Virus Structure Incubation Diseases Diagnosis Treatment/Vaccine Notes period B19 -ssDNA 1–2 weeks  -Erythema infectiosum -PCR, probe - and  5th disease symptoms: (A parvovirus, -Naked but may (-5th disease-, hybridization of transient aplastic -1st phase: fever, malaise, myalgia, member of the -capsid is extend to 3 cutaneous rash in serum or tissue crisis are treated chills, and itching coinciding with erythrovirus made of vp1 weeks children (slapped cheek extracts, and in situ symptomatically viremia and reticulocytopenia and genus) and appearance) arthralgia- hybridization of fixed -No antiviral drug with detection of circulating IgM– vp2(major) arthritis in adults) tissue therapy parvovirus immune complexes.  Transient aplastic crisis -Serologic assays: IgM -No vaccine -2nd Phase: appearance of an (severe acute ) indicates recent -Antibodies are erythematous facial rash and a  Purple red cell aplasia ; IgG mainly against vp2 lacelike rash on the limbs or trunk (chronic anemia) indicates past may be accompanied by joint  Hydrops fetalis (fatal infection. symptoms, especially in adults. anemia) Specific IgG antibodies appear about 15 days post-infection. -Infects progenitor erythrocytes because it can interact with P antigen found on their surfaces -transmission: respiratory droplets, blood, vertically (torch agent). Bocavirus -ssDNA  Prevalent among PCR -No treatment for -parvoviruses can’t be cultured (A parvovirus) -Naked children with acute human bocavirus -During blood transmission we wheezing make sure it’s parvo-negative  Has been detected in -No antiviral drug about 3% of stool therapy samples from children -No vaccine with acute -dsDNA ~3–5 days,  Cold sores (fever -PCR -Treatment: -Spread by contact, usually virus type 1 -Enveloped range of 2– blisters) near the lip -Virus isolation (using acyclovir, involving infected saliva 12 days.  Fever, sore throat, Giemsa’s stain) valacyclovir, and -Site of latency: neurons vesicles, ulcers and -Enzyme vidarabine (inhibit (trigeminal ganglia) gingivostomatitis immunoassays DNA synthesis) Virus Structure Incubation Diseases Diagnosis Treatment/Vaccine Notes period HSV 1 (Cont.) (enveloped  pharyngitis and -Serologic assays -Primary HSV infections are mostly derived from tonsillitis. (limited by the asymptomatic or mild the nuclear  Localized multiple antigens -HSV-1 infections are the second membrane) lymphadenopathy may shared by HSV-1 and cause of corneal blindness in the occur HSV-2) US  May cause severe -Dendritic ulcers are -Can also cause clinical episodes of keratoconjunctivitis pathognomonic of .  Progressive HSV keratitis - HSV-1 is the most common cause involvement of the of sporadic, fatal encephalitis in corneal stroma, can US, with high mortality rate, and cause permanent those who survive often having opacification and residual neurologic defects. About blindness half of patients with HSV  in encephalitis appear to have a person with chronic primary infections, and the rest eczema appear to have recurrent infection Herpes simplex -dsDNA  Primary genital herpes -PCR -Treatment: -Transmitted sexually or from a virus type 2 -Enveloped infections can be severe -Virus isolation (using acyclovir, maternal genital infection to a (very painful and Giemsa’s stain) valacyclovir, and newborn associated with fever, -Enzyme vidarabine (inhibit -Site of latency: neurons (sacral dysuria, and inguinal immunoassays DNA synthesis) ganglia) lymphadenopathy). -Serologic assays -Immunocompromised patients  Genital herpes is (limited by the are at increased risk of developing characterized by multiple antigens severe HSV infections vesiculoulcerative shared by HSV-1 and - Complications include lesions of the penis of HSV-2) extragenital lesions (~20% of the male or of the cases) and aseptic meningitis cervix, vulva, vagina, (~10% of cases) and perineum of the -Torch agent female.

Note! Herpes viruses bind to heparan sulfate Virus Structure Incubation Diseases Diagnosis Treatment/Vaccine Notes period Varicella-zoster -dsDNA  Varicella (); -Previous infection -Site of latency: neurons virus (type 3) -Enveloped primary response with varicella can -Complications are rare in normal  Zoster (); confer lifelong children, and the mortality rate is reactivation of VZV immunity to very low  Encephalitis occurs in varicella -Varicella spreads by airborne rare cases and can be -A live attenuated droplets and by direct contact life threatening varicella vaccine is -Neonatal varicella can be available fatal -Varicella pneumonia (rare in healthy children), responsible for VZV related deaths -can cause pneumonia -dsDNA 4-8 weeks -Most common cause of -PCR -Treatment: -Most CMV infections are (type 5) -Enveloped incubation congenital infections -Virus isolation -Ganciclovir to subclinical period -An infectious -Serologic detection treat life- -A high percentage of babies with mononucleosis-like (not informative for threatening CMV this disease will exhibit syndrome (triad: fever, immunocompromised infections in developmental defects and mental pharyngitis, cervical people) immunosuppressed retardation lymphadenopathy) patients -Site of latency: glands, kidneys -Causes disseminated -CMV retinitis: (causes retinitis) disease in untreated AIDS Foscarnet patients; gastroenteritis - Acyclovir and and chorioretinitis are valacyclovir have common problems, the shown some latter often leading to benefits in bone progressive blindness marrow and renal -most common transplant patients complication is pneumonia

Virus Structure Incubation Diseases Diagnosis Treatment/Vaccine Notes period Human -dsDNA -Causes infantum - T-lymphotropic (The virus grows herpesvirus 6 -Enveloped (sixth disease) well in CD4 T lymphocytes) -Site of latency: lymphoid tissue -Transmitted via oral secretions -Receptor: CD46

Human -dsDNA -Causes roseola infantum -Site of latency: lymphoid tissue herpesvirus 7 -Enveloped (sixth disease) -Receptor: CD4

Epstein Barr Virus -dsDNA 30–50 days - - NAH is the most -During infectious mononucleosis, (type 4) -Enveloped (triad: fever, pharyngitis, sensitive means of there is an increase in the number cervical lymphadenopathy) detecting EBV in of circulating white blood cells, (headache, fever, malaise, patient materials with a predominance of fatigue, and sore throat -Hybridization (EBER lymphocytes. Many of these are occur. Enlarged lymph RNA) large, atypical T lymphocytes nodes and spleen are -Serologic detection - Low-grade fever and malaise may characteristic. Some persist for weeks to months after patients develop signs of acute illness hepatitis) -Site of latency: lymphoid tissue -Cancer: EBV is associated -heterophile antibodies with , -Main target cells are B , lymphocytes (CD21) receptors of Hodgkin and NHLs, and CR2 gastric carcinoma -Oral hairy leukoplakia -Pharyngitis

Virus Structure Incubation Diseases Diagnosis Treatment/Vaccine Notes period Human -dsDNA -The cause of Kaposi - Serologic assays are - Foscarnet, - KSHV was first detected in Kaposi herpesvirus 8 -enveloped sarcomas, vascular tumors available to measure famciclovir, sarcoma specimens (KSHV) of mixed cellular persistent antibody to ganciclovir, and - It is lymphotropic and is more composition KSHV using indirect cidofovir have closely related to EBV -Patients have cachexia immunofluorescence, activity against -Site of latency: lymphoid tissue Western blot, and KSHV -Involved in the pathogenesis of ELISA formats body cavity-based lymphomas (primary effusion lymphoma) occurring in AIDS patients and of multicentric Castleman disease -transmission: oral secretions, sexually, vertically. Herpes -No specific -It is designated cercopithecine treatment herpesvirus 1, replacing the older -Treatment with name of Herpes simiae acyclovir is -From monkeys to humans recommended immediately after exposure. -No vaccine Adenoviruses -dsDNA -Follicular conjunctivitis -Ag detection or PCR -No specific -Adenoid tissue (tonsils) -Naked -Keratoconjuctivitis treatment for -Infect and replicate in epithelial -Acute febrile pharyngitis adenovirus cells of the respiratory tract, eye, -Acute respiratory disease infections gastrointestinal tract and urinary - -Live adenovirus bladder -Infantile gastroenteritis vaccine containing -Cause localized infection and do (Ad40, Ad41): long-lasting types 4 and 7 is not spread systemically diarrhea, less frequent available -Respiratory disease (Ad1, 2, 3, 5, vomiting, frequent -Careful hand and 7), are transmitted via the development of washing is the respiratory route dehydration, and easiest way to -The GI disease is transmitted via prevent infections the fecal-oral route Virus Structure Incubation Diseases Diagnosis Treatment/Vaccine Notes period Adenoviruses abdominal pains and -Ocular infections are transmitted (Cont.) distension. by direct inoculation of the eye -Hemorrhagic cystitis (Ad11): gross hematuria Polyomaviridae -dsDNA -BK virus: Hemorrhagic -Definitive diagnosis -There is no -Genus alphapolyomavirus (BKV, JCV, Merkel -Naked cystitis of BKV requires a antiviral therapy -Able to establish latency cell polyomavirus) -JC virus: Progressive biopsy to be taken for specifically licensed -Primary polyomavirus infections multifocal histopathology, BKV- for the treatment are presumably subclinical leukoencephalopathy (PML) specific qPCR in of either JCV or -BKV and JCV are known to persist -MCPyV: Merkel cell plasma or urine BKV infections in the reno-urinary tract carcinoma -MRI is the imaging -MCC: Surgery, modality of choice if radiotherapy and PML is suspected. The chemotherapy confirmatory test for suspected PML is the demonstration of JCV DNA in the CSF or brain by PCR

Hepatitis A -ssRNA 10–50 days -Onset is abrupt (sudden) -Occurrence of virus -No specific -Family: picornaviridae -Naked (average, and fever is common in blood: 2 weeks treatment for -Genus: hepatovirus 25–30) -Complications are before to ≤1 week acute -Transmison: fecal-oral uncommon, no chronic after jaundice exists, and -HAV is stable at low pH, heating state -Occurrence of virus hospitalization is -Only one serotype is known -Patients with inapparent or in stool: 2 weeks not ordinarily -A relatively high concentrations of subclinical hepatitis have before to 2 weeks indicated. HAV are shed in the feces before neither symptoms nor after jaundice. -Formaldehyde the alanine aminotransferase (ALT) jaundice. -Duration of inactivated level initially becomes elevated -Other patients can develop aminotransferase vaccines are and before the onset of clinical anicteric hepatitis or icteric elevation: 1–3 weeks available symptoms or jaundice hepatitis. worldwide. Virus Structure Incubation Diseases Diagnosis Treatment/Vaccine Notes period (Cont.) -Most patients recover -Liver function tests, -Therapy should be supportive and completely; however, some IgM anti-HAV aimed at maintaining comfort and develop fulminant hepatitis adequate nutritional balance and die -Peaks in autmun

Hepatitis B -dsDNA -Can cause both acute and -Viral DNA in the liver -Treatment: IFNs -Family: hepadnaviridae -Enveloped chronic infections and plasma together and several -Genus: orthohepadnavirus -Fulminant hepatitis can with circulating nucleotide and -Transmission: percutaneous follow acute infection HBsAg. nucleoside analogs (major route) , sexual spread and -Could cause cancer -High levels of viremia -For prevention of MTCT (oncogenic) is followed by rise in HBV infection, an -hepatocyte damage occurs as a the level of markers effective vaccine result of T cell mediated immune of hepatocyte (recombinant attack on hepatocytes expressing damage (mainly ALT) HBsAg) is available HBV antigens on the context of and the appearance their HLA molecules of clinical features -HBsAg becomes undetectable 1–2 (fever, malaise and months after the appearance of jaundice) jaundice -HBcAb appears -The persistence of HBsAg beyond within the first two 6 months marks HBV chronicity weeks after the -Clearance is associated with the appearance of HBsAg appearance of HBsAb and preceding HBsAb -NAT is also available for screening blood/blood products

Note! Treatment of chronic hepatitis infection: INF-a and ribavirin Virus Structure Incubation Diseases Diagnosis Treatment/Vaccine Notes period -ssRNA -Could cause cancer -Diagnosis relies on -No vaccine -Family: flaviviridae -Enveloped (oncogenic) nucleic acid testing -Therapeutic -Genus: Hepacivirus (Genome which is also used to option: direct- -Transmission: parenteral, the can be monitor response to acting antivirals major route of HCV transmission viewed as an treatment (DAAs). worldwide is the exposure to ) contaminated blood mainly through IDU particularly in the high-income countries -lower-risk modes of transmission include high risk sexual behaviour, vertical transmission, health-care associated infections, intrafamilial spread, tattooing, piercing and acupuncture. -HCV receptors: CD81, claudin, occludin and scavenger receptor class b type I. -ssRNA -Intrahepatic HDV -Delta hepatitis can -Genus: deltavirus -Enveloped Antigen or anti-HDV be prevented by -Transmission: parenteral (internal Ab. Circulating HDV vaccinating HBV -is known to be defective and neuclocapsid antigen susceptible persons require a helper function from surrounded with HBV for its transmission by delta vaccine antigens -Tests for HDV RNA to enveloped determine ongoing by coat of HDV replication and HBsAG) relative infectivity -ssRNA 2 weeks to 2 -The most common cause -Individual cases of -No specific -Family: hepeviridae -Naked months of acute hepatitis hepatitis E cannot be treatment exists -Genus: hepevirus -Causes mortality in differentiated from for acute hepatitis -Transmission: fecal-oral pregnant women other cases of E. hepatitis on the basis Virus Structure Incubation Diseases Diagnosis Treatment/Vaccine Notes period Hepatitis E (Cont.) of clinical -Candidate presentation recombinant -Diagnosis can be vaccines in trials. achieved using serology and RT-PCR. Variola virus -dsDNA The -Was the cause of -Smollpox was -A poxvirus: only viruses that -Enveloped incubation -One to 5 days of fever and eradicated by a replicate in the cytoplasm period was malaise preceded the vaccine ( -Poxviruses are the only viruses 10–14 days appearance of the vaccine) that replicate in the cytoplasm , which began as -Are transmitted aerogenically macules, then papules, (highly contagious) then vesicles, and finally - Deaths were related bleeding, pustules cardiovascular collapse, and -The case-fatality rate secondary infections reached 40% Molluscum - dsDNA -Causes Molluscum -Diagnosis is based on -Treatment: -A poxvirus contagiosum virus -Enveloped contagiosum (small, observation of the Physical therapy -Transmission occurs by direct (MCV) discrete, skin-coloured, characteristic (curettage, contact, through contaminated dome-shaped papules) umbilicated papules cryotherapy), fomites, or sexual activity (punctum) chemical agents or -Cidofovir is a DNA polymerase - PCR antiviral therapy inhibitor (Cidofovir) -Portal of entry: mucosa of the upper respiratory tract

Human- -dsDNA - Oral Squamous Papilloma - Visual inspection. -Treatment of -Family: papillomavirus -Naked (HPV6, HPV11, and HPV16) -Pap smear generally -Genus: Alphapapillomavirus - Oral Verruca Vulgaris - involves surgical -Transmission: Sexual, indirect& Common -, (caused by removal or direct contact HPV types 1, 2, 4 and 7) mechanical - Tropism: Epithelial cells of skin, - Oral Condyloma destruction of the mucous membranes Acuminatum (HPV 2, 6, and wart tissue with: -Receptor: heparin sulfate 11) Liquid nitrogen, - Virus Structure Incubation Diseases Diagnosis Treatment/Vaccine Notes period - Focal epithelial Laser vaporization, - HPV16 accounts for about 90% of hyperplasia (heck disease, Cytotoxic chemicals the HPV-positive tumors HPV13 or HPV32) such as podophyllin - Genital HPV infection is the most - Oropharyngeal cancer or trichloroacetic common sexually transmitted viral -Skin warts (HPV types: 1, acid infection 2, 3, 4, 7 among others) - A quadrivalent - High-risk HPV types can cause - HPV vaccine (HPV vulvar, vaginal, penile or anal (HPV-6 or HPV-11) types 6, 11, 16, and cancer - (HPV-16 18) - Pap smear screening has or HPV-18, sometimes HPV- -A bivalent vaccine decreased the frequency of 31 or HPV-33 as well) (types 16 and 18) cervical cancer in industrialized - Anogenital Warts - countries condylomas-( HPV6 or -Vaccines contain HPV L1 proteins HPV11) -Able to establish latency Enteroviruses -ssRNA -Can cause CNS disease; -A picornavirus -Naked major cause of acute -Infection by ingestion of aseptic meningitis contaminated food or water or via -EV 70 is a main cause of respiratory droplets acute hemorrhagic - Stable at the low pH of the conjunctivitis stomach, replicate in the GI tract, EV70 and 71 are associated and excreted in the stool (fecal- with severe CNS disease oral spread) -EV71 is associated with HFM disease Rhinovirus -ssRNA from 2 to 4 -The viruses -No distinctive clinical -No specific -A picornavirus -Naked days -Symptoms in adults findings that permit prevention method -Rhinoviruses are acid-labile. include sneezing, nasal an etiologic diagnosis or treatment is -Replicate in the nasal passages obstruction, nasal of colds caused by available (replicate efficiently at discharge, and sore throat; rhinoviruses versus temperatures several degrees other symptoms may colds caused by other below body temperature) include headache, mild viruses -Cellular receptors: (ICAM-1) Note! Aseptic meningitis is mainly cause by enteroviruses, echoviruses and coxaschieviruses (T cell mediated) Septic meningitis involves neutrophils and is mainly caused by strep. pneumonia

Virus Structure Incubation Diseases Diagnosis Treatment/Vaccine Notes period cough, malaise, and a chilly -Secondary bacterial infection may sensation. produce acute otitis media, -There is little or no fever sinusitis, bronchitis, or -The nasal and pneumonitis, especially in children nasopharyngeal mucosa become red and swollen -ssRNA usually 1-2 -Mild disease (fever, -Live attenuated -A picornavirus -Naked weeks, but it malaise, drowsiness, vaccine (given -Poliovirus receptor (PVR; CD155) may range headache, nausea, orally and provides -The mouth is the portal of entry from 3 to 35 vomiting, constipation, and Herd immunity) of the virus, and primary days sore throat) -killed vaccines multiplication takes place in the -Nonparalytic poliomyelitis (not as effective) oropharynx or intestine (aseptic meningitis) -It is believed that the virus first -Paralytic poliomyelitis and multiplies in the tonsils, the lymph postpoliomyelitis muscle nodes of the neck, Peyer patches, atrophy and the small intestine -Respiratory paralysis may -Most infections are subclinical, occur only 1% result in clinical illness -Replicate inside lower motor neurons not inside muscles Coxsackieviruses -ssRNA -Aseptic meningitis -Picornaviruses -Naked -Respiratory and acute -They are divided into two groups: febrile illnesses A and B -Group A causes: -The main causes of hand-foot- (vesicular and-mouth disease are A10, A16 pharyngitis), hand-foot- and EV71(Enterovirus 71) and-mouth disease, and acute hemorrhagic Coxsackieviruses conjunctivitis (Cont.) -Group B causes: Pleurodynia, and Virus Structure Incubation Diseases Diagnosis Treatment/Vaccine Notes period Echoviruses -ssRNA -Aseptic meningitis, -A picornavirus -Naked encephalitis, febrile illnesses with or without rash, common colds, and ocular disease Orthomyxoviruses -Segmented - attacks mainly -Definitive diagnosis -1st -generation -They are divided into 3 types: ssRNA the upper respiratory tract cannot be made on antiviral agents influenza A, B, and C -Enveloped -Symptoms of classic clinical grounds effective against -A and B contain eight separate influenza: chills, headache, except in an epidemic influenza A include RNA segments; C contains seven and dry cough followed situation two related drugs, (lacks neuraminidase gene) closely by high fever, -PCR amantadine and -The antigenic protein: generalized muscular aches, rimantadine hemagglutinin (HA) malaise, and anorexia (inhibit M2) -Cleavage of HA is necessary for -Influenza C rarely causes -2nd -generation the virus particle to be infectious the influenza syndrome, antiviral agents and is mediated by cellular causing instead a common effective against proteases (usually found in the cold illness influenza A and B respiratory tract) -Complication: pneumonia include zanamivir - Pneumonia, can be viral, and oseltamivir secondary bacterial (S. aureus, S. (inhibit viral pneumonia) , or a combination of neuraminidase) the two -Inactivated viral -Antigenic drift of influenza A vaccines are the results in epidemic waves of the primary means of virus (2–3 years) prevention of -Antigenic shift of influenza A (a influenza new subtype) has pandemic results (10-40 years)

Note! Common cold is localized  Rhinovirus, and Flu is systemic  Influenza A and B Virus Structure Incubation Diseases Diagnosis Treatment/Vaccine Notes period Alphavirus -ssRNA -The majority of infections -Togaviridae family -Enveloped are subclinical -Transmitted to humans and -Acute encephalitis (equine domestic animals by mosquitoes. encephalitis viruses) -Acute arthropathy (Chikungunya virus) -A febrile illness with a flulike syndrome

Rubivirus -ssRNA -German : -The disease is -One attack of the -Togaviridae family -Enveloped -Infection during early difficult to diagnose disease confers - usually begins with pregnancy causes serious clinically because the lifelong immunity malaise, low-grade fever, and a congenital malformations rash caused by other because only one morbilliform (red macules) rash and mental retardation of viruses (e.g. antigenic type of appearing on the same day. The fetus enteroviruses) is the virus exists rash starts on the face, extends -The consequences of similar -A rubella vaccine over the trunk and extremities, rubella in utero are referred is available and rarely lasts more than 3 days to as the congenital rubella -Rubella antibodies appear in the syndrome (Catarats, serum of patients as the rash fades deafness and cardiac abnormalities) -Transient arthralgia and arthritis are commonly seen in adults, especially women.

Paramyxoviruses -ssRNA -The most important agents -All of them initiate infection via -Enveloped of respiratory infections of the respiratory tract infants and young children -Divided into two subfamilies: -Causes childhood diseases Paramyxovirinae and ( and measles) Pneumovirinae Virus Structure Incubation Diseases Diagnosis Treatment/Vaccine Notes period Measles virus -ssRNA  (Rubeola, First -Diagnosis can be -Measles is usually -A morbillivirus -Enveloped Disease): achieved clinically, a disease of -Subfamily: Paramyxovirinae -Measles begins with a especially in an childhood, and is -The cellular receptor for measles prodrome of fever, upper epidemic situation followed by lifelong virus is CD46 respiratory tract symptoms, -The presence of immunity (single -Transmitted by sneeze- or cough- and conjunctivitis. Koplik spots provides serotype) produced respiratory droplets  A few days later, specific a definitive diagnosis -A live attenuated -The virus is extremely infectious, signs develop; first, Koplik measles vaccine is and almost all infected individuals spots (small white spots on available. develop a clinical illness bright red mucous -Measles virus replicates initially in membranes of the mouth the respiratory epithelium and and throat) and then a then in various lymphoid organs generalized macular rash -Morbidity is related to pneumonia  (Hard Measles, 10-day and encephalitis measles): -Soon after the rash appears, the patient is no longer infectious. -Complications of infection: pneumonia and encephalitis and the most important of these is post- infectious encephalomyelitis -ssRNA -More than one-third of all - diagnosis revolve -Immunity is -A rubulavirus -Enveloped mumps infections are around infection and permanent after a - Subfamily: Paramyxovirinae asymptomatic swelling of the single infection - Mumps is an acute contagious -Cause mild disease in salivary glands, -An effective disease involving salivary glands children primarily the parotid attenuated live- - The virus is spread by respiratory -In adults, complications glands virus vaccine is droplets include meningitis and available orchitis Virus Structure Incubation Diseases Diagnosis Treatment/Vaccine Notes period Mumps virus -Orchitis may cause sterility -Mumps vaccine is -Infection is widespread in the (Cont.) in combination body and may involve not only the with measles and salivary glands but also the rubella (MMR) live- pancreas, CNS, and testes virus vaccines. -Two doses of MMR vaccine are recommended for school entry

Parainfluenza -ssRNA -The infection may involve -PIV1, PIV3 are respiviruses viruses (PIVs 1-4) -Enveloped only the nose and throat, -PIV2, PIV4 are rubulaviruses resulting in a harmless -Subfamily: Paramyxovirinae “common cold” syndrome -Replication is limited to respiratory epithelia -Infection may be more - They are major pathogens of extensive, may involve the severe respiratory tract disease in larynx and upper trachea, infants and young children resulting in croup - PIV type 4 does not cause serious (laryngotracheobronchitis) disease. (1&2) -Mainly lower respiratory tract

- Primary infection usually results in rhinitis and pharyngitis, often with fever -Bronchiolitis and pneumonia (3) -The most common complication of PIVs infection is otitis media Virus Structure Incubation Diseases Diagnosis Treatment/Vaccine Notes period Respiratory -ssRNA -RSV is the most important - DFA and RT-PCR can -Treatment of -A Pneumovirus Syncytial Virus -Enveloped cause of lower respiratory be used for serious RSV -Subfamily: Pneumovirinae tract illness in infants and laboratory diagnosis infections depends young children -Diagnosis can be primarily on - The cause of bronchiolitis made on the basis of supportive care and pneumonia in infants the clinical syndrome (e.g. removal of -Most common cause of combined with the secretions, respiratory infections in time of year and administration of infants other epidemiologic oxygen) features -Treatment by antiviral drug ribavirin (aerosol) -Monoclonal Ab (palivizumab) against RSV has been shown to reduce viral shedding Metapneumovirus - ssRNA - Asymptomatic infections - No specific -Subfamily: Pneumovirinae -Enveloped are more common than for therapy for human influenza virus or RSV metapneumovirus infections, and no vaccine is available. SARS -ssRNA 2-11 days - Fever, myalgia, headache, -Transmission: civets to humans -Enveloped chills, cough, dyspnea, -Coronaviruses are the second respiratory distress, most common cause of common diarrhea cold and they show fatality -Receptor: angiotensin converting enzyme

Virus Structure Incubation Diseases Diagnosis Treatment/Vaccine Notes period MERS Coronavirus -ssRNA 2-13 days - Fever, myalgia, headache, -Transmission: bats to camels, -Enveloped chills, cough, dyspnea, camels to humans pneumonia, vomiting, --Coronaviruses are the second diarrhea most common cause of common cold and they show fatality -ssRNA -most common cause of -Commonly transmitted through -Naked adult viral gastroenteritis door handles. -Only family -most common cause of -Rotavirus antigen -No specific -A reovirus of double viral infantile detection treatment stranded gastroenteritis -RT-PCR -Rotarix vaccine segmented -Virus isolation RNA -Affects the gastrointestinal system Arbovirus -Arthropod virus -After ingestion, the virus replicates in the gut of the arthropod and then spreads to other organs, including the salivary glands. -Only the female of the species serves as the vector of the virus, because only she requires a blood meal in order for progeny to be produced -Humans are dead-end hosts Dengue virus -Dengue (breakbone fever) -Control depends - is a mosquito-borne infection on antimosquito that is characterized by fever, measures severe headache, muscle and joint pain, nausea and vomiting, eye pain, and rash

Virus Structure Incubation Diseases Diagnosis Treatment/Vaccine Notes period West Nile Virus About 80% of West Nile -Sequence analysis of virus isolates infections are showed that it originated in the asymptomatic, with about Middle East; it probably crossed 20% causing West Nile the Atlantic in an infected bird, fever (fever, headache, skin mosquito, or human traveler rash, and LAP) and less than 1% causing neuro-invasive disease (meningitis, encephalitis) Zika virus -Infection is likely -Spontaneous -Transmitted by mosquitos asymptomatic in about 80% resolution within -Other non-vector modes of Zika of cases. 1–4 days of onset virus transmission include -When symptoms occur congenital and sexual they include symptoms -Congenital infection association include rash, fever, with microcephaly arthralgia, myalgia, fatigue, headache, and conjunctivitis -Rash, a prominent feature, is maculopapular and pruritic in most cases. Filovirus (Ebola -Characterized by fever, -Ebola virus has a tropism for cells virus) headache, sore throat, and of the macrophage system, myalgia followed by dendritic cells, interstitial abdominal pain, vomiting, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells diarrhea, and rash, with -Filoviruses have the highest both internal and external mortality rates of all the viral bleeding, often leading to hemorrhagic fevers shock and death -Transmission: resp. droplets, body contact, fomites Virus Structure Incubation Diseases Diagnosis Treatment/Vaccine Notes period virus -Negative typically 1–3 -The virus multiplies in the -clinical through -There is no -Causes rabies in humans and sense ssRNA months but CNS and progressive history of exposure effective treatment animals -Enveloped may vary encephalitis develops -Rabies antigens or -A killed rabies -Transmitted from infected -Bullet from 1 week -The clinical spectrum can nucleic acid detection virus vaccine is animals to humans via a bite or a shape to 1 yea be divided into three -Serology available for scratch phases: -Virus isolation prophylaxis -The organs with the highest titers 1. Prodrome: malaise, -Postexposure of virus are the salivary gland anorexia, headache, prophylaxis refers - produces a specific photophobia, nausea and to treatment after eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion, vomiting, sore throat, and an animal bite or the Negri body (pathognomonic) fever. suspected of being 2. Acute neurologic phase: rabid, and consists CNS signs including of thorough nervousness, apprehension, cleaning of the hallucinations, and bizarre wound, passive behavior. sympathetic immunization, and overactivity is observed, active including lacrimation, immunization. pupillary dilatation, and -Prevention of increased salivation and initial exposure is, perspiration. Hydrophobia however, the most and aerophobia are important common as well. mechanism for 3.Coma and death: The controlling human major cause of death is rabies. cardiorespiratory arrest.

Cause Incubation Period Clinical Findings Treatment Notes Diseases Infectivity is Long incubation -The basic features -Prions are resistant to -Degenerative CNS -In humans: Kuru and associated with periods (months to are treatment with diseases (confined Creutzfeldt–Jakob proteinaceous decades) precede neurodegeneration formaldehyde, dry to the nervous Disease: develops material devoid the onset of and spongiform heat, boiling, ethanol, system) gradually, with of detectable clinical illness and changes proteases, and ionizing -The diseases are progressive dementia, amounts of are followed by radiation. always fatal, with ataxia, and myoclonus, nucleic acid chronic -Prions are sensitive to no known cases of and leads to death in 5–12 progressive phenol, household remission or months. disease (weeks to bleach, ether and recovery -In cows(Cattle): Bovine years) autoclaving (1 hour, -Prions are non- spongiform 121°C). immunogenic encephalopathy (BSE), or -Guanidine thiocyanate -In humans, the “mad cow disease: similar is highly effective in PrP prion diseases to scrapie. decontaminating occur in three Note! It is now accepted medical supplies and different forms: that the new variant forms instruments. sporadic, of CJD and BSE are caused inherited, and by a common agent, infectious indicating that the BSE agent had infected humans.

Kuru occurred only in the eastern high lands of New Guinae and was spread by customs surrounding ritual cannibalism of dead relatives. Since the practice has ceased, the disease has disappeared.