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Viruses Summary

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Viruses Summary Virus Structure Incubation Diseases Diagnosis Treatment/Vaccine Notes period B19 -ssDNA 1–2 weeks -Erythema infectiosum -PCR, probe -Fifth disease and 5th disease symptoms: (A parvovirus, -Naked but may (-5th disease-, hybridization of transient aplastic -1st phase: fever, malaise, myalgia, member of the -capsid is extend to 3 cutaneous rash in serum or tissue crisis are treated chills, and itching coinciding with erythrovirus made of vp1 weeks children (slapped cheek extracts, and in situ symptomatically viremia and reticulocytopenia and genus) and appearance) arthralgia- hybridization of fixed -No antiviral drug with detection of circulating IgM– vp2(major) arthritis in adults) tissue therapy parvovirus immune complexes. Transient aplastic crisis -Serologic assays: IgM -No vaccine -2nd Phase: appearance of an (severe acute anemia) indicates recent -Antibodies are erythematous facial rash and a Purple red cell aplasia infection; IgG mainly against vp2 lacelike rash on the limbs or trunk (chronic anemia) indicates past may be accompanied by joint Hydrops fetalis (fatal infection. symptoms, especially in adults. anemia) Specific IgG antibodies appear about 15 days post-infection. -Infects progenitor erythrocytes because it can interact with P antigen found on their surfaces -transmission: respiratory droplets, blood, vertically (torch agent). Bocavirus -ssDNA Prevalent among PCR -No treatment for -parvoviruses can’t be cultured (A parvovirus) -Naked children with acute human bocavirus -During blood transmission we wheezing infections make sure it’s parvo-negative Has been detected in -No antiviral drug about 3% of stool therapy samples from children -No vaccine with acute gastroenteritis Herpes simplex -dsDNA ~3–5 days, Cold sores (fever -PCR -Treatment: -Spread by contact, usually virus type 1 -Enveloped range of 2– blisters) near the lip -Virus isolation (using acyclovir, involving infected saliva 12 days. Fever, sore throat, Giemsa’s stain) valacyclovir, and -Site of latency: neurons vesicles, ulcers and -Enzyme vidarabine (inhibit (trigeminal ganglia) gingivostomatitis immunoassays DNA synthesis) Virus Structure Incubation Diseases Diagnosis Treatment/Vaccine Notes period HSV 1 (Cont.) (enveloped pharyngitis and -Serologic assays -Primary HSV infections are mostly derived from tonsillitis. (limited by the asymptomatic or mild the nuclear Localized multiple antigens -HSV-1 infections are the second membrane) lymphadenopathy may shared by HSV-1 and cause of corneal blindness in the occur HSV-2) US May cause severe -Dendritic ulcers are -Can also cause clinical episodes of keratoconjunctivitis pathognomonic of genital herpes. Progressive HSV keratitis - HSV-1 is the most common cause involvement of the of sporadic, fatal encephalitis in corneal stroma, can US, with high mortality rate, and cause permanent those who survive often having opacification and residual neurologic defects. About blindness half of patients with HSV Eczema herpeticum in encephalitis appear to have a person with chronic primary infections, and the rest eczema appear to have recurrent infection Herpes simplex -dsDNA Primary genital herpes -PCR -Treatment: -Transmitted sexually or from a virus type 2 -Enveloped infections can be severe -Virus isolation (using acyclovir, maternal genital infection to a (very painful and Giemsa’s stain) valacyclovir, and newborn associated with fever, -Enzyme vidarabine (inhibit -Site of latency: neurons (sacral dysuria, and inguinal immunoassays DNA synthesis) ganglia) lymphadenopathy). -Serologic assays -Immunocompromised patients Genital herpes is (limited by the are at increased risk of developing characterized by multiple antigens severe HSV infections vesiculoulcerative shared by HSV-1 and - Complications include lesions of the penis of HSV-2) extragenital lesions (~20% of the male or of the cases) and aseptic meningitis cervix, vulva, vagina, (~10% of cases) and perineum of the -Torch agent female. Note! Herpes viruses bind to heparan sulfate Virus Structure Incubation Diseases Diagnosis Treatment/Vaccine Notes period Varicella-zoster -dsDNA Varicella (chickenpox); -Previous infection -Site of latency: neurons virus (type 3) -Enveloped primary response with varicella can -Complications are rare in normal Zoster (shingles); confer lifelong children, and the mortality rate is reactivation of VZV immunity to very low Encephalitis occurs in varicella -Varicella spreads by airborne rare cases and can be -A live attenuated droplets and by direct contact life threatening varicella vaccine is -Neonatal varicella can be available fatal -Varicella pneumonia (rare in healthy children), responsible for VZV related deaths -can cause pneumonia Cytomegalovirus -dsDNA 4-8 weeks -Most common cause of -PCR -Treatment: -Most CMV infections are (type 5) -Enveloped incubation congenital infections -Virus isolation -Ganciclovir to subclinical period -An infectious -Serologic detection treat life- -A high percentage of babies with mononucleosis-like (not informative for threatening CMV this disease will exhibit syndrome (triad: fever, immunocompromised infections in developmental defects and mental pharyngitis, cervical people) immunosuppressed retardation lymphadenopathy) patients -Site of latency: glands, kidneys -Causes disseminated -CMV retinitis: (causes retinitis) disease in untreated AIDS Foscarnet patients; gastroenteritis - Acyclovir and and chorioretinitis are valacyclovir have common problems, the shown some latter often leading to benefits in bone progressive blindness marrow and renal -most common transplant patients complication is pneumonia Virus Structure Incubation Diseases Diagnosis Treatment/Vaccine Notes period Human -dsDNA -Causes roseola infantum - T-lymphotropic (The virus grows herpesvirus 6 -Enveloped (sixth disease) well in CD4 T lymphocytes) -Site of latency: lymphoid tissue -Transmitted via oral secretions -Receptor: CD46 Human -dsDNA -Causes roseola infantum -Site of latency: lymphoid tissue herpesvirus 7 -Enveloped (sixth disease) -Receptor: CD4 Epstein Barr Virus -dsDNA 30–50 days -Infectious Mononucleosis - NAH is the most -During infectious mononucleosis, (type 4) -Enveloped (triad: fever, pharyngitis, sensitive means of there is an increase in the number cervical lymphadenopathy) detecting EBV in of circulating white blood cells, (headache, fever, malaise, patient materials with a predominance of fatigue, and sore throat -Hybridization (EBER lymphocytes. Many of these are occur. Enlarged lymph RNA) large, atypical T lymphocytes nodes and spleen are -Serologic detection - Low-grade fever and malaise may characteristic. Some persist for weeks to months after patients develop signs of acute illness hepatitis) -Site of latency: lymphoid tissue -Cancer: EBV is associated -heterophile antibodies with Burkitt lymphoma, -Main target cells are B nasopharyngeal carcinoma, lymphocytes (CD21) receptors of Hodgkin and NHLs, and CR2 gastric carcinoma -Oral hairy leukoplakia -Pharyngitis Virus Structure Incubation Diseases Diagnosis Treatment/Vaccine Notes period Human -dsDNA -The cause of Kaposi - Serologic assays are - Foscarnet, - KSHV was first detected in Kaposi herpesvirus 8 -enveloped sarcomas, vascular tumors available to measure famciclovir, sarcoma specimens (KSHV) of mixed cellular persistent antibody to ganciclovir, and - It is lymphotropic and is more composition KSHV using indirect cidofovir have closely related to EBV -Patients have cachexia immunofluorescence, activity against -Site of latency: lymphoid tissue Western blot, and KSHV -Involved in the pathogenesis of ELISA formats body cavity-based lymphomas (primary effusion lymphoma) occurring in AIDS patients and of multicentric Castleman disease -transmission: oral secretions, sexually, vertically. Herpes B virus -No specific -It is designated cercopithecine treatment herpesvirus 1, replacing the older -Treatment with name of Herpes simiae acyclovir is -From monkeys to humans recommended immediately after exposure. -No vaccine Adenoviruses -dsDNA -Follicular conjunctivitis -Ag detection or PCR -No specific -Adenoid tissue (tonsils) -Naked -Keratoconjuctivitis treatment for -Infect and replicate in epithelial -Acute febrile pharyngitis adenovirus cells of the respiratory tract, eye, -Acute respiratory disease infections gastrointestinal tract and urinary -Viral pneumonia -Live adenovirus bladder -Infantile gastroenteritis vaccine containing -Cause localized infection and do (Ad40, Ad41): long-lasting types 4 and 7 is not spread systemically diarrhea, less frequent available -Respiratory disease (Ad1, 2, 3, 5, vomiting, frequent -Careful hand and 7), are transmitted via the development of washing is the respiratory route dehydration, and easiest way to -The GI disease is transmitted via prevent infections the fecal-oral route Virus Structure Incubation Diseases Diagnosis Treatment/Vaccine Notes period Adenoviruses abdominal pains and -Ocular infections are transmitted (Cont.) distension. by direct inoculation of the eye -Hemorrhagic cystitis (Ad11): gross hematuria Polyomaviridae -dsDNA -BK virus: Hemorrhagic -Definitive diagnosis -There is no -Genus alphapolyomavirus (BKV, JCV, Merkel -Naked cystitis of BKV requires a antiviral therapy -Able to establish latency cell polyomavirus) -JC virus: Progressive biopsy to be taken for specifically licensed -Primary polyomavirus infections multifocal histopathology, BKV- for the treatment are presumably subclinical leukoencephalopathy (PML) specific qPCR in of either JCV or -BKV and JCV
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