatma Gandhi, 37–42, 119, 193, 243, participation in demonstrations, 190 264–272, 310–311, 322 post-insein life (1999), 213–218 Mahaythi Magazine, 181 in prison Maj Gen Myint Aung, 194, 196, 245 thirtieth birthday, 157–158 Malaya Communist Party (MCP), 141 twenty eight birthday, 155–157 Malun Association, 90 revolution impact on life of, 185–189 Mandalay, 2–3, 5, 14, 37, 83, 190, 199–202 shifted to Insein Hospital for treatment, cheroot makers of, 91–94 209–210 of kings and courtiers, 87–91 socialist education, 171–178 Mandalay Arts and Science University started practice of mindfulness and its (MASU), 200 impact, 210–213 Mandalay National High School, 94 stories writing by, 163–166 Mandela, Nelson, 209 as storyteller, 178–181 Man I Want You to Be, The (Chit Tin), 107 suffering from TB, 208–209 Mann, Shwe, 329 as teacher, 178–181 Many a House of Life Doth Hold Me, tour to Irrawaddy river with Ama Suu, 60, 62 192–198 Maoist orthodoxy, 133 maung (wooden manual machine for Mar, Than Yin, 145 pounding tobacco), 91 Marxism, 111, 117 Maung, Dr Maung, 66, 186, 189, 267, 323 Marxists, 106, 112 Maung, Saw, 84, 191–192, 203, 289

378

Index

Maung, U Kyi , 225, 284, 288, 293, 300 myo (township), 3 Maw, Ba, 43–44 myo-thugyi (hereditary headman of a town), 3 Me Khin, Thilashin, 8, 51–52, 58 myowun (governor of the whole province), 3 mettā, concept of, 295, 298–299, 312, 324 Myrdal, Gunnar, 224 Millet, Kate, 48–49 Mill, James, 18 Nagani (Red Dragon) Book Club, 27, 33, Mill, John Stuart, 18 111, 253 Minami Kikan, 112 Nagar (Dragon), 91 MLA, The, 262 Naing, Min Ko , 84, 189, 192, 216 Moewei movement, 168 Nandana Vana, 278–279 moha (delusion), 278 NASA, 9–10 Mohana, 278 National Coalition Government Union of Mo Mo (Inya), 181 Burma (NCGUB), 203, 215 monastic brotherhood, 4 National Convention (NC), 204, 215, 284, monastic order, 3–4 286 Mon community, 161 National Democratic Front (NDF), 169, Monin, P, 50 189, 191–192 monkhood and women, relationship nationalism, 110, 260 between, 39 National League for Democracy (NLD), monks, 92 142, 156–157, 192–195, 197–199, 204– politicisation of, 39 206, 214, 216, 221, 225–226, 243, 245, morality, 290 247–249, 264–265, 267, 271–272, 281, Mother Teresa, 169 284–285, 288, 293–294, 297, 300–302, Moulmein stories, 161 305–306, 309–311, 313, 319–321, 324, Mudu (gentleness), 170 327–331 multi-party democracy/democratic system National Network for Education Reform of government, 22, 266 (NNER), 308–309 Music, Songs and Broken Rice, 64 National School Movement, 92, 99 Muslim-Burmese marriage, 41 National Unity Party (NUP), 192 Mya-kyun-tha (the emerald island), 168 Nay Kya, 203–204 Myanma Alin Thit (New Light of Myanmar), Naypyidaw Journal, 93 25–26, 108 New Blight of Burma, The, 10 Myanmar Egress, 307 New Yorker, 176 Myanmar Independent, The, 220–221, 223 nibbana (Sanskrit nirvana), 48, 274, 278, Myanmar Knowledge Society, 307 280, 282 Myanmar Legal Aid Network, 321, 327 Nonaligned Movement (NAM), 167 Myanmar National Committee for Women’s Non-Cooperation Movement (1919-25), 38 Affairs (MNCWA), 322 Norwegian Authors’ Union, 183 Myanmar TV and movies, 129–130 Notebook, 176 Mya, Nyo, 100 Nu, U, 100–103, 115, 117, 121–123, 191, My Country and People, 259, 264 274, 282 Myint, Thein Pe, 50, 106, 112-14, 127, Nwe, San San, 226 179, 264 Nyein, Myo Myint, 199, 203, 205, 216, 220

379

Index

Nyein Pi (Law and Order Restoration 179–180, 191, 204, 217–218 Council), 270 Prince Siddhartha, 1 Nyein, U Kyaw, 102 Private School Registration Law, 307 Nyunt, Khin, 4, 215, 286, 290, 300, 304 PVO, paramilitary wing of AFPFL, 115, 117, 152 October Revolution, 139 Pyaw Daw Hset (Family Clown) magazine, 72 Ohn, U, 101, 103 Pyidaungsu (Union) Party, 123 Ohtsu Matsuri Festival, 247 Pyidawtha Plan (1952), 118–119 Ohtsu, Noriko, 286–287 Pyithu Hluttaw (House of Representatives), Oil, 262 328–329 oilfield workers strike, 28–29 Pyithu Hluttaw Rule of Law, 320 Oo, U Tin, 85, 216, 225, 248, 284–285, 288, Pyu-saw-htee military campaign plan, 302, 331, 337 120, 122 Oslo speech, 248 Ottama, U, 38–39, 41, 93, 274 Qingming Festival, 160 Oway Magazine, 100, 102, 108 Queen Hsinbyumya-shin, 2, 7n5 Queens’ Garden, The, 53 Panglong Agreement, 216, 319 Queen Supaya-lat, 44, 88 paññā(transcendental wisdom), 283 buried at golden Shwedagon Pagoda pa daw mu (taking away of the royal couple), 89 base after death, 5 Pagan dynasty, 64 handmaidens, 1 pagoda festivals, 64, 91–92, 95 never allowed to return Mandalay pa-hso (sarongs for men), 42 palace, 4 Pali script/text, 20 return from Rangoon, 4–5 Pandita, U, 278, 281–283, 296, 325, 338 role in history, 4 Panglong Conference, 319 Thibaw’s stepmother conspiracy for Patriot, The (Walter Scott), 23 throne, 2 Pa, U, 160–161, 165 wore imperial jewels, 3 Peace and Stability Committee of Myanmar, Quest for Peace, A, 62 320 Quit India campaign, 267 Pe, Ba (Thuriya), 138, 261 Pe-din-than journal, 224 radical feminists, 51–52 Pe, Hla (Bo Let Ya), 101, 112 Rangoon, 5, 21, 32–33, 37, 45, 58, 85, 87–88 People’s Cooperative Stores (Pyei-thu Rangoon Arts and Science University thamawayama hsaing), 11 (RASU), 166 People’s Liberation Army, China, 123 Rangoon Gazette, 40 People’s Stores Corporation, 11 Rangoon General Hospital (RGH), 185, 187 perfection, concept of, 326 Rangoon Prison, 131 Pe, U, 15 Rangoon University, 27, 42, 58, 143, 174, 188 pinni (a coarse red cotton cloth), 38–42, 109 Rangoon University Act of 1920, 67, 94, 101 Pongyis (Buddhist monks), 39 Rangoon University Students’ Union pre-pubertal marriage., 18 (RUSU), 28–32, 99–100, 103–104, 133 Press Scrutiny Board (PSB), 10, 163, Raschid, M A, 100–102

380

Index

Razak, U, 95, 110, 112–113 Shan magazine, 162 Reader’s Digest, 51 Shaw, Bernard, 24 Red Flag communists, 114–115, 192 Shin, Ba Gyi, 93 Reform Series No. II, 42 shit lay-lon (an auspicious date of four 8s), 84 Revolutionary Council (RC), 124, 178–179 shramadana (communal work), 42, 298, 312 Richardson, Bill, 216, 230, 284, 286, 304 Shwe Amyu-te Magazine, 199, 220 Rohingya Muslim community, 219, 244, Shwedagon Pagoda, 5, 24, 27–29, 36, 85, 87, 315–321 100, 185, 231, 264, 335 Rohingya Solidarity Organisation (RSO), 318 Shwegyin Nikaya (Shwegyin Order), 125 Rolling Stones, 10 Shwe, Than, 209 Rossi, Alice, 56 Shwe, U Aung, 272, 284 Rwanda genocide, 222 Sino-Burmese riots (1967), 158, 160 Sita, 40 Sa, Daw Saw, 20 Sitpyan Magazine, 211 salt tax, 267 sīla (morality), 283 samadhi (concentration), 211, 213, 283 social context, notion of, 276–277 sammaditthi (the right understanding of social interdependence, 299 one’s reality), 57 social practices in Burma, 18–19 Sandar, Ma, 182 Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals sangha, 4, 273–274 and Authors (SPCAA), 11 Sangha Sammeggi Apwe, 39 Socio-Political Currents in Burmese Literature, San, Hsaya, 28 1910-1940, 258 sanwin makin (a kind of sweetmeat made of Soe, 112–115, 192, 274 coconut milk and semolina), 93 Soviet Russia (U Hla), 106 Sarpay Beikman Book Club, 179 state industrial enterprises (SIEs), 166 sasana (Buddhist community), 290 State Law and Order Restoration Council sati practice, 18 (SLORC), 97, 108, 156–157, 183, satyagraha (quest for truth), 42, 268 191–192, 195–197, 199, 203–204, satyagrahis (followers of Gandhi’s form of 207, 214–215, 224, 242, 248, 265, 269, civil resistance), 39 271–272, 277, 284–286, 289–292, 294, Saya-daw-gyi, 125 296, 299, 322 saya-daws (abbots), 129 State Peace and Development Council Sayama (female teachers), 173 (SPDC), 215–216, 221, 299–300, 302, School of Oriental and African Studies 304–305 (SOAS), 258, 263 steamships (clock towers), 4 Scott, J G, 19, 24, 87 Suez Canal, 22 Scott market, 27, 33, 106–107 Sujapati (the Lord and Husband of Sujata), Sein, Daw Mya, 19, 22, 40, 44 50 Sein, Po, 64, 66, 127 sutta of mindfulness, 282 Sein, Thein, 5, 242, 329 Suu, Ama, 192–198 Seth, Vikram, 255 Suu Kyi, Aung San, 4, 10, 13, 16, 42, 66–68, Sexual Politics (Kate Millet), 53 85–86, 96, 103, 140, 146, 170–171, Shakespeare, 10, 12 185, 191, 193, 201, 203, 209, 222, 230, Shalom Foundation, 321, 327 381

Index

293–294, 332–339 tats (the pocket armies), 266 anti-regime protests in Burma, 246 Taung Lay Lone Monastery, 135, 199 awarded Nobel Peace Price in 1991, 244 Teen Magazine, 217, 220, 222–223 accepted in 2012, 272 Tekkatho journal, 108 Buddhist eyes, 249 television arrival in Burma, 257 on Burmese nationalism, 255–264 Tet Pongyi (The Modern Monk), 106 discussions on democracy, 289–290 Thabin Magazine, 171, 177, 181 economic perspective, 310–314 Thakinmas, 28–29 education for life, 306–310 thakins (young political leaders), 27, 29–30, election campaign by, 221, 229 33, 35–36, 41, 43, 110 entered into Burma political affairs, 248 Thakin Tika, 253 evenings with Taichito, 321–332 thancho, 12 first public appearance at Rangoon Thanegi, Ma, 247 Hospital, 189 thanpyet, 12 freedom from fear, 272–281 Thant, U, 175 house arrest, 204, 214, 248, 281–286 Tha-thana dazaung Saya-daw-gyi-mya (The release from, 286–287 Buddhist Abbots: The Leading Lights of hypocrisy of peace, 302–306 Sasana), 125 letters on education and politics, 288 Thaung, U Myint, 159 lost her father Aung San, 249 Thawka, Maung, 202, 225 moral dilemmas during her lifetime, 287 Thet, Kyaw, 180 nation in transition, 315–321 Thingyan (the water festival), 51 political opposition, 250 Thirty Comrades (nucleus of Aung San’s protest against Letpadaung copper mine Burma Independence Army), 10, 103, project, 240–244 112, 116, 124, 251 rediscovering Gandhi in 1980, 264–272 Thondara, Let We, 12, 269 refer herself “haze of glamour and Thoung, Ba, 42, 66 romance”, 253 Thuriya (Sun) newspaper, 25, 105 reputation as female bodhisattva, 245 Thuriya Paper, 26 revolution of the spirit, 248–249 Thuyathadi (goddess of wisdom and started campaigns on 1988, 194 learning), 11 Suu Kyi’s silence over Rakhine girl rape Tilak, Gangadhar, 119 and murder, 315 Time Magazine, 176 version of democracy, 291 Tin, Daw Than, 17 visit to Thamanya and other incidents, Tin, Pe Maung, 99 294–302 Tin, U Win, 145, 192–193, 198, 205, 216, writings on her father, 249–255 225–226, 243, 306, 331, 337 swaraj, concept of, 268 Tipitaka (sacred Buddhist text), 56 Swe, Ba, 29, 115, 121, 152, 275 To-tet-yay (Progress) magazine, 25, 63, 105 Tagore, Rabindranath, 87, 243, 262, 264, 288 To the Socialist Lands, 139 tatmadaw (Myanmar military), 5–6, 158, 162, Trials in Burma (Maurice Collis), 144 203, 214, 267, 285, 289, 293, 323, 325 True Colour Sunflower, 203 Operation King Conqueror, 257 True Meaning of Boh, The, 250

382

Index

truth (thitsa), 292 Wisara, U, 38 Tulliver, Maggie, 26 women, condition in society, 18 Tun, Thakin Than, 58, 115 Wonderland of Burmese Legends, A, 46, 50 Woolf, Virginia, 62 Ulysses, 255–264 Working People’s Daily (WPD), 2, 8–10, 13, UN Commission on Human Rights, 205 16, 45, 60–61, 64, 174, 179, 186, 269, 297. UNICEF, 285 See also Khin Myo Chit UN International Women’s Year (IWY) of World War II, 32, 54, 103, 119 1975, 51 Writers and Awards, 9 Union of Myanmar Economic Holdings Writers and Robots, 11 (UMEH), 208, 215, 222, 241 Wundan Aphwe, 44 Union Solidarity and Development Wun, Min Thu, 107 Association (USDA), 285, 304–305, 322 wunthanu athins (athin or association), 39 Union Solidarity and Development Party Wunthanu Konmayi Athin (WKA), 40–41, 93 (USDP), 305, 329 wunthanu movement, 98 United States Institute of Peace (USIP), 320 University Act of 1920, 27 Yangon School of Political Science, 307 university education, 11 Yat-sen, Sun, 169 UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights Yenangyaung National School, 97 (1948), 275 Yenangyaung oilfield, 28 Upper Burma Writers’ Association, 139– Ye Tat movement, 43 140, 179 Yi, Nu Nu, 182 USSR, 141 Yi-za Sar (love letter), 105 Young Birds Outside Cages, 297 Valjean, Jean, 255–264 Young India, 40 Vinaya, U, 294, 296–297, 325 Young Men’s Buddhist Association Vipassana meditation, 59–60, 158, 210, 212, (YMBA), 37, 39–40, 58, 138 216, 220, 281–282 Youq-shin-amyu-te Magazine, 163, 181 vira (hero), 251 Youth Improvement Society (YIS), 106 viriya (the quality of vigour), 251, 283 Yuwadi Kyei-mon (Young Ladies’ Mirror), 25 viriya parami (the parami of energy, diligence Yuwadi sekku (Young Ladies’ Viewpoint), and sustained effort), 250–251 column in Dagon magazine, 25 Visit Myanmar Year, 215, 270, 292, 300 ywa-thugyi, 3 Voice of Hope, The, 296–297

zat pwes (a travelling theatre combining Wa, Theippan Maung, 106 elements of opera, ballet and musicals), White Flag Communists, 114–115, 117, 5, 12, 46, 64, 88, 140 133, 141 zaw-gyi (alchemist), 50, 177 Whiteway & Co., 9 zayat (pilgrim shelter), 32 Whyte Committee, 40 Zay Gyo girls, 45, 129–132 Win, Maung Zaw, 9 Zay Gyo market, 88, 90–91, 130 Win, Ne, 84, 122, 124, 165–168, 173–175, Zeya, Bo, 13 177, 191, 215, 246, 257, 265, 323, 327 Win, Soe, 132–134, 145, 158

383